The Use of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) Fibers as Partial Replacement for Imported Recycled Fibers

2017 ◽  
Vol 737 ◽  
pp. 335-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.B. Khairul Hafizuddin ◽  
Roslan Rohaizu ◽  
W.D. Wan Rosli
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Paper Strength ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Recycled Pulp ◽  
Recycled Fibers ◽  
The Cost

Papermaking in Malaysia is basically based on recycled (secondary) fibers which are sourced from various parts of the world with prices depending on the quality of the fibers procured. The costs of paper production could possibly be reduced by using local fibers as partial replacement provided that the strength requirements are not compromised; and one such type is the oil palm fibers which are obtained as the by-product of the palm oil industry. This paper reports the use of the oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber as a partial substitute in the production of corrugating medium. Both unbleached and totally chlorine free (TCF) bleached OPEFB pulps were mixed in different ratios with high quality recycled pulps which had been mechanically and chemically treated. Burst strength results indicate as high as 70% recycled pulp can be replaced by OPEFB pulps yet still having strength properties that are comparable with the industrial produced corrugating medium. Although the effect of bleached pulp is significant at high addition levels of more than 70%, the cost-energy balance will not be effective to use these bleached fibers, and furthermore the utilization of unbleached pulps also gave the same desired results. The use of the underutilized OPEFB fibers for replacement of imported recycled fibers without compromising the paper strength qualities could help the Malaysian paper industry in their quest for finding fiber alternatives.

scholarly journals Study of the mechanical behavior of recycled fibers. Applications to papers and paperboards.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imtiaz Ali
Keyword(s):  
Surface Friction ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Paper Strength ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Paper Properties ◽  
Recycled Pulp ◽  
Fibre Width

Incorporation of recycled fibres in high value paper products can reduce cost and environmental loads. Papermaking potential of cellulosic fibres decreases with recycling. The phenomenon of fibre hornification during pressing and drying is normally held responsible for the loss in strength. To study the impacts of recycling on pulp, fibre and paper properties some non conventional characterisation techniques like fibre saturation point, X-rays microtomography, environmental scanning electron microscopic observations, atomic forcemicroscope (PeakForce QNM mode) and inverse size exclusion chromatography(ISEC) were used. In order to achieve good reproducibility of ISEC measurements,a semi-automatic column fabrication pilot system was built. The techniques were first validated on refining process before being applied to the recycling process. In this study, it was found that fibre hornification alone cannot fully explain loss in strength during recycling. The loss in strength is much more complex and it is required to understand the morphological and ultrastructural changes associated with recycling. Fibre width, cell wall thickness,curl, kink, irregularities decreased during recycling. Fibre became hard and brittle in dry state. Number of weak points in the fibre wall were increased initially and in the later recyclings. The increase in wet breaking length indicates increased surface friction and capillary forces with recycling. Decrease in bonded area during first recycle may be caused by the loss of fines and fibre flexibility whereas the increase afterwards may be linked to the lumen collapse.The strength of fibres did not decrease with recycling as shown by zero-span breaking lengths therefore the quality of bond may be deteriorated. It was thought that the partially delaminated P/S1 layers may be responsible for the loss of paper strength. It is suggested since the significant change is associated with the pressing and drying of never dried pulp therefore the drying process needs to be revisited. The delaminated layer should be restored so as to increase the recyclability of the recovered fibres for high value paper. Influence of recycled pulp blends on physical properties of paper was also studied. It was revealed that small quantity of recycled pulp can be used without significantly affecting the mechanical strength properties.

scholarly journals PENINGKATAN MUTU KERTAS DAUR ULANG MENGGUNAKAN XYLAN ( IMPROVEMENT QUALITY OF RECYCLED FIBER USING XYLAN )

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (01) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Sonny Kurnia Wirawan ◽  
Chandra Apriana Purwita ◽  
Nina Elyani
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Paper Strength ◽  
Tensile Index ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Recycled Fiber ◽  
Corrugated Cardboard

