Bacterial Induced Cementation Processes and Mycelium Panel Growth from Agricultural Waste

2015 ◽  
Vol 663 ◽  
pp. 42-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Mayoral González ◽  
Isabel González Diez
Keyword(s):  
Lentinula Edodes ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Operational Strategies ◽  
Thermal Insulating ◽  
Milling Machines ◽  
Calcium Source ◽  
To Come

This researching work explores the development of new materials and procedures to tackle the configuration of our built environment through the implementation of low-cost biotechnological processes. Particularly, it focuses on two different researching lines: bacterial induced cementation processes and mycelium panel growth from agricultural waste.The first researching line explores the possibilities that MICP (Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation) shows to improve the engineering properties of granular structures. MICP uses populations of non-harmful bacteria, such as Sporosarcina pasteurii, able to cement sand, silt, or calcarenite, in a growth medium, amended with urea and dissolved calcium source. This researching is mainly grounded on laboratory work. Its main aim is to find out the best conditions to cultivate populations of cementing bacteria and to achieve suitable proportions of urea, bacteria and calcium chloride, in relation to the weight of sand-like granular samples; to come out with effective cementing solutions. These solutions could be used to improve soil stability, to heal concrete cracks, to build roads and paths, to restore monuments, to transform sand into sandstone, etc.The second researching line consists of obtaining 100% organic and biodegradable thermal insulating structures, growing fungi mycelium on agricultural waste. In order to do that, several fungi species were grown on different kinds of agricultural substrates to find out which combination worked better. Therefore, several mycelium growth tests were carried out inside molds that were previously fabricated using CNC machines, such as laser cutters and digital milling machines. Hence, we grew Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) on wood shavings, Pleurotus ostreatus on pasteurized straw, and Ganoderma lucidum (Rehisi) on dried leaves. Several molds with different shapes and sizes were designed and fabricated to grow mycelium inside them, in order to get different outcomes that might be used for different purposes. Hence, we grew insulating panels to be placed in the core of a wall, membrane-like components to cover inside walls, and even structural components that could be assembled to shape 3D complex structures to divide spaces.The whole project, including both researching lines, means a remarkably innovative proposal since the weaving together of biotechnology and design has been hardly explored for all these purposes. Within that logic, its main goal was to achieve sustainable and eco-friendly operational strategies and materials, which take advantage of living forms of intelligence to generate outcomes that meet our needs, without consuming energy and harming the environment.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on Lead and Copper Biosorption Using Three Bioproducts from Edible Mushrooms Residues

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
Nathália R. C. M. Castanho ◽  
Renan A. de Oliveira ◽  
Bruno L. Batista ◽  
Bruna M. Freire ◽  
Camila Lange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lentinula Edodes ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
High Efficient ◽  
Metallic Contaminants ◽  
Pollutants Removal ◽  
Substrate Medium

Agricultural waste products can be used as biosorbents for bioremediation once they are low-cost and high-efficient in pollutants removal. Thus, waste products from mushroom farming such as cutting and substrate of Lentinula edodes (popularly known as shiitake) and Agaricus bisporus (also known as champignon) were evaluated as biosorbents for metallic contaminants copper (Cu) and lead (Pb). Shiitake and champignon stalks, and shiitake substrate (medium in which shiitake was cultivated) were dried, grounded, characterized and experimented to remove Cu and Pb from contaminated water. The Sips model was used to establish the adsorption isotherms. Regarding Cu, champignon stalks have the best removal efficiency (43%), followed by substrate and stalks of shiitake (37 and 30%, respectively). Pb removals were similar among three residues (from 72 to 83%), with the champignon stalks standing out. The maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) for Cu in shiitake and champignon stalks were 22.7 and 31.4 mg/g−1, respectively. For Pb, qmax for shiitake and champignon stalks, and shiitake substrate were 130.0, 87.0 and 84.0 mg/g−1, respectively. The surface morphology of the champignon stalks revealed an organized and continuous structure. After an interaction with metals, the stalk of champignon accumulated the metal ions into interstices. Mushroom residues showed a relevant adsorption efficiency, especially for Pb. Mushroom farming waste are a very low-cost and promising alternative for removing toxic heavy metals from aquatic environment.

