Kinematic Error Modeling of Delta 3D Printer

2021 ◽  
Vol 1037 ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
Andrew V. Kochetkov ◽  
T.N. Ivanova ◽  
Ludmila V. Seliverstova ◽  
Oleg V. Zakharov
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Error Modeling ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Deterministic Models ◽  
End Effector ◽  
Positioning Errors ◽  
Parallel Movement ◽  
3D Printers

The development of additive manufacturing requires the improvement of 3D printers to increase accuracy and productivity. Delta kinematics 3D printers have advantages over traditional sequential kinematics 3D printers. The main advantage is the high travel speed due to the parallel movement of the platform from three pairs of arms. Another advantage is the relatively low cost due to the small number of structural components. However, delta 3D printers have received limited use. The main reason is the low positioning accuracy of the end effector. Errors in the manufacture and assembly of components of a parallel drive mechanism add up geometrically and cause an error in the position of the end effector. These formulas can be applied to a 3D printer as well. However, well-known studies consider deterministic models. Therefore, the analysis is performed for limiting size errors. The purpose of this article is to simulate the effect of statistical errors in displacements and arm lengths on the positioning errors of a platform with the end effector. The article effectively complements the field of error analysis research and provides theoretical advice on error compensation for delta 3D printer.

scholarly journals Flexible 3D Printed Molds for Educational Use. Digital Fabrication of 3D Typography

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (13) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Bonnet De León ◽  
Jose Luis Saorin ◽  
Jorge De la Torre-Cantero ◽  
Cecile Meier ◽  
María Cabrera-Pardo
Keyword(s):  
3D Modeling ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Digital Fabrication ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
School Environments ◽  
Flexible Material ◽  
Educational Environments ◽  
3D Printers ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
The Subject

<p class="0abstract"><span lang="EN-US">One of the drawbacks of using 3D printers in educational environments is that the creation time of each piece is high and therefore it is difficult to manufacture at least one piece for each student. This aspect is important so that each student can feel part of the manufacturing process. To achieve this, 3D printers can be used, not to make pieces, but to make the molds that students use to create replicas. On the other hand, for a mold to be used to make several pieces, it is convenient to make it with flexible material. However, most used material for 3D printers (PLA) is very rigid. To solve this problem, this article designs a methodology that allows the use of low-cost 3D printers (most common in school environments) with flexible material so that each mold can be used to manufacture parts for several students. To print flexible material with low-cost printers, it is necessary to adapt the machine and the print parameters to work properly. This article analyzes the changes to be made with a low cost 3D printer and validates the use of molds in school environments. A pilot test has been carried out with 8 students of the subject of Typography, in the School of Art and Superior of Design of Tenerife. During the activity, the students carried out the process of designing a typography and creating digital molds for 3D printing with flexible material. The designs were made using free 3D modeling programs and low-cost technologies.</span></p>

scholarly journals Design and Validation of an Open Source 3D Printer Based on Digital Ultraviolet Light Processing (DLP), for the Improvement of Traditional Artistic Casting Techniques for Microsculptures

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 3197
Author(s):  
Jose Luis Saorin ◽  
Manuel Drago Diaz-Alemán ◽  
Jorge De la Torre-Cantero ◽  
Cecile Meier ◽  
Ithaisa Pérez Conesa
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Liquid Crystal Display ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Digital Light Processing ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printers ◽  
Deposition Modeling

The adoption of open-source digital manufacturing technologies in small art workshops may improve their competitiveness. Pieces modeled by computer and made with FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) 3D printers that use PLA (polylactic acid) can be implemented in the procedures of artistic casting. However, models printed by PLA are limited to approximate minimum sizes of 3 cm, and the optimal layer height resolution is 0.1 mm. These sizes and resolutions are not suitable for creating microsculptures used, in many cases, in jewelry. An alternative to solve this limitation, is to use a DMLS (Direct Metal Laser Sintering) 3D printer. However, due to its high cost, it is a technology that is difficult to introduce in small artistic foundries. This work detailed the design and validation of a DLP (Digital Light Processing) 3D printer, using backlit LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screens with ultraviolet light. Its development is totally “open source” and is proposed as a kit made up of electronic components, based on Arduino and easy to access mechanical components in the market. Most parts can be manufactured in low cost FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) 3D printers. The result is an affordable, high resolution (0.021 mm), and open-design printer that can be implemented in artistic contexts.

