Study on Internal Stress in Micro-Electroformed Layer

2015 ◽  
Vol 645-646 ◽  
pp. 178-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Qun Du ◽  
Zhi Cheng Tan ◽  
Chang Song ◽  
Zhong Zhao ◽  
Qing Feng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Stress ◽  
Compressive Stress ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Stress Reduction ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Ultrasonic Power ◽  
Free Solution ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Additive Solution ◽  
High Internal Stress

Micro electroforming technology is widely used in fabrication of multilayer or moveable metal micro devices. The fabrication of these devices is usually suffered from high internal stress in micro-electroformed layers which seriously restricts the application and development of micro electroforming technology. Therefore, to control the internal stress is very important for improving the quality and performance of micro-electroformed layer. However, published studies on internal stress in the electroforming layer were mostly based on additive-free solution. According to additive solution, the effect of ultrasonic and current density on compressive stress occurring in the electroforming layer is investigated in this paper. The results indicate that the compressive stress keeps increasing with current density within range from 0.2 to 2 A/dm2. Meanwhile, the compressive stress in ultrasonic solution decreases by 73.4 MPa averagely comparing to that in ultrasonic-free solution, and the compressive stress also keeps decreasing with the ultrasonic power which gets the lowest value at 200W. Moreover, the mechanisms of additive-induced compressive stress and ultrasonic relieving compressive stress are discussed. This research work will complement the ultrasonic-stress reduction theory and may contribute to the development of micro electroforming technology.

Experimental Study on the Relationship between Dislocation Density and Internal Stress in Micro Electroforming Layer

2015 ◽  
Vol 645-646 ◽  
pp. 405-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Song ◽  
Li Qun Du ◽  
Tong Yang ◽  
Lei Luo ◽  
You Sheng Tao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Dislocation Density ◽  
Internal Stress ◽  
Compressive Stress ◽  
Stress Relief ◽  
Ultrasonic Power ◽  
Pile Up ◽  
Ultrasonic Stress Relief ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dislocation Density Increase

In the micro electroforming process, the existence of electroforming layer defects caused by macro internal stress seriously limits the application and development of the micro electroforming technology. Currently, some studies have shown that ultrasonic can reduce the internal stress. But the formation process of the internal stress and the mechanism of ultrasonic stress relief in micro electroforming layer are still unclear now. In this paper, the relationship between dislocation density and internal stress under ultrasonic was studied. The results show that the ultrasonic can make the dislocation density increase and the compressive stress decrease. When the ultrasonic power is 200W, the dislocation density and the compressive stress culminate 3.8×10-15m-2 and-144.4MPa, respectively. The ultrasonic can excite the movement of dislocation proliferation, pile-up and opening, which leads to a micro plastic deformation in the crystal, and thereby releases the internal stress.

Doping Induced Internal Stress Reduction in Diamondlike Carbon Films Deposited by Pulsed Laser Ablation

1997 ◽  
Vol 498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Wei ◽  
R. J. Narayan ◽  
A. K. Sharma ◽  
J. Sankar ◽  
J. Narayan
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectrum ◽  
Laser Ablation ◽  
Internal Stress ◽  
Compressive Stress ◽  
Stress Reduction ◽  
Pulsed Laser ◽  
Pulsed Laser Ablation ◽  
Peak Position ◽  
Carbon Films ◽  
Stress Changes

ABSTRACTWe have investigated the effect of dopants on the reduction of internal compressive stress in diamond-like carbon (DLC) films prepared by pulsed laser deposition on Si(100) substrates. A novel target configuration was used to incorporate dopants into DLC films by sequential pulsed laser ablation of two targets. These dopants include copper, titanium and silicon. The thickness of the DLC films deposited was measured in the range 400nm - 600nm using a profilometer. Raman spectroscopy was employed to analyze the chemistry of the films. The shifts of the G-peak position in the Raman spectrum, due to different concentrations of dopant, were used to estimate the internal stress changes. All of the films showed a Raman spectrum typical of DLC films containing a high fraction of sp3 species, with the G-peak centered at around 1510–1560cm−1. The shift of the G-peak due to the presence of dopants was observed for all the DLC films as compared to the undoped one. It was found that Ti has the strongest tendency to reduce the compressive stress of DLC films. This effect increases with increasing concentration of dopants. Silicon was also observed to have this effect, but the G-peak position did not appear to shift with different Si concentrations. Buckling occurred in the as-deposited, undoped DLC film because of the relief of the large compressive stress accumulated in the film, while all the doped DLC films showed good adhesion to the substrate. The results are discussed combining the atomic structure of DLC and the structure and properties of the dopants.