ABSTRACTCorncob as agricultural waste is a potential source of xylan to be used as an additive to increase the paper strength sheets originating from old corrugated cardboard (OCC). The aim of this research is to know increasing of strength properties from recycled fiber after addition of corncob xylan, compared to the commercial xylan. The xylan extraction was carried out by acid and the addition of xylan to the fiber was carried out at 80 ºC for 30 minutes. The results showed that the use of corncob xylan 5% (w/w) can increase the tensile index by 13.08%, burst index by 9.24%, ring crush test (RCT) index by 39.13% and corrugated medium test (CMT) index by 17.44%.ABSTRAKTongkol jagung sebagai limbah pertanian merupakan sumber xylan yang potensial yang dapat digunakan sebagai aditif untuk meningkatkan kekuatan lembaran kertas daur ulang yang berasal dari Kertas Karton Gelombang (KKG) bekas. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peningkatan kekuatan lembaran kertas daur ulang setelah penambahan xylan dari tongkol jagung, dibandingkan dengan xylan komersial. Ekstraksi xylan dilakukan dengan metode asam dan penambahan xylan terhadap serat dilakukan pada temperatur 80ºC selama 30 menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan xylan tongkol jagung sebanyak 5% (berat xylan/berat kering pulp) dapat meningkatkan indeks tarik 13,08%, indeks retak 9,24%, indeks RCT 39,13% dan indeks CMT 17,44%.

scholarly journals Optimized Models for the Concrete using Flyash and Steel Scrap Waste By-Products

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1S3) ◽  
pp. 200-204
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Steel Scrap ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Strength Parameters ◽  
Model Equations ◽  
The Cost ◽  
By Products

The major issue in the construction industry is to address the development of the suitable building material in a non depleting way to the environmental society. To effectively utilize the industry by-products in the construction sector will bring the cost effective solution and non polluting manner. Hence in this experimental investigation, M30 grade concrete is used in partial replacement of flyash by 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% for evaluating strength parameters. Once the optimum flyash percentage is arrived, then the steel scraps are incorporated in the percentage of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% to enhance the strength properties further. As a result, it is profound that the optimum percentage of flyash replaced concrete is 20 % and addition of 1.5 % steel scraps is appropriate in enhancing the strength parameters. Modeling is adopted in arriving relationship for compressive strength with tensile and flexural strength for flyash replacements and addition of steel scraps. All the model equations are well correlated with the experimental results.

Effect of pH and enzymes on strength of recycled fibers during refining

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (07) ◽  
pp. 407-415
Author(s):  
Ashok Ghosh ◽  
Breland Thornton ◽  
Peter Hart
Keyword(s):  
Operating Cost ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Strength Development ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Paper Strength ◽  
Cost Component ◽  
Recycled Paper ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Effect Of Ph ◽  
Recycled Fibers

Recycled fiber-based papermaking in America is experiencing a persistent reduction in the strength of the incoming fiber. To maintain paper strength properties, paper mills respond by increasing basis weight, dry strength, etc. On average, the fiber cost component in recycled paper is approximately 40% of the total manufacturing cost. Increased fiber weight results in higher operating cost and has a negative effect on production rate, especially on dryer-limited paper machines. Increased pH and use of certain enzymes can improve strength during subsequent refining. The ProLab refiner was used to generate laboratory refining curves to evaluate changes in fiber bonding. The effect of pH and enzymes pretreatment on the strength development and change in drainage of recycled fibers with refining was evaluated.

Filler Pigments Designed for Recyclability

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
June D. Passaretti ◽  
Trudy D. Young ◽  
Mick J. Herman ◽  
D. Bruce Evans
Keyword(s):  
Waste Paper ◽  
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Recycled Paper ◽  
Collection Rate ◽  
Fiber Degradation ◽  
Optical Brighteners ◽  
Recycled Fiber ◽  
Recycled Fibers ◽  
The Cost

