Processing of Porous Stainless Steel by Compaction Method Using Egg Shell as Space Holder

Development of lightweight materials becomes essential and has been applied for various structural and functional applications in industrial field since last decade. Porous metal can contribute to lightweight material with great mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. In this study, porous stainless steel was fabricated by using powder metallurgy technique and egg shell as a new potential space holder material. Stainless steel 316L was used as metal matrix powder, egg shells as space holder material, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as binder to increase the green density of the preforms. The material was mixed using roller mill before the mixtures are ready to the next process of compaction by using uniaxial pressing machine. The samples were sintered to two-stage sintering at temperature 1000°C in a tube furnace. Physical properties of porous stainless steel were studies by performing density and porosity test. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) apparatus was used to characterize morphology properties. The results show that, porous stainless steel with the composition of 30 wt. % of egg shells added into formulation yields the highest porosity compared to other compositions and the distribution of pores can be classify as micro-pores.

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Rheological Behaviour of Novel Feedstock for Manufacturing Porous Stainless Steel via (MIM)-PSH

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v59.2591 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Tan Koon Tatt ◽

Norhamidi Muhamad ◽

Andanastuti Muchtar ◽

Abu Bakar Sulong ◽

Heng Shye Yunn

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Metal Foam ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Rheological Behaviour ◽

Palm Stearin ◽

Porous Metal ◽

Space Holder ◽

New Class ◽

Porous Stainless Steel ◽

Mechanical And Physical Properties

Metal foam has emerged as a new class material that can be used in structural and functional applications. Because of its excellent mechanical and physical properties, it has been extensively used in aerospace, automotive and medical industries. There are several ways to produce the metal foams. In this study, a net shape foaming technology namely Metal injection moulding-Powder space holder method (MIM-PSH) was used to produce the porous metal. A novel space holder, glycine was mixed with the water atomized stainless powder, palm stearin and polyethylene binder. Rheological behaviours of the feedstocks were fully investigated. The volume fraction of glycine was varied for 50% and 70%, to study its effect on the rheological properties. The results showed that all feedstocks exhibit shear thinning behaviour. As the volume fraction of space holder increased, the viscosities of feedstocks are increased. The activation energy, E is proportional to the amount of space holder used. All feedstocks are found to be suitable for MIM-PSH to produce the porous stainless steel.

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Corrosion Protection of Injection Molded Porous 440C Stainless Steel by Electroplated Zinc Coating

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings11080949 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 949

Author(s):

Matti Kultamaa ◽

Kari Mönkkönen ◽

Jarkko J. Saarinen ◽

Mika Suvanto

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Zinc Acetate ◽

Zinc Coating ◽

Porous Metal ◽

Space Holder ◽

Controlled Porosity ◽

Injection Molded ◽

Corrosive Environments ◽

Internal Pore Structure

Zinc electroplating was used to enhance corrosion resistance of porous metal injection molded 440C stainless steel. Controlled porosity was achieved by the powder space holder technique and by using sodium chloride as a space holder material. The internal pore structure of porous 440C was deposited by zinc using electroplating with three different electrolytes of zinc acetate, zinc sulfate, and zinc chloride. Our results show that all zinc depositions on porous 440C samples significantly improved corrosion resistance. The lowest corrosion was observed with zinc acetate at 30 wt.% porosity. The developed zinc coated porous 440C samples have potential in applications in corrosive environments.

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Mechanical Properties of Porous Stainless Steel Metal Fibre Media

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.618-619.109 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 618-619 ◽

pp. 109-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ji Chao Qiao ◽

Zheng Ping Xi ◽

Hui Ping Tang ◽

Jian Yong Wang ◽

Ji Lei Zhu

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Stainless Steel ◽

Porous Metal ◽

Functional Materials ◽

Compressive Property ◽

Sintering Process ◽

Metal Fiber ◽

Porous Stainless Steel ◽

Mechanical And Physical Properties ◽

Metal Materials

Porous metal fiber media have traits of metal materials and functional materials. Porous metal fiber media are gaining popularity in engineering applications due to their special properties, such as lower density, larger specific surface area, higher mechanical strength and excellent permeability. In this paper, the recent development of fabrication methods and the various properties of porous metal fiber media were reviewed. Porous metal fiber media are divided into structural and functional applications. The mechanical and physical properties of porous metal fiber media, including tensile property and compressive property were analyzed. Porosity and the sintering process play an important role in the mechanical properties of porous metal fiber media.

