Analysis of Pigment Process and Production Techniques for Use in Nail Polish Systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 267 ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
Zane Grigale-Soročina ◽  
Ingmārs Birks ◽  
Mārtiņš Kalniņš
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Shear ◽  
Inorganic Pigment ◽  
Organic Pigment ◽  
Shear Dispersion ◽  
Nail Polish ◽  
Grinding Media

This report explores two key manufacturing processes, and assesses multiple parameters for optimization of these processes. High shear dispersion using a rotor-stator style homogenizer and high-energy grinding using a basket type mill with zirconium balls as the grinding media were studied. The variation between grinding organic and inorganic pigments was assessed as they give different challenges and require different operations to produce successful results. Obtaining the correct particle size distribution of pigments for decorative coatings is of paramount importance for achieving a high quality, functioning, aesthetically pleasing finished product. This analysis will explore the de-agglomeration and dispersion of inorganic TiO2 and organic Red 6 pigments using basket milling technology. High energy basket mill grinding produced the smallest particle size and smallest particle size distribution comparing with high shear dispersion. Used technology allowed to achieve inorganic pigment TiO2 particle size and particle size distribution suitable for use in coatings on natural nails. For organic pigment Red 6 used technology should be customized.

Observations of the Particle Size Distribution and Concentration in a Coastal System using an In Situ Laser Analyzer

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Serra ◽  
Xavier Casamitjana ◽  
Jordi Colomer ◽  
Timothy C. Granata
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Posidonia Oceanica ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Suspended Particles ◽  
Energy Conditions ◽  
Coastal System

An in situ laser particle size analyzer (LISST-100, Sequoia Scientific, Inc.) has been used to study the particle size distribution and concentration of biological and non biological particles in the water column of a Mediterranean coastal system. Two field campaigns have been carried out during low and high energy conditions of the flow, caused by the passage of a storm front. For the low energy period, the water column remained stratified, whereas for the high energetic period the water column was warmer and well mixed. The first study dealt with the distribution of particles near the bottom of the coastal area. Here, two regions were taken into account. The first region was a sea-grass meadow of Posidonia oceanica and the second region was a barren sand area. The second study dealt with the determination of the vertical distribution of suspended particles in the whole water column of the system. The results showed a decrease in the vertical concentration of suspended particles in the water column with the passage of the storm front, which was associated with advection of warm water mass rather than by vertical mixing. In contrast, vertical resuspension determined the fate of suspended particles at the bottom of the water column and an increase of their concentration was found.

News from the M in CMP - Viscosity of CMP Slurries, a Constant?

2003 ◽  
Vol 767 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Lortz ◽  
F. Menzel ◽  
R. Brandes ◽  
F. Klaessig ◽  
T. Knothe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Shear Rate ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
High Shear Rate ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
High Shear ◽  
Polishing Pad ◽  
Distribution Shape

AbstractIt is well known and accepted that the viscosity of CMP-slurries has an effect on polishing results. Even though the literature on rheology recognizes that viscosity is not always constant and the slurry can show non-Newtonian behavior or even dilatant effects, all calculations have been performed with constant viscosity.However, the “real” viscosity of a CMP-slurry during polishing can change significantly with shear rate.The typical equipment for viscosity measurement is based on a rotating cylinder or a plate. But even with a plate system it is only possible to reach a shear rate range up to 50,000 1/sec. A calculation of the shear rate between the wafer and the polishing pad is based on a relative velocity of 1 m/sec and a distance between the wafer and the pad of 20 μm; this correlates to a shear rate of 50,000 1/sec. If parts of the polishing pad come closer to the wafer or especially closer to the edge of structures on the wafer (for example 1 μm), the shear rate will increase locally to 1,000,000 1/sec.When the shear rate is high enough, viscosity depends mostly on hydrodynamic factors like viscosity of continuos phase, solids content, particle size, particle size distribution and shape of the particles.The shape of fumed metal oxides is controlled during the synthesis in the flame process. But the slurry-making process is also responsible for particle size distribution, shape of the particle and the high shear rate viscosity of the CMP-slurry.The high shear rate viscosity of different silica slurries in dependence from BET-surface area, used milling energy, concentration and preparation direction was measured in this investigation.

