Effect of Cutting Fluid on Milling of Additively Manufactured Inconel 738LC

2021 ◽  
Vol 1027 ◽  
pp. 117-122
Author(s):  
Guan Hui Ren ◽  
Cong Zhou ◽  
Bi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Tool Wear ◽  
Surface Integrity ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Sample Surface ◽  
Cutting Fluid ◽  
Surface Plastic ◽  
Dry Milling ◽  
Wet Milling ◽  
Inconel 738Lc

This study focuses on the effect of cutting fluid on sample surface integrity and tool wear in milling additively manufactured Inconel 738LC. Sample surface integrity and tool wear characterization was undertaken using scanning electron microscopy, backscatter electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy, ultra-depth of field digital microscope system and digital display hardness tester. Compared with dry milling, wet milling not only provides an entirely different result on surface morphology, but also shows less surface plastic deformation, and smaller surface roughness. In addition, the tool wear mechanisms of wet milling are found to be different compared to dry milling.

Effect of Different Processing on Corn Starch and Protein

2012 ◽  
Vol 554-556 ◽  
pp. 990-993
Author(s):  
Jian Zou ◽  
Hai Yan Gao ◽  
Jie Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Dry Milling ◽  
Wet Milling ◽  
Corn Flour ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Scanning Electron

Scanning electron microscopy of samples showed that corn flour granules by fermented and wet-milling were angular, pentagonal or elliptical similar to native starches while samples with extruding and cooking were irregularly fibrous and large granules. Protein of samples with wet-milling exhibited an obvious DSC endotherm, To 85.81°C, Tp 92.95°C, Tc 101.73°C and ΔH 1.614J/g.While the fermented and extruded samples had no endotherm. Ultra-violet absorption spectrometry showed that absorbance of fermented and extruded samples increased and the λmax were slightly red shift. The λmax were 294nm, 297nm and 310nm for wet-milling , fermented and extruded flour, respectively. SDS-PAGE patterns of wet-milling flour contained four bands, fermented samples only three bands while extruded samples had same bands with dry-milling.

scholarly journals The Effect of Milling Cooling Conditions on the Surface Integrity and Fatigue Behavior of the GH4169 Superalloy

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rufeng Xu ◽  
Yongxin Zhou ◽  
Xun Li ◽  
Shenliang Yang ◽  
Kangning Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Integrity ◽  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Dry Milling ◽  
Wet Milling ◽  
Machined Surface ◽  
Side Milling ◽  
Cooling Conditions ◽  
Gh4169 Superalloy

The GH4169 superalloy has high strength at high temperatures. Cooling conditions have a major impact on the machined surface integrity, which further affects the fatigue properties of specimens of the GH4169 superalloy. The influence of cooling conditions on the surface integrity of the GH4169 superalloy is first studied during the side milling. Then, the effect of surface integrity under different cooling conditions on the fatigue behavior of specimens of the GH4169 superalloy is investigated by a standard tensile and tensile–mode fatigue testing. The results obtained show that surface roughness and the depth of the plastic deformation layer in wet milling and dry milling makes little difference, the surface microhardness rate in dry milling is slightly lower than that in wet milling, the surface tensile residual stress in dry milling is significantly higher than that in wet milling, and the fatigue behavior in dry milling is only about 50% of that in wet milling. In addition, the crack initiation of specimens of the GH4169 superalloy utilizing wet milling is on the subsurface, while that from dry milling is on the surface. Thus, cooling conditions have an important impact on the fatigue behavior of specimens of the GH4169 superalloy, and micro defects in dry milling are the main factors of decreasing of fatigue behavior of specimens of the GH4169 superalloy.

scholarly journals Reverse Engineering and Scanning Electron Microscopy Applied to the Characterization of Tool Wear in Dry Milling Processes

Procedia CIRP ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 233-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcello Cabibbo ◽  
Archimede Forcellese ◽  
Roberto Raffaeli ◽  
Michela Simoncini
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Tool Wear ◽  
Reverse Engineering ◽  
Dry Milling ◽  
Scanning Electron

