scholarly journals Development of Bone Ash from Eppawala Apatite - Sri Lanka as a Raw Material for Bone China Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
I. A. Balasooriya ◽  
H. M. J. C. Pitawala
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Bone China ◽  
Bone Ash

scholarly journals Characterization of crystalline phases of bone ash

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-268
Author(s):  
M Ahsan ◽  
AH Dewan ◽  
S Mustafi ◽  
S Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Excellent Agreement ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Ceramic Ware ◽  
Crystalline Phases ◽  
Bone China ◽  
Calcination Temperatures ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
Standard Values

Bone ash has been prepared from waste cattle bone choosing two different calcination temperatures (1050°C and 1100°C). The heat treatment was performed by conducting quenching and without quenching techniques. The prepared bone ash was characterized using XRF, XRD and FTIR techniques which revealed that the observed data were in excellent agreement with the standard values for hydroxyapatite (the prime raw material of bone china) and could be used as the raw material for bone china ceramic ware. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v47i3.13057 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 47(3), 265-268, 2012

Indian Joint Ventures in SAARC Countries : Problems And Prospects

1998 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
Shobha Ahuja
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Host Country ◽  
Joint Ventures ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Market Size ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Geographical Proximity ◽  
Small Market ◽  
Returns On Investment ◽  
Scale Of Operation

The Paper deals essentially with the potential of promoting industrial cooperation in the SAARC countries by establishing joint ventures. Such an initiative is based on economic logic which, at the unit level, signifies higher returns on investment in the host country. Of the six SAARC nations, Indian corporates have invested only in two countries namely Nepal and Sri Lanka. Though the size and scale of operation in these countries is small, most Indian corporates hold a majority stake in their ventures. Indian companies consider investing in SAARC an attractive business proposition mainly for factors such as captive domestic market, exports to third countries, geographical proximity, positive legislation, developing raw material supplies and higher profits. Nevertheless, constraints in the form of small market size, inadequate infrastructure, paucity of information and cumbersome government procedures hinder realising of the full potential of the venture.

Fabrication of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics from the Recycling of Bone Ash

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 2328-2331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Hee Lee ◽  
Kyu Hong Hwang ◽  
Jong Kook Lee
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Tricalcium Phosphate ◽  
Biphasic Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Liquid Environment ◽  
Bone China ◽  
Calcium Phosphate Ceramics ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
Moisture Protection

Biphasic calcium phosphate bioceramics were fabricated from the recycling of bone ash which is mostly used as raw materials of bone china. Precursor calcium phosphate powders were prepared by soaking the commercial bone ash in 0.1 M of NaOH solution at 80°C for 4 h. Calcium phosphate powders was obtained by calcination at 800°C for 1 h to completely remove residual organics. Biphasic calcium phosphate bioceramics which is composed of hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate was fabricated by the sintering of pressed compacts at 1200°C for 1 h under moisture protection. The bone ash derived-biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics consists of mostly HA and small amounts of α-tricalcium phosphate, magnesium oxide and calcium oxide. After polishing the HA ceramics, they were immersed in buffered water at 37°C for 3 and 7 days. The bone ash derived- biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics show high biostability in liquid environment with immersion time compared with commercial calcium phosphate ceramics.

Characterisation of Local Bone Ash for Bone China Production

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zainal Zakaria ◽  
Hamdzun Haron
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Porcelain Body ◽  
Porcelain Factory ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Bone China ◽  
Local Bone ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
Clay Body ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Way

Clay body can be defined as a mixture of clay or other minerals to achieve a specific purpose in the production of ceramics. Among the types of clay that can produce white translucent ceramic products is porcelain. 'Porcelain' is derived from Italian word porselino which means 'piglet'. It is said that the name was given based on a cowry shell which is small and plump like a piglet or porselino and the shell also has shiny transparent finish like porcelain. Porcelain was produced in the 10th century during the reign of Emperor Hou Zhou Shi Zong, China. In 1748 a modification was carried out to the porcelain body by a British ceramic manufacturer Thomas Frye in Bow porcelain factory, London. The new body was known as 'fine porcelain'. He has formulated 45 % cattle bone ash in his porcelain mix to produce finer porcelain body, stronger, lower level of maturity during firing and its translucent effect was even greater. The term 'Bone China' was introduced by Josiah Spode in 1789 from Stoke after he successfully improved the formulation created by Frye. The beauty of bone china product in various forms is interesting enough for people to collect this exclusive product. However, bone china product has becoming an issue for Muslims who questions the materials used such as the permissible status of the bone used in its production. To solve this problem, a research has been carried out to identify the raw materials, the production methods and the way of detecting what type of bone used in the production of bone china. 