Investigation of Delta Robot 3D Printer for a Good Quality of Printing

2017 ◽  
Vol 870 ◽  
pp. 164-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Tiao Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Smart Manufacturing ◽  
The Internet ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Printing Industry ◽  
Manufacturing Environment ◽  
3D Printers

Within this couple of years, a group of skilled people called “Maker” are interested in building everything by themselves. They attempt to develop a small manufacturing environment where allows people to execute a low cost fabrication task. In order to achieve this goal, they utilized flexible and smart manufacturing machines like 3D printers, laser cutter and small CNC. Especially 3D printer, its excellent performances had grasped many government administrators’ attention and developing 3D printing industry has become an important policy of many countries. Some of 3D printing patents have been expired within recent years. This event makes opens sources of 3D printers grow very fast. The Kossel Mini, Rostock and Prusa i3 are the typical examples. All of development kits of the above printers can be freely obtained from the Internet. This event makes a low cost fabrication become possible. However, the quality of their printed parts is dependent on a series of calibrations. The calibrations include defining the dimensions of hard frame of the printer, configuring firmware and setting building parameters of software. In order to let users to go through entire calibrating process, this paper proposed a standard procedure to calibrate Kossel Mini as well as make it print a good quality part.

scholarly journals A Low-Cost 3-in-1 3D Printer as a Tool for the Fabrication of Flow-Through Channels of Microfluidic Systems

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 947
Author(s):  
Thana Thaweskulchai ◽  
Albert Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Microfluidic Devices ◽  
Numerical Control ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Microfluidic Chips ◽  
Cnc Milling ◽  
Educational Work ◽  
Solution Flow ◽  
3D Printers ◽  
User Friendly

Recently published studies have shown that microfluidic devices fabricated by in-house three-dimensional (3D) printing, computer numerical control (CNC) milling and laser engraving have a good quality of performance. The 3-in-1 3D printers, desktop machines that integrate the three primary functions in a single user-friendly set-up are now available for computer-controlled adaptable surface processing, for less than USD 1000. Here, we demonstrate that 3-in-1 3D printer-based micromachining is an effective strategy for creating microfluidic devices and an easier and more economical alternative to, for instance, conventional photolithography. Our aim was to produce plastic microfluidic chips with engraved microchannel structures or micro-structured plastic molds for casting polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chips with microchannel imprints. The reproducability and accuracy of fabrication of microfluidic chips with straight, crossed line and Y-shaped microchannel designs were assessed and their microfluidic performance checked by liquid stream tests. All three fabrication methods of the 3-in-1 3D printer produced functional microchannel devices with adequate solution flow. Accordingly, 3-in-1 3D printers are recommended as cheap, accessible and user-friendly tools that can be operated with minimal training and little starting knowledge to successfully fabricate basic microfluidic devices that are suitable for educational work or rapid prototyping.

BeamMaker: an open hardware high-resolution digital fabricator for the masses

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel Calderon ◽  
James Griffin ◽  
Juan Cristóbal Zagal
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Public Access ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Digital Light Processing ◽  
Content Type ◽  
High Surface Quality ◽  
Open Hardware ◽  
Printing Quality ◽  
3D Printers