Machinability of the EBM Ti6Al4V in Cryogenic Turning

2015 ◽  
Vol 651-653 ◽  
pp. 1183-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Sartori ◽  
Alberto Bordin ◽  
Stefania Bruschi ◽  
Andrea Ghiotti
Keyword(s):  
Tool Wear ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Surface Integrity ◽  
Cutting Temperature ◽  
Chip Morphology ◽  
Cutting Fluid ◽  
Cobalt Chromium ◽  
Machined Surface ◽  
Surgical Implants ◽  
Cutting Zone

In machining operations, the adoption of a cutting fluid is necessary to mitigate the effects of the high temperatures generated on the cutting zone, and, therefore, to avoid severe detrimental effects on the tool wear and surface integrity. In the biomedical field, the traditional processes to manufacture surgical implants made of Titanium and Cobalt Chromium Molybdenum alloys involve turning and milling operations. To cool the cutting tool with standard oil emulsions leaves contaminants on the machined surfaces, which require further cleaning steps that are expensive in terms of time and costs. Currently, this limitation is marginally overcome by machining without the coolant; however, as a consequence, severe tool wear and poor surface integrity take place. In the last years, many studies have been conducted on the application of Liquid Nitrogen as a coolant in machining difficult-to-cut materials such as Ti6Al4V. Thanks to its properties to evaporate immediately when getting in contact with the cutting zone, thus living the workpiece and chips dry and clean other than its ability to lower the cutting temperature. The adoption of Liquid Nitrogen as a cooling mean in machining surgical implants may represent an optimum solution enhancing the benefits of dry machining. This work is aimed at evaluating the performances of the Liquid Nitrogen as a coolant in semi-finishing turning of Ti6Al4V produced by Electron Beam Melting, a comparison with dry turning is presented. The alloy machinability in such conditions is evaluated in terms of tool wear, machined surface integrity and chip morphology.

scholarly journals Milling Performance of CFRP Composite and Atomised Vegetable Oil as a Function of Fiber Orientation

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2062
Author(s):  
Tarek-Shaban-Mohamed Elgnemi ◽  
Martin Byung-Guk Jun ◽  
Victor Songmene ◽  
Agnes Marie Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Tool Wear ◽  
Cutting Force ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Fiber Orientation ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Polymers ◽  
Machining Parameters ◽  
Dry Milling ◽  
Wet Milling ◽  
Machining Performance ◽  
Water Emulsion

Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) have found diverse applications in the automotive, space engineering, sporting goods, medical and military sectors. CFRP parts require limited machining such as detouring, milling and drilling to produce the shapes used, or for assembly purposes. Problems encountered while machining CFRP include poor tool performance, dust emission, poor part edge quality and delamination. The use of oil-based metalworking fluid could help improve the machining performance for this composite, but the resulting humidity would deteriorate the structural integrity of the parts. In this work the performance of an oil-in-water emulsion, obtained using ultrasonic atomization but no surfactant, is examined during the milling of CFRP in terms of fiber orientation and milling feed rate. The performance of wet milling is compared with that of a dry milling process. The tool displacement-fiber orientation angles (TFOA) tested are 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°. The output responses analyzed were cutting force, delamination, and tool wear. Using atomized vegetable oil helps in significantly reducing the cutting force, tool wear, and fiber delamination as compared to the dry milling condition. The machining performance was also strongly influenced by fiber orientation. The interactions between the fiber orientation, the machining parameters and the tested vegetable oil-based fluid could help in selecting appropriate cutting parameters and thus improve the machined part quality and productivity.

scholarly journals Influence of turning tool wear on the surface integrity and anti-fatigue behavior of Ti1023

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 168781402110112
Author(s):  
Li Xun ◽  
Wang Ziming ◽  
Yang Shenliang ◽  
Guo Zhiyuan ◽  
Zhou Yongxin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Tool Wear ◽  
Surface Integrity ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Machined Surface ◽  
Deformation Layer