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Production of Porous Stainless Steel using the Space Holder Method

Sains Malaysiana ◽

10.17576/jsm-2021-5002-21 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 507-514

Author(s):

Koon Tatt Tan ◽

Norhamidi Muhamad ◽

Andanastuti Muchtar ◽

Abu Bakar Sulong ◽

Yih Shia Kok

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Stainless Steel ◽

Elastic Modulus ◽

Powder Metallurgy ◽

Yield Strength ◽

Sintering Temperature ◽

Volumetric Shrinkage ◽

Metallic Foams ◽

Space Holder ◽

Porous Stainless Steel

Metallic foams and porous materials can be produced by various methods. Among the methods that can produce metallic foams and porous materials, powder metallurgy is a promising method. This study investigates the production of a porous stainless steel by the space holder method in powder metallurgy. A novel space holder i.e. glycine and binder consisting of polymethylmethacrylate and stearic acid are used. Different amounts of glycine are added to the mixture of stainless-steel powder and binder. Subsequently, each mixture is cold-pressed at a pressure of 9-ton m-2. The samples are sintered at 1050 and 1150 °C with holding times of 30, 60, and 90 min. The microstructures and physical and mechanical properties of the sintered samples are investigated. A porous stainless steel with porosity ranging from 30.8 to 51.4% is successfully fabricated. Results show that the glycine content and sintering parameters influence the properties of the porous stainless steel. The sintering temperature significantly affects volumetric shrinkage. Volumetric shrinkage decreases as the volume fraction of glycine increases to 30% whereas sintering temperature 1150 °C and holding time 90 min will increase the volumetric shrinkage. The compressive yield strength and corresponding elastic modulus are in the ranges of 22.9 to 57.6 MPa and 6.3 to 26.8 GPa, respectively. The samples produced have potential biomedical applications because their mechanical properties, yield strength and elastic modulus match those of human bones.

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Fabrication of Porous Stainless Steel 316L for Biomedical Applications

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201713500062 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 135 ◽

pp. 00062 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

F. Mat Noor ◽

K. R. Jamaludin ◽

S. Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Stainless Steel 316L ◽

Porous Stainless Steel

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Physical Properties of 316L Stainless Steel (SS316L) Foam with Different Composition by Using Compaction Method

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.840.289 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 840 ◽

pp. 289-293

Author(s):

Murni Faridah Mahammad Rafter ◽

Sufizar Ahmad ◽

Rosdi Ibrahim

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Alloy Powder ◽

316L Stainless Steel ◽

Hydraulic Press ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Vacuum Furnace ◽

Space Holder ◽

Compaction Method

Nowadays, the 316L stainless steel metal foams (SS316L) have acknowledged important attention in various fields and are required to be used as engineering materials including heat exchange, sound absorption, filtration and others. So, in this study the production of SS316L foams using different composition through compaction method by using a starch powder as space holder was studied. The range of selected composition of SS316L that obtained is between 50 wt% to 60 wt% while the remaining percentages are space holder and binder. The SS316L compact is prepared by mixing SS316L alloy powder, starch powder, and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG). Then, the mixture is compact into a mould under 8 tonnes of controlled pressure using hydraulic press machine. This is later sintered in a vacuum furnace. The sintered SS316L foams were characterised using a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis. Then, the physical properties of SS316L foam was also analysed by Archimedes method that includes porosity and bulk density test. As a result, the sample with 60 wt% were produced a good and finer pores and struts. Meanwhile, for that sample the percentage of porosity and bulk density are 0.19% and 7.44 g/cm3, respectively.

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Effect of Different Coating Techniques with Aluminum on the Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steel 316L in Seawater

Journal of Al-Nahrain University-Science ◽

10.22401/jnus.15.3.16 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 112-122

Author(s):

Ali H. Ataiwi ◽

◽

Abdul Khaliq F. Hamood ◽

Rana A. Majed ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Corrosion Behavior ◽

Stainless Steel 316L

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Texture dependent strain hardening in additively manufactured stainless steel 316L

Materials Science and Engineering A ◽

10.1016/j.msea.2021.141483 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 141483

Author(s):

Deepak Kumar ◽

Gyan Shankar ◽

K.G. Prashanth ◽

Satyam Suwas

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Strain Hardening ◽

Stainless Steel 316L ◽

Dependent Strain

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Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Stainless Steel 316L Lattice Structures

Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance ◽

10.1007/s11665-021-05737-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

M. Carraturo ◽

G. Alaimo ◽

S. Marconi ◽

E. Negrello ◽

E. Sgambitterra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Stainless Steel ◽

Mechanical Behavior ◽

Numerical Simulations ◽

Uniaxial Tensile ◽

Uniaxial Tensile Test ◽

Lattice Structures ◽

Stainless Steel 316L ◽

Research Attention ◽

Octet Truss

AbstractAdditive manufacturing (AM), and in particular selective laser melting (SLM) technology, allows to produce structural components made of lattice structures. These kinds of structures have received a lot of research attention over recent years due to their capacity to generate easy-to-manufacture and lightweight components with enhanced mechanical properties. Despite a large amount of work available in the literature, the prediction of the mechanical behavior of lattice structures is still an open issue for researchers. Numerical simulations can help to better understand the mechanical behavior of such a kind of structure without undergoing long and expensive experimental campaigns. In this work, we compare numerical and experimental results of a uniaxial tensile test for stainless steel 316L octet-truss lattice specimen. Numerical simulations are based on both the nominal as-designed geometry and the as-build geometry obtained through the analysis of µ-CT images. We find that the use of the as-build geometry is fundamental for an accurate prediction of the mechanical behavior of lattice structures.

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