Purpose – The democratization of invention is a long lasting desire for the advancement of society. Having access to education and the means of production appears as the major factors for the implementation of this goal. 3D printing is a revolutionary technology that has the potential to bring digital manufacturing to everyone. However, the rise of personal fabrication requires an increase in printing quality, a reduction on machine cost and an increase in knowledge shared by the open hardware community. The purpose of this paper is to explore the development of a new Open Hardware printer project to address these points. Design/methodology/approach – The authors have designed and constructed a low-cost photopolymer-based 3D printer called BeamMaker. The printer is connected to a host computer and a digital-light-processing projector. This work details the design process and how improvements were implemented to reach good printing quality. The authors provide public access to the instructions, software, source code, parts list, user manual and STL and CAD files. Findings – The BeamMaker printer can build objects with a high surface quality that is comparable to the quality obtained by industrial photopolymer-based 3D printers. When testing the ability to print a sample cylinder, the printer shows higher accuracy when compared to other personal 3D printers. These findings are encouraging considering the low cost of the system. Research limitations/implications – The printing failure rate of the system has not been measured to date. The system requires some improvements to produce large objects. Practical implications – The printer cost is just USD380. This is five to eight times less expensive than popular personal 3D printers available today. The cost is 30 times less expensive than a personal photopolymer 3D printer produced by a main commercial company and yet producing results of similar quality. The authors expect good avenues for collaboration from the open-source community to continue improving these systems. Social implications – The high cost of current personal 3D printers prevents users from developing countries from entering into the open hardware trend. A dramatic reduction in printer cost such as that explored in this work might contribute to the real democratization of personal fabrication. Originality/value – The authors report on the status of three other photopolymer-based personal 3D printer projects. To the best of the authors' knowledge, BeamMaker is the first fully open hardware 3D printer project which uses this technology.

scholarly journals Transmission Condition Monitoring of 3D Printers Based on the Echo State Network

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (15) ◽  
pp. 3058
Author(s):  
Shaohui Zhang ◽  
Kun He ◽  
Diego Cabrera ◽  
Chuan Li ◽  
Yun Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Support Vector Machine ◽  
Condition Monitoring ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Transmission Condition ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Echo State Network ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
3D Printers ◽  
Attitude Sensor

Three-dimensional printing quality is critically affected by the transmission condition of 3D printers. A low-cost technique based on the echo state network (ESN) is proposed for transmission condition monitoring of 3D printers. A low-cost attitude sensor installed on a 3D printer was first employed to collect transmission condition monitoring data. To solve the high-dimensional problem of attitude data, feature extraction approaches were subsequently performed. Based on the extracted features, the ESN was finally employed to monitor transmission faults of the 3D printer. Experimental results showed that the fault recognition accuracy of the 3D printer was obtained at 97.17% using the proposed approach. In addition, support vector machine (SVM), locality preserving projection support vector machine (LPPSVM), and principal component analysis support vector machine (PCASVM) were also used for comparison. The contrast results showed that the recognition accuracies of our method were higher and more stable than that of SVM, LPPSVM, and PCASVM when collecting raw data via the low-cost attitude sensor.

Novel composite filament usable in low-cost 3D printers for fabrication of complex ceramic shapes

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 100949
Author(s):  
Peter Veteška ◽  
Zora Hajdúchová ◽  
Jozef Feranc ◽  
Katarína Tomanová ◽  
Ján Milde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
3D Printers ◽  
Composite Filament

scholarly journals Real-time GNSS precise point positioning for low-cost smart devices

GPS Solutions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Wang ◽  
Zishen Li ◽  
Ningbo Wang ◽  
Zhiyu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Carrier Phase ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Precise Point Positioning ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Dual Frequency ◽  
Static Mode ◽  
Phase Measurements ◽  
Positioning Errors ◽  
Point Positioning