Removal of nutrients from Organic Liquid Agricultural Waste using filamentous algae.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Flores-Morales ◽  
Mónica Díaz ◽  
Patricia Arancibia-Avila ◽  
Michelle Muñoz-Carrasco ◽  
Pamela Jara-Zapata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Waste ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Organic Liquid ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Filamentous Algae ◽  
Tertiary Treatment ◽  
Nutrient Reduction ◽  
Algae Removal ◽  
Algae Growth ◽  
Waste Effluents

Abstract A feasibility analysis of tertiary treatment for Organic Liquid Agricultural Waste is presented using filamentous algae belonging to the genus Cladophora sp. as an alternative to chemical tertiary treatment. The main advantages of tertiary treatments that use biological systems are the low cost investment and the minimal dependence on environmental variables. In this work we demonstrate that filamentous algae reduces the nutrient load of nitrate (circa 75%) and phosphate (circa 86%) from the organic waste effluents coming from dairy farms after nine days of culture, with the added advantage being that after the treatment period, algae removal can be achieved by simple procedures. Currently, the organic wastewater is discarded into fields and local streams. However, the algae can acquire value as a by-product since it has various uses as compost, cellulose, and biogas. A disadvantage of this system is that clean water must be used to achieve enough water transparency to allow algae growth. Even so, the nutrient reduction system of the organic effluents proposed is friendly to the ecosystem, compared to tertiary treatments that use chemicals to precipitate and collect nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates.

One Touch Workpiece Verification System for CNC Machining Using a Low-Cost Computer Vision Approach

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell K. Micali ◽  
Hayley M. Cashdollar ◽  
Zachary T. Gima ◽  
Mitchell T. Westwood
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cnc Machining ◽  
Potential Operator ◽  
Cnc Milling ◽  
Machining Processes ◽  
Loop Control ◽  
Operator Error ◽  
Verification System ◽  
Milling Machines

While CNC programmers have powerful tools to develop optimized toolpaths and machining plans, these efforts can be wholly undermined by something as simple as human operator error during fixturing. This project addresses that potential operator error with a computer vision approach to provide coarse, closed-loop control between fixturing and machining processes. Prior to starting the machining cycle, a sensor suite detects the geometry that is currently fixtured using computer vision algorithms and compare this geometry to a CAD reference. If the detected and reference geometries are not similar, the machining cycle will not start, and an alarm will be raised. The outcome of this project is the proof of concept of a low-cost, machine/controller agnostic solution that is applied to CNC milling machines. The Workpiece Verification System (WVS) prototype implemented in this work cost a total of $100 to build, and all of the processing is performed on the self-contained platform. This solution has additional applications beyond milling that the authors are exploring.

Otta Seals and Gravseals as Low-Cost Surfacing Alternatives for Low-Volume Roads: Experiences in South Africa

2003 ◽  
Vol 1819 (1) ◽  
pp. 338-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Oloo ◽  
Rob Lindsay ◽  
Sam Mothilal
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Low Volume Roads ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Traffic Volumes ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
To Come

The geology of the northeastern part of the province of KwaZulu–Natal, South Africa, is predominantly alluvial with vast deposits of sands. Suitable gravel sources are hard to come by, which results in high graveling and regraveling costs brought about by long haul distances and accelerated gravel loss. Most gravel roads carry fewer than 500 vehicles per day of which less than 10% are heavy vehicles. The high cost of regraveling has led to consideration of upgrading such roads to surfaced standard, even though traffic volumes do not justify upgrading. Traditional chip seals are expensive and cannot be economically justified on roads that carry fewer than 500 vehicles per day. The KwaZulu–Natal Department of Transport is actively involved in efforts to identify cost-effective alternative surfacing products for low-volume roads. Field trials were conducted with Otta seals and Gravseals, which have been used successfully in other countries, as low-cost surfacing products for low-volume roads. The Otta seal is formed by placing graded aggregates on a relatively thick film of soft binder that, because of traffic and rolling, works its way through the aggregates. Gravseal consists of a special semipriming rubberized binder that is covered by a graded aggregate. Both Otta seals and Gravseals provide relatively flexible bituminous surfaces suitable for low-volume roads. Cost savings are derived mainly from the broad aggregate specifications, which allow for the use of marginal materials.