On control of particle size distribution in granulation using high-shear mixers

2004 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Bardin ◽  
P.C Knight ◽  
J.P.K Seville
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
High Shear

Preparation of Nanostructured Lipid Drug Delivery Particles Using Microfluidic Mixing

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 484-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Hong ◽  
Yao-Da Dong ◽  
Ben J. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Liquid Crystalline ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Microfluidic System ◽  
Stimuli Responsive ◽  
Microfluidic Mixing ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
The Impact

Background: Cubosomes are highly ordered self-assembled lipid particles analogous to liposomes, but with internal liquid crystalline structure. They are receiving interest as stimuli responsive delivery particles, but their preparation typically requires high energy approaches such as sonication which is not favourable in many applications. Objective: Here we investigated the impact of microfluidic preparation on particle size distribution and internal structure of cubosomes prepared from two different lipid systems, phytantriol and glyceryl monooleate (GMO). Methods: The impact of relative flow rates of the aqueous and organic streams, the total flow rate and temperature were investigated in a commercial microfluidic system. The particle size distribution and structure were measured using dynamic light scattering and small angle X-ray scattering respectively. Results: Phytantriol based particles were robust to different processing conditions, while cubosomes formed using GMO were more sensitive to composition both locally and globally, which reflects their preparation using other techniques. Conclusion: Thus, in summary microfluidics represents a reproducible and versatile method to prepare complex lipid particle dispersions such as cubosomes.

scholarly journals Breakage Characterization of Grinding Media Based on Energy Consumption and Particle Size Distribution: Hexagons versus Cylpebs

Minerals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caibin Wu ◽  
Ningning Liao ◽  
Guiming Shi ◽  
Liangliang Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Grinding Media ◽  
Grinding Conditions

The grinding performance of hexagon grinding media particles has been compared with that of cylpebs grinding media particles. A batch grinding test was conducted using equal masses of hexagons and cylpebs. The particle size distribution and energy consumption during grinding of the ground product were analyzed, and the relationships among the specific surface area, bulk density, energy consumption, and t10 value are discussed. Under the same grinding conditions, the grinding capacity of hexagons was inferior to that of cylpebs. However, as the particle size of the feed became finer, the grinding effect of hexagons became more apparent. At the same time, the qualified particles content in the ground product was higher when using hexagons than when using cylpebs. The relationship between the specific surface area and energy consumption during grinding was consistent with the regular pattern of grinding fineness and energy consumption. In addition, the bulk density of minerals decreases with an increase in grinding energy. The same conclusion was obtained when −0.425 mm tungsten ore was used as a sample for validation. The flotation experiment result has carried out that hexagons as grinding media have a better flotation indicator than cylpebs in the same grinding fineness. It is demonstrated that although the grinding capacity of hexagons is inferior to that of cylpebs, less overgrinding occurs when using hexagons than when using cylpebs. For tungsten ore grinding, hexagons act as a finer grinding media than cylpebs.

scholarly journals Hydroxyapatite/iron oxide nanocomposite prepared by high energy ball milling

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-217
Author(s):  
Milica Vucinic-Vasic ◽  
Bratislav Antic ◽  
Marko Boskovic ◽  
Aleksandar Antic ◽  
Jovan Blanusa
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Ball Milling ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Ball Milling ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Energy Ball

Nanocomposites (HAp/iron oxide), made of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and ferrimagnetic iron oxide, were synthesized by high-energy ball milling a mixture consisting of iron oxide nanoparticles and the starting materials used for the HAp synthesis: calcium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous (CaHPO4), and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). Two HAp/iron oxide samples with the magnetic phase content of 12 and 30 wt.% were prepared and their microstructure, morphology and magnetic properties were analysed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the measurement of particle size distribution was performed by laser scattering, and temperature/field dependence on magnetization was determined. X-ray diffraction data confirmed the formation of two-phased samples (HAp and spinel iron oxide) without the presence of any other parasite phase. The shape of particles was nearly spherical in both samples, ranging from only a few to several tens of nanometres in diameter. These particles formed agglomerates with the most common value of the number-based particle size distribution of 380 and 310 nm for the sample with 12 and 30wt.% of iron oxide, respectively. Magnetization data showed that both HAp/iron oxide composites had superparamagnetic behaviour at room temperature.