AbstractGlobal Navigation Satellite System raw measurements from Android smart devices make accurate positioning possible with advanced techniques, e.g., precise point positioning (PPP). To achieve the sub-meter-level positioning accuracy with low-cost smart devices, the PPP algorithm developed for geodetic receivers is adapted and an approach named Smart-PPP is proposed in this contribution. In Smart-PPP, the uncombined PPP model is applied for the unified processing of single- and dual-frequency measurements from tracked satellites. The receiver clock terms are parameterized independently for the code and carrier phase measurements of each tracking signal for handling the inconsistency between the code and carrier phases measured by smart devices. The ionospheric pseudo-observations are adopted to provide absolute constraints on the estimation of slant ionospheric delays and to strengthen the uncombined PPP model. A modified stochastic model is employed to weight code and carrier phase measurements by considering the high correlation between the measurement errors and the signal strengths for smart devices. Additionally, an application software based on the Android platform is developed for realizing Smart-PPP in smart devices. The positioning performance of Smart-PPP is validated in both static and kinematic cases. Results show that the positioning errors of Smart-PPP solutions can converge to below 1.0 m within a few minutes in static mode and the converged solutions can achieve an accuracy of about 0.2 m of root mean square (RMS) both for the east, north and up components. For the kinematic test, the RMS values of Smart-PPP positioning errors are 0.65, 0.54 and 1.09 m in the east, north and up components, respectively. Static and kinematic tests both show that the Smart-PPP solutions outperform the internal results provided by the experimental smart devices.

scholarly journals Foundation Piles—A New Feature for Concrete 3D Printers

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2545
Author(s):  
Marcin Hoffmann ◽  
Krzysztof Żarkiewicz ◽  
Adam Zieliński ◽  
Szymon Skibicki ◽  
Łukasz Marchewka
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Shallow Foundation ◽  
Soil Reinforcement ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Permanent Formwork ◽  
3D Printers ◽  
New Feature ◽  
The Cost

Foundation piles that are made by concrete 3D printers constitute a new alternative way of founding buildings constructed using incremental technology. We are currently observing very rapid development of incremental technology for the construction industry. The systems that are used for 3D printing with the application of construction materials make it possible to form permanent formwork for strip foundations, construct load-bearing walls and partition walls, and prefabricate elements, such as stairs, lintels, and ceilings. 3D printing systems do not offer soil reinforcement by making piles. The paper presents the possibility of making concrete foundation piles in laboratory conditions using a concrete 3D printer. The paper shows the tools and procedure for pile pumping. An experiment for measuring pile bearing capacity is described and an example of a pile deployment model under a foundation is described. The results of the tests and analytical calculations have shown that the displacement piles demonstrate less settlement when compared to the analysed shallow foundation. The authors indicate that it is possible to replace the shallow foundation with a series of piles combined with a printed wall without locally widening it. This type of foundation can be used for the foundation of low-rise buildings, such as detached houses. Estimated calculations have shown that the possibility of making foundation piles by a 3D printer will reduce the cost of making foundations by shortening the time of execution of works and reducing the consumption of construction materials.

scholarly journals Accuracy Verification of an Anatomical Model Manufactured Using Low-Cost Additive Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 594
Author(s):  
Teodor Tóth ◽  
Patrik Varga ◽  
Branko Štefanovič ◽  
Lucia Bednarčíková ◽  
Marek Schnitzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Coverage ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
3D Scanner ◽  
Entire Surface ◽  
Additive Production ◽  
The Third ◽  
And Training

The paper deals with the separation of the third cervical vertebra using the software VGStudio MAX, Mimics, and inVesalius. During the separation, various parameters of the threshold were used to determine the effect. The comparison of models from Mimics and inVesalius to VGStudio MAX showed that the cumulative variance distribution for 95% surface coverage is less than 0.935 mm. When comparing medically oriented software, Mimics and inVesalius, the deviation was less than 0.356 mm. The model was made of polylactic acid (PLA) material on a low-cost 3D printer, Prusa i3 MK2.5 MMU1. The printed model was scanned by four scanners: Artec Eva, 3Shape D700, Steinbichler Comet L3D, and Creaform EXAscan. The outputs from the scanners were compared to the reference model (standard tessellation language (STL) model for 3D printing) as well as to the scanner with the best accuracy (3Shape). Compared to the publications below, the analysis of deviations was evaluated on the entire surface of the model and not on selected dimensions. The cumulative variance distribution for comparing the output from the 3D scanner with the reference model, as well as comparing the scanners, shows that the deviation for 95% of the surface coverage is at the level of 0.300 mm. Since the model of the vertebra is planned for education and training, the used software and technologies are suitable for use in the design and the production process.

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