Effect of current density on the deposit stress in gold electroplating

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (17) ◽  
pp. 1750188
Author(s):  
Shuangyue Hou ◽  
Ying Xiong ◽  
Shan Chen ◽  
Xiangyu Chen ◽  
Penghui Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Stress ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Gold Deposits ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Contrast Imaging ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Surface Morphologies ◽  
High Internal Stress

As the key components of grating-based X-ray phase contrast imaging, absorption gratings are essential to be fabricated. In fact, the internal stress is one of the critical issues for the application of the electroplated gold deposit as the absorption metal for absorption gratings. It is common that high internal stress levels can cause the deposit cracking, blistering and peeling away from the substrate material. This study investigates the effect of current density on the internal stress by the bent strip method. The surface morphologies of gold deposits are examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the crystal structure of the electroplated deposit is analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The change of current density reverses the internal stress of the deposits from compressive to tensile. The value of deposit stress can be near zero by optimizing the current density.

INTERNAL STRESS OF CHROME COATINGS ELECTRODEPOSITED FROM SOLUTIONS OF CHROMIUM (III) SALTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeniy G. Vinokurov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Tensile Stress ◽  
Internal Stress ◽  
Compressive Stress ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Plate Thickness ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Thin Coatings ◽  
The Difference

Experimental data on internal stress in chromium coatings electrodeposited from Cr(III)-solutions have been obtained. Tensile stress 250-300 MPa is observed in thin coatings with thickness was below 1-3 μm. The internal stress is practically independent on current density and pH of the solution. A reduction in the plate thickness corresponding to σ=0 is observed, when pH has changed from 1.2 to 1.6 and current density from 30 to 35 A/dm2 at higher values of pH and current density compressive stress is observed and increases the difference in the stress values at greater thicknesses of the coatings: ((– 10) - (– 50) MPa). These results have been compared with similar data for the coatings deposited from Cr(VI) solutions including the effects of the non-metal inclusions in the coatings (for Cr(III)-bath H – 10.5 - 13 at. % (26 - 32 ml H2 / g Cr), O – 0.06-0.6 at. %, С – 0.04-7.8 at. %; for Cr(VI)-bath H – 1.8 at. %, O – 1.2 at. %, С – 0 at. %)). Compressive stress, related with the inclusions (including carbides) is the major cause, limiting the possibility to improve the characteristics of chromium coatings and to deposit coatings of the quality comparable to that of chrome plated from Cr(VI) baths.

A Study on the Hydrogen Evolving Activity of Electroplated Ni-P Coating by Using the Taguchi Method

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hung-Bin Lee ◽  
Chen-Hsiung Hsu ◽  
Dong-Sing Wuu
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Internal Stress ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Phosphorous Acid ◽  
Taguchi’S Method ◽  
P Content ◽  
The One ◽  
High Internal Stress

The optimal catalytic activity of the electrodeposited Ni-P coating with the control of the process parameters was performed in this study by using Taguchi’s method. The controlled process parameters included current density, duty cycle and the concentration of the phosphorous acid in the electrolyte. The correlation among the controlled parameters and the resulted hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity was discussed with emphasis on the influence of the P content, internal stress, roughness and grain size of the coating. The optimal HER property was obtained for the electrodeposition of Ni-P coating with a phosphorous acid concentration of 5g/l, current density of 16A/dm2 and duty cycle of 100 %. The resulted Ni-P coating with a better HER property was the one with P content 3at%, an internal stress higher than 10MPa, grain size 10~15nm and surface roughness higher than 100nm. In addition, the cracking of the coating due to high internal stress favored the raise of the HER activity.

ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reeta Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Organizational Justice ◽  
Organizational Citizenship ◽  
Organizational Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Turnover Intentions ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Antecedents And Consequences ◽  
And Performance

Employee’s perception regarding fairness in the organization is termed as organizational justice. The objective of this paper is to study the antecedents and consequences of organizational justice on the basis of earlier relevant studies from the period ranging from 1964 to 2015. Previous research identified employee participation, communication, justice climate as the antecedents and trust, job satisfaction, commitment, turnover intentions, organizational citizenship behavior and performance as the consequences of organizational justice. Finding reveals the gaps existing in the literature and gives suggestions for future research work.