scholarly journals The Effect of Grinding Media on Mineral Breakage Properties of Magnetite Ores

Geofluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Liang Si ◽  
Yijun Cao ◽  
Guixia Fan
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Ball Size ◽  
Grinding Media ◽  
Grinding Conditions ◽  
Steel Balls ◽  
Different Diameters

The breakage and liberation of minerals are the key to fluidized mining for minerals. In the ball milling process, steel balls function as not only a grinding action implementer but also energy carrier to determine the breakage behavior of ores and the production capacity of the mill. When ground products present a much coarse or much fine particle size distribution, the separation process will suffer, resulting in inefficient recovery of useful minerals. Optimal control of the particle size distribution of the products is therefore essential, but the complexity and randomness of ball mill grinding make it difficult to determine the appropriate ball size. To solve the problem in the precise measurement of grinding ball diameters, this paper carried out magnetite grinding experiments with grinding balls of different diameters under the same grinding conditions to study the influence pattern of steel ball diameters on the particle break behavior, the particle size distribution of ground products, and the mineral liberation degree distribution. The research proposed on the matching relation between the ball size and the quality of ground products is essential for improving the ground product quality and reducing energy consumption.

Research of the Milling Time Influence on Ag-Cu Powder Particles Size Processed by Mechanical Alloying Route

2012 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 382-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oana Gîngu ◽  
Claudiu Nicolicescu ◽  
Gabriela Sima
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Powder Mixture ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Powder Particles

This research focuses on Ag-Cu powder particles processing by mechanical alloying (MA) route. The powder mixture is representative for the eutectic composition, respectively 72%wt. Ag + 28% wt. Cu. The milling process is developed in high energy ball mill Pulverisette 6, using different size for the milling balls, in wet conditions for 80 hours. One of the most important parameter studied in this research is the particle size distribution of the processed powder mixture. Thus, it changes along the milling time, from 10…75 µm at the beginning of MA process up to (60 – 80) nm at 80 h. The milling parameters will be optimized in future research depending on the particle size distribution related with thermophysical and thermodynamic properties focused on electrical and optical properties improvement.

scholarly journals Reducing the Induction Time Using Ultrasound and High-Shear Mixing in a Continuous Crystallization Process

Crystals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Vancleef ◽  
Stijn Seurs ◽  
Jeroen Jordens ◽  
Tom Van Gerven ◽  
Leen C. J. Thomassen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Induction Time ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
High Shear ◽  
Ultrasound Probe ◽  
Nucleation Behavior ◽  
Continuous Crystallization ◽  
Shear Mixing

Continuous crystallization in tubular crystallizers is of particular interest to the pharmaceutical industry to accurately control average particle size, particle size distribution, and (polymorphic) shape. However, these types of crystallizers require fast nucleation, and thus, short induction times at the beginning of the flow process, which is challenging for larger and complex organic molecules. High shear and/or the presence of bubbles were identified to influence the nucleation behavior. This work investigates the effects of both high-shear mixing and ultrasound on the anti-solvent crystallization of paracetamol in acetone–water. Both devices generate intense amounts of shear and gas bubbles. Generally, the results show that increasing input power decreases the induction time significantly for both the rotor–stator mixer and ultrasound probe. However, the induction time is almost independent of the supersaturation for the ultrasound probe, while the induction time significantly increases with decreasing supersaturation for the rotor–stator mixer. In contrast, the particle size distribution for the rotor–stator mixer is independent of the supersaturation, while increasing supersaturation decreases the particle size for the ultrasound probe.

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