Printing and writing paper represents 30% by weight of all domestically made paper products. Today, however, less than 50% of that paper is recycled. The problem with waste paper from homes and offices is that it contains dyes, inks, and chemicals. If these additives are not removed properly—with no fiber degradation—the recycled paper will be of an inferior quality for writing and printing.Recycling, however, is the future. In 1990, 28.9 million tons of paper were collected for recycling, representing a collection rate of 33.5%. By the year 1995, the collection rate goal is 40%, with favorable economics supporting increased utilization of recovered paper. For example, a ton of paper made from 100% waste paper saves 17 trees, 4,100 kWh of energy (approximately 6 months of power used by the average home), 7,000 gallons of water, 60 pounds of air-polluting effluents, and 3 cubic yards of landfill.Two of the issues facing recycled fiber utilization are the cost and visual quality of the final sheet. Paper brightness, opacity, and printability are the industry's biggest concerns when comparing the quality of recycled fibers to that of virgin fibers. The common approach to increasing brightness is to add a white filler pigment such as precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), ground limestone, clay, and/or titanium dioxide. Chemical optical brighteners have also been used, but their use will decline as consumers ask what impact the brightening chemicals have on the environment.

scholarly journals A Method to Reduce Steam Consumption of ECF Bleaching Based on Operation Optimizing

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 928
Author(s):  
Shaoxu Chen ◽  
Zhichao Ma ◽  
Jiang Liu ◽  
Jingjing Yang ◽  
Yongjun Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Paper Industry ◽  
Urgent Problem ◽  
Quality Indices ◽  
Steam Consumption ◽  
Energy And Environment ◽  
Bleached Pulp ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Ecf Bleaching ◽  
Reducing Energy

Development of paper industry has been restricted by resources, energy and environment deeply; further reducing energy consumption becomes an urgent problem to be solved. In this paper, the calculating model of steam consumption in bleaching process is established under the premise of ensuring product quality and controlling bleaching cost. Then, an optimization model for minimizing steam consumption is constructed. Compared with before optimization, the steam consumption of the optimized bleaching system reduced by 19.48% (0.5014 t/adt) at a loss of 0.11% brightness (0.1 ISO%) and 5.17% viscosity (33 mL/g). The amount of chemicals should be increased to ensure the quality of the pulp while decreasing the bleaching temperature to reduce steam consumption, the cost of bleaching pulp has decreased by 1.62% (3.19 USD/adt) after optimization. The verification experiments showed all the pulp quality indices can meet the requirements of bleached pulp.

scholarly journals Influence of surface-active substances on the processes of agglomeration when the secondary resources are using

2018 ◽  
pp. 80-92
Author(s):  
A.S. Nesterov ◽  
L.I. Garmash ◽  
M.G. Boldenko ◽  
O.A. Vergun ◽  
K.P. Lopatenko
Keyword(s):  
Gas Permeability ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Liquid Phase Sintering ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Charge Materials ◽  
Metallurgical Wastes ◽  
The Cost

A promising method of intensifying the process of sinter preparation preparation was investigated by using surfactants as an additional binding material. It is shown that surfactants provide efficient compaction of charge materials. The use of water-soluble surfactant additives (aminocrylate of various compositions) when moistening the charge in the blending and pelletizing of charge materials positively affects the sintering performance and the quality of the finished sinter. An increase in the strength of the agglomerate during recovery, a decrease in abrasion, and an increase in the temperature of the maximum melt filtration were noted. An increase in the recoverability of the agglomerate and the associated decrease in the “aggressiveness” of primary slags were also observed. When using surfactants, the duration of the process was reduced, and the vertical sintering rate increased from 1.0-1.8% to 6.1-8.5%. The yield of the charge has increased by 0.4-2.4%, the strength index - by 0.4-2.2%. Analysis of the results of laboratory studies confirmed that the introduction of surfactants in moisturizing water can improve the quality of the mixture. In particular, the gas permeability of the charge is improved, the best conditions for burning solid fuel and the process of liquid-phase sintering are provided, and the strength properties of the finished product are enhanced. The involvement of a part of metallurgical wastes in the fermentation domain complex allows to significantly expand the resource base of iron ore components, reduce the cost of input raw materials and improve the environmental situation.

scholarly journals KAJIAN KINERJA SIKLON PEMBERSIH DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP KONSENTRASI GAS-GAS HASIL GASIFIKASI TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-218
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Purification System ◽  
Standard Pressure