A study of factors which influence the job satisfaction of stockpeople on commercial pig farms

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 95-95
Author(s):  
R C Segundo ◽  
P R English ◽  
G Burgess ◽  
S A Edwards ◽  
O MacPherson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Considerable Influence ◽  
Pig Farms ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Farm Livestock

The role of stockmanship in relation to the wellbeing of farm animals has been emphasised in the UK Codes of Recommendations for the Welfare of Farm Livestock (MAFF, 1983). Moreover, previous research work has demonstrated important effects of good and bad stockmanship not only on welfare but also on growth, lactational and reproductive performance of pigs and other farm livestock (Hemsworth et al, 1987). There is a need, therefore, to establish the factors which motivate and demotivate stockpeople since the degree of job satisfaction is likely to have a considerable influence on the attitude and performance of stockpeople and on their empathy with the animals in their care. With this objective in mind, a questionnaire was designed to investigate the aspects which could have an influence on the job satisfaction of the stockpeople involved in pig production.

scholarly journals Expectancy of Stress-Reducing Aromatherapy Effect and Performance on a Stress-Sensitive Cognitive Task

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Chamine ◽  
Barry S. Oken
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Stress Reduction ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
N200 Amplitude ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
And Performance

Objective. Stress-reducing therapies help maintain cognitive performance during stress. Aromatherapy is popular for stress reduction, but its effectiveness and mechanism are unclear. This study examined stress-reducing effects of aromatherapy on cognitive function using the go/no-go (GNG) task performance and event related potentials (ERP) components sensitive to stress. The study also assessed the importance of expectancy in aromatherapy actions.Methods. 81 adults were randomized to 3 aroma groups (active experimental, detectable, and undetectable placebo) and 2 prime subgroups (prime suggesting stress-reducing aroma effects or no-prime). GNG performance, ERPs, subjective expected aroma effects, and stress ratings were assessed at baseline and poststress.Results. No specific aroma effects on stress or cognition were observed. However, regardless of experienced aroma, people receiving a prime displayed faster poststress median reaction times than those receiving no prime. A significant interaction for N200 amplitude indicated divergent ERP patterns between baseline and poststress for go and no-go stimuli depending on the prime subgroup. Furthermore, trends for beneficial prime effects were shown on poststress no-go N200/P300 latencies and N200 amplitude.Conclusion. While there were no aroma-specific effects on stress or cognition, these results highlight the role of expectancy for poststress response inhibition and attention.

scholarly journals Fabrication of Ni-Mn Microprobe Structure with Low Internal Stress and High Hardness by Employing DC Electrodeposition

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuan-Hui Cheng ◽  
Fu-Je Chen ◽  
Chun-Ying Lee ◽  
Chao-Sung Lin ◽  
Jung-Tang Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Stress ◽  
Current Density ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
Power Source ◽  
Manganese Sulphate ◽  
Microelectronic Devices ◽  
Dc Power ◽  
Coating Composition ◽  
Mn Content ◽  
Columnar Grain

Due to its widely tunable mechanical property and incompatibility with most solders, Ni-Mn alloy can become a viable candidate in the fabrication of testing probe for microelectronic devices. In this study, the electrodeposition of Ni-Mn alloy in nickel sulphamate electrolyte with the addition of manganese sulphate was investigated under direct current (DC) power source. The effects of current density and Mn2+concentration in the electrolyte on the coating composition, cathodic efficiency, microstructure and mechanical properties were explored. The results showed that the raise of the Mn2+concentration in the electrolyte alone did not effectively increase the Mn content in the coating but reduce the cathodic efficiency. On the other hand, increasing the current density facilitated the codeposition of the Mn and rendered the crystallite from coarse columnar grain to the refined one. Thus, both hardness and internal stress of the coating increased. The fabrication of testing probes at 1 A/dm2was shown to satisfy the high hardness, low internal stress, reasonable fatigue life, and nonsticking requirements for this microelectronic application.

scholarly journals A Bibliometric Analysis of Behavioral Finance and Behavioral Accounting

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-230
Author(s):  
Bharati Singh
Keyword(s):  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Behavioral Finance ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Behavioral Accounting ◽  
Cognitive Constraints ◽  
Vos Viewer ◽  
Emerging Themes ◽  
And Performance

This paper presents a bibliometric analysis of relevant publications in the field of behavioral finance and behavioral accounting. The analysis shows that the emerging themes of research in recent years in behavioral finance is on investors’ sentiment, social media, investors’ attention, and financial literacy. In the field of behavioral accounting, biases such as  overconfidence, framing effects or cognitive constraints on information processing, have been explored in greater detail. Other than cognitive biases, this field includes studies such as behavioral tax, organizational ecology, and performance evaluative style of organization, among others. Interestingly, our analysis suggests that research in behavioral accounting is comparatively underdeveloped than research in behavioral finance. This bibliometric analysis has been extended by network analysis using, “Visualization of similarities, (VOS) viewer” software. Using the themes generated here the direction for future scope of research work has been discussed.

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