Application of Epoxy Resin for Improvement of the Banana Stem-Acoustic Panel

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Azril Riduan ◽  
Mohd Jumain Jalil ◽  
Intan Suhada Azmi ◽  
Afifudin Habulat ◽  
Danial Nuruddin Azlan Raofuddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Kinetic Modelling ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Performic Acid ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Renewable Materials ◽  
Runge Kutta Method ◽  
To Come

Background: Greener epoxidation by using vegetable oil to create an eco-friendly epoxide is being studied because it is a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly commodity that is safer than non-renewable materials. The aim of this research is to come up with low-cost solutions for banana trunk acoustic panels with kinetic modelling of epoxy-based palm oil. Method: In this study, the epoxidation of palm oleic acid was carried out by in situ performic acid to produce epoxidized palm oleic acid. Results: Banana trunk acoustic panel was successfully innovated based on the performance when the epoxy was applied. Lastly, a mathematical model was developed by using the numerical integration of the 4th order Runge-Kutta method, and the results showed that there is a good agreement between the simulation and experimental data, which validates the kinetic model. Conclusion: Overall, the peracid mechanism was effective in producing a high yield of epoxy from palm oleic acid that is useful for the improvement of acoustic panels based on the banana trunk.

scholarly journals Lead-lag series and staged parallel operational strategies improve the performance and cost-effectiveness of bonechar for control of fluoride in groundwater

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 777-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kearns ◽  
A. Krupp ◽  
E. Diek ◽  
S. Mitchell ◽  
S. Dossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Operational Strategies ◽  
Decentralized Treatment ◽  
Column Testing ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Resource Poor ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Operational Modes ◽  
Local Materials

Abstract Affordable, locally managed, decentralized treatment technologies are needed to protect health in resource-poor regions where communities consume groundwater containing elevated levels of fluoride (F). Bonechar is a promising low-cost sorbent for F that can be produced using local materials and simple pyrolysis technology. However, the sorption capacity of bonechar is low relative to the quantities of F that must be removed to meet health criteria (typically several mg/L), especially at pH typical of groundwaters containing high levels of geogenic F. This necessitates large bonechar contactors and/or frequent sorbent replacement, which could be prohibitively costly in materials and labor. One strategy for improving the feasibility of bonechar water treatment is to utilize lead-lag series or staged parallel configurations of two or more contactors. This study used column testing to quantify potential benefits to bonechar use rate, replacement frequency, and long-run average F concentration in treated water of lead-lag series and staged parallel operational modes compared with single contactor mode. Lead-lag series operation exhibited the largest reduction in bonechar use rate (46% reduction over single contactor mode compared with 29% reduction for staged parallel) and lowest long-run average F levels when treating central Mexican groundwater at pH 8.2 containing 8.5 mg/L F.

Empirical Equilibrium Study on Rice Husk and Eggshells as Low Cost Bioadsorbent for the Methylene Blue Removal

2014 ◽  
Vol 699 ◽  
pp. 221-226
Author(s):  
Nurul Hanim Razak ◽  
Md. Razali Ayob ◽  
M.A.M. Zainin ◽  
M.Z. Hilwa
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Textile Wastewater ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Rice Husks ◽  
Equilibrium Study ◽  
Porosity Characterization

Eggshells and rice husk, two types of notable agricultural waste were used as bioadsorbent to remove Methylene Blue dye (MBD) in aqueous solution. This study was to investigate the performance of these two bioadsorbents in removing MBD. The removal percentage, adsorption capacity, and porosity characterization were examined. The method applied was a physical filtration. UV-VIS Spectrophotometer was used to determine the efficiency of the bioadsorbents in MBD adsorption. The highest removal percentage at the most concentrated MBD were 51% and 98% for eggshells and rice husks respectively. Meanwhile the characterization of rice husks pore size and volume proves that higher adsorptivity towards dye compares to eggshells porosity. It was concluded that the eggshells and rice husks bioadsorbents was successful to treat industrial textile wastewater with rice husks as the most efficient bioadsorbent in removing MBD.