ABSTRAK PPembersihan partikel-partikel pengotor dari gas-gas hasil gasifikasi tandan kosong kelapa sawit merupakan salah satu proses penting yang harus dilakukan untuk mendapatkan gas pembawa energi dengan kemurnian yang lebih baik. Pemisahan partikel-partikel tersebut dari umumnya dilakukan dengan menggunakan siklon. Konstruksi dan kondisi operasi siklon, seperti suhu gas yang masuk, berperan penting dalam menentukan kinerja pemisahan partikel dari gas tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh perubahan suhu gas terhadap kinerja siklon dalam memisahkan partikulat dan tar dari gas-gas hasil gasifikasi tandan kosong kelapa sawit. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan suhu gas yang masuk ke siklon mampu memisahkan partikel berukuran 5–6 μm di kisaran suhu 200–300 °C pada efisiensi minimum 50%. Hasil perhitungan efisiensi pengumpulan rata-rata mencapai 98,23%, sedangkan hasil pengukuran adalah 85,56%. Hasil perhitungan dan ekperimen terhadap tekanan jatuh pada siklon, masing-masing, adalah 100,11 dan 87 mmH2 O, berada pada kisaran standar tekanan jatuh yang disarankan. Efisiensi dan tekanan jatuh yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa siklon dapat bekerja dengan baik. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa siklon sebaiknya digunakan pada tahap awal dari proses pemisah partikel dari gas hasil gasifikasi, pada saat suhu gas masih tinggi Kata kunci : Efisiensi Pengumpulan; Pengurangan Diameter; Penurunan Tekanan; Suhu Gas; Tar ABSTRACT Gas purification is one of a very crucial process required to be performed in order to obtain a better quality of gasses produced by grasification of oil palm empty fruit bunches. A cyclone is usually used in the purification process to separate particles and tarss from the gas. Particle separating performance of a cyclone is affected by its construction and operating conditions, such as temperature of the entering gas. The objectives of this study is to examine the effect of the entering gas temperature to the cyclone performance in separating particulates and tar from gases produced by gasification of oil palm empty fruit bunch. The results shows that the cyclone was capable in separating particles with size of 5-6 μm at entering gas temperature range of 200- 300 °C, at a minimum efficiency of 50%. The calculated average collection efficiency was 98.23% while the experimental results were 84.56%. Calculation and experimental data on pressure drop within the cylone was 100.11 and 97.0 mmH2 O, respectively, and fall within the required standard pressure drop. The collection efficiency and pressure drop indicated that the cyclone performed well. The study also suggests that cyclone is best to be used at the first row of the purification system for gases produced by gasification of empty fruit bunch since the temperature is still high enough Keywords : Collection Efficiency; Diameter Cut Size; Pressures Drop; Temperature of Gas; Tar

scholarly journals KAJIAN BIAYA PEMUPUKAN TANAMAN MENGHASILKAN KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) DI DIVISI F KEBUN SEI KALAM PT. ASAM JAWA

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
Tuty Ningsih ◽  
Dimas Akbar Ramadhan Lubis ◽  
Saroha Manurung
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost ◽  
North Sumatra

Fertilization in oil palm plants plays a very important role, more than 50% of the cost of the plant is used for fertilization. The hybrid oil palm currently being developed is generally very responsive to fertilization. Fertilization is a very important factor to increase the productivity and quality of the production produced. Fertilization is useful to provide nutrients needed by plants in order to carry out physiological processes that produce good growth and production. Fertilization costs are relatively high, approximately 30% of the total production costs or 40-60% of the total maintenance costs. The costs required to carry out fertilization activities are very large so that proper fertilization planning is needed to be effective and efficient. In productive plants can be done effectively 4T fertilization techniques, namely the right type, right dose, right on target, and on time. Based on this, observations were made on the study of fertilizer costs on plantations. This research was conducted in Division F of Sei Kalam Gardens, PT. Asam Jawa, Labuhanbatu Selatan Regency, North Sumatra Province. The time for the research to begin in March 2019 until May 2019.

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