Titanium alloy Ti1023 is a typical difficult-to-cut material. Tool wear is easy to occur in machining Ti1023, which has a significant negative effect on surface integrity. Turning is one of the common methods to machine Ti1023 parts and machined surface integrity has a direct influence on the fatigue life of parts. To control surface integrity and improve anti-fatigue behavior of Ti1023 parts, it has an important significance to study the influence of tool wear on the surface integrity and fatigue life of Ti1023 in turning. Therefore, the effect of tool wear on the surface roughness, microhardness, residual stress, and plastic deformation layer of Ti1023 workpieces by turning and low-cycle fatigue tests were studied. Meanwhile, the influence mechanism of surface integrity on anti-fatigue behavior also was analyzed. The experimental results show that the change of surface roughness caused by worn tools has the most influence on anti-fatigue behavior when the tool wear VB is from 0.05 to 0.25 mm. On the other hand, the plastic deformation layer on the machined surface could properly improve the anti-fatigue behavior of specimens that were proved in the experiments. However, the higher surface roughness and significant surface defects on surface machined utilizing the worn tool with VB = 0.30 mm, which leads the anti-fatigue behavior of specimens to decrease sharply. Therefore, to ensure the anti-fatigue behavior of parts, the value of turning tool wear VB must be rigorously controlled under 0.30 mm during finishing machining of titanium alloy Ti1023.

scholarly journals Investigation of Spin Coating Cerium-Doped Hydroxyapatite Thin Films with Antifungal Properties

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 464
Author(s):  
Simona Liliana Iconaru ◽  
Mihai Valentin Predoi ◽  
Patrick Chapon ◽  
Sofia Gaiaschi ◽  
Krzysztof Rokosz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Spin Coating ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Antifungal Properties ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this study, the cerium-doped hydroxyapatite (Ca10−xCex(PO4)6(OH)2 with xCe = 0.1, 10Ce-HAp) coatings obtained by the spin coating method were presented for the first time. The stability of the 10Ce-HAp suspension particles used in the preparation of coatings was evaluated by ultrasonic studies, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface morphology of the 10Ce-HAp coating was studied by SEM and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. The obtained 10Ce-HAp coatings were uniform and without cracks or unevenness. Glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used for the investigation of fine chemical depth profiling. The antifungal properties of the HAp and 10Ce-HAp suspensions and coatings were assessed using Candida albicans ATCC 10231 (C. albicans) fungal strain. The quantitative antifungal assays demonstrated that both 10Ce-HAp suspensions and coatings exhibited strong antifungal properties and that they successfully inhibited the development and adherence of C. albicans fungal cells for all the tested time intervals. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) visualization of the C. albicans fungal cells adherence to the 10Ce-HAp surface also demonstrated their strong inhibitory effects. In addition, the qualitative assays also suggested that the 10Ce-HAp coatings successfully stopped the biofilm formation.

Effect of tool wear on the surface integrity of Inconel 718 in face milling with cemented carbide tools

Wear ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 203752
Author(s):  
A.R.F. Oliveira ◽  
L.R.R. da Silva ◽  
V. Baldin ◽  
M.P.C. Fonseca ◽  
R.B. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tool Wear ◽  
Surface Integrity ◽  
Inconel 718 ◽  
Face Milling ◽  
Cemented Carbide ◽  
Cemented Carbide Tools

scholarly journals Formulation of Sustainable Water-Based Cutting Fluids with Polyol Esters for Machining Titanium Alloys

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 773
Author(s):  
Elisabet Benedicto ◽  
Eva María Rubio ◽  
Laurent Aubouy ◽  
María Ana Sáenz-Nuño
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Tool Wear ◽  
Titanium Alloys ◽  
Film Formation ◽  
Cutting Fluid ◽  
Cutting Fluids ◽  
Lubricating Film ◽  
Wear Protection ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Polyol Esters

The machinability of titanium alloys still represents a demanding challenge and the development of new clean technologies to lubricate and cool is greatly needed. As a sustainable alternative to mineral oil, esters have shown excellent performance during machining. Herein, the aim of this work is to investigate the influence of esters’ molecular structure in oil-in-water emulsions and their interaction with the surface to form a lubricating film, thus improving the efficiency of the cutting fluid. The lubricity performance and tool wear protection are studied through film formation analysis and the tapping process on Ti6Al4V. The results show that the lubricity performance is improved by increasing the formation of the organic film on the metal surface, which depends on the ester’s molecular structure and its ability to adsorb on the surface against other surface-active compounds. Among the cutting fluids, noteworthy results are obtained using trimethylolpropane trioleate, which increases the lubricating film formation (containing 62% ester), thus improving the lubricity by up to 12% and reducing the torque increase due to tool wear by 26.8%. This work could be very useful for fields where often use difficult-to-machine materials—such as Ti6Al4V or γ-TiAl – which require large amounts of cutting fluids, since the formulation developed will allow the processes to be more efficient and sustainable.

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