scholarly journals Batch Sorption Experiments: Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherm Studies for the Adsorption of Textile Metal Ions onto Teff Straw (Eragrostis tef) Agricultural Waste

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mulu Berhe Desta
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Equilibrium Concentration ◽  
Eragrostis Tef ◽  
Batch Adsorption ◽  
Textile Effluents

Adsorption of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cu) onto Activated Teff Straw (ATS) has been studied using batch-adsorption techniques. This study was carried out to examine the adsorption capacity of the low-cost adsorbent ATS for the removal of heavy metals from textile effluents. The influence of contact time, pH, Temperature, and adsorbent dose on the adsorption process was also studied. Results revealed that adsorption rate initially increased rapidly, and the optimal removal efficiency was reached within about 1 hour. Further increase in contact time did not show significant change in equilibrium concentration; that is, the adsorption phase reached equilibrium. The adsorption isotherms could be fitted well by the Langmuir model. The value in the present investigation was less than one, indicating that the adsorption of the metal ion onto ATS is favorable. After treatment with ATS the levels of heavy metals were observed to decrease by 88% (Ni), 82.9% (Cd), 81.5% (Cu), 74.5% (Cr), and 68.9% (Pb). Results indicate that the freely abundant, locally available, low-cost adsorbent, Teff straw can be treated as economically viable for the removal of metal ions from textile effluents.

Preparation of Amorphous Nanosilica from Philippine Waste Rice Hull via Acid Precipitation Method

2016 ◽  
Vol 864 ◽  
pp. 112-116
Author(s):  
Rinlee Butch M. Cervera ◽  
Emie A. Salamangkit-Mirasol
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Acid Precipitation ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Rice Hull ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Rice Hull Ash ◽  
Transmission Electron

Rice hull or rice husk (RH) is an agricultural waste obtained from milling rice grains. Since RH has no commercial value and is difficult to use in agriculture, its volume is often reduced through open field burning which is an environmental hazard. In this study, amorphous nanosilica from Philippine waste RH was prepared via acid precipitation method. The synthesized samples were fully characterized for its microstructural properties. X-ray diffraction pattern reveals that the structure of the prepared sample is amorphous in nature while Fourier transform infrared spectrum showed the different vibration bands of the synthesized sample. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and particle size analysis (PSA) confirmed the presence of agglomerated silica particles. On the other hand, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed an amorphous sample with grain sizes of about 5 to 20 nanometer range and has about 95 % purity according to EDS analyses. The elemental mapping also suggests that leaching of rice hull ash effectively removed the metallic impurity such as potassium element in the material. Hence, amorphous nanosilica was successfully prepared via a low-cost acid precipitation method from Philippine waste rice hull.

scholarly journals Dispute Settlement Practices through the Religious Court’s Mobile Court (Sidang Keliling)

FIAT JUSTISIA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
Hazar Kusmayanti ◽  
Sherly Ayuna Puteri
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Circuit Court ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
To Come ◽  
Circuit Courts ◽  
Religious Courts

This research is attempted to analyze the practices of mobile court and compare it with others. Based on the results of the study, the conclusions that can be obtained are that the implementation of the circuit court conducted at the Tasikmalaya District Religious Court has fulfilled several principles of civil procedural law, namely fast, simple and low cost. Among them when people who experience obstacles to come to the court office for reasons of distance, transportation and costs of the court come directly to the location, the bureaucracy is not complicated meaning that the implementation of the trial must be completed no later than 4 times the hearing, and the existence of an effective control system and various elements. Obstacles in the conduct of circuit courts include no standard guidelines for the holding of circuit courts, not all cases registered by residents are resolved in circuit courts, limited budgets, cases that have not been heard are all without prodeo, facilities and infrastructure, and not all religious courts hold circuit courts.

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