scholarly journals Analisis Fatwa-Fatwa Bone China daripada Perspektif Hukum Islam

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-79
Author(s):  
Norhidayah Pauzi ◽  
Saadan Man
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Research Methodologies ◽  
Bone China ◽  
Observation Methods ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
Deductive Method

Bone china is a product made of porcelain which contains bone ash, kaolin, and cornish stone. The mixture of these materials produced bone china of high quality. The existence of animal’s bone ash in products made of bone china spurs up doubt among the muslims society upon its usage. This is partly due to two main reasons, firstly the types of animals use, and the slaughtering method. The research aims to clarify the concept of bone china and explain in detail in processes involved in manufacturing it, and more importantly it discusses the Islamic principles that are of relevant in determining the ruling relating to the usage of bone china. This research also summarizes the suitable law toward the issue regarding bone china based on Islamic law principles methodology. To achieve the objective of this research, methodologies that have been used from literature review are documentation method and historiographical methods. In addition, this research also used survey method which are interview and observation methods and data analysis using inductive and deductive method. This research concludes that the usage of bone china can be formulated in two main views. The first view, is of the Hanafi’s and Maliki’s who permit the usage of bone china among muslim consumers as they accept the method of isti ha lah as a means of sanctification instrument in Islam. However, the second view, which of the Syafii’s and Hanbali’s prohibit the usage of bone china as they consider that no isti ha lah has taken place in the process of bone china. Keywords: Bone china, isti ha lah, fatwa, hukum. Abstrak Bone china adalah produk porselin yang mengandungi abu tulang, kaolin, dan Cornish Stone. Campuran ketiga-tiga bahan ini menghasilkan Bone china yang amat berkualiti. Adanya abu tulang haiwan dalam produk Bone china menimbulkan keraguan masyarakat Islam terhadap kehalalan penggunaannya. Produk-produk yang berasaskan haiwan sememangnya banyak menimbulkan keraguan. Hal ini kerana ia bersangkutan kepada dua perkara yang utama iaitu jenis haiwan yang disembelih dan cara penyembelihan haiwan tersebut. Penyelidikan ini menghuraikan konsep Bone china, proses-proses pembuatannya secara terperinci, dan lebih pentingnya membincangkan kaedah-kaedah syarak yang sesuai diguna pakai dalam penentuan hukum ke atas penggunaan Bone china. Kajian ini juga seterusnya merumuskan hukum yang bersesuaian terhadap isu-isu penggunaan Bone china berasaskan kepada prinsip-prinsip hukum syarak. Untuk mencapai objektif kajian ini, metodologi kajian yang telah digunakan hasil daripada kajian perpustakaan adalah metode dokumentasi dan metode historis. Tambahan itu juga, kajian ini menggunakan kajian lapangan iaitu metode temubual dan observasi, serta analisis data menggunakan metode induktif dan deduktif. Hasilnya, hukum penggunaan Bone china dapat dirumuskan berpandukan dua pandangan utama. Pandangan pertama, mazhab Hanafi dan mazhab Maliki mengharuskan penggunaan Bone china bagi pengguna-pengguna Islam kerana mereka menerima kaedah istihalah sebagai instrument penyucian dalam Islam. Namun demikian, menurut pandangan kedua, yakni pandangan yang didominasi oleh mazhab Syafii dan Hanbali, keduanya tidak mengharuskan penggunaan Bone China. Ini kerana mereka menganggap tidak berlaku istihalah dalam penghasilan Bone China. Kata kunci: Bone china, Istihalah, Fatwa, Hukum

scholarly journals Financial and economic aspects of Ceylon Tea Industry in Sri Lanka

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manik Jayasundera
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Tea Industry ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Logical Sequence ◽  
Tea Production ◽  
The Government ◽  
Key Aspects

The functioning of the tea industry forms the main source of revenue for Sri Lanka’s budget, which is now ranked as the world’s fourth largest tea producer and second largest exporter. About 20% of the world’s tea products are sourced from Sri Lanka. The key objective of this study is to analyze the financial and economic aspects in the context of studying the peculiarities of sales of tea production enterprises. The research of this question in the article is carried out in the following logical sequence: the specifics of the process of making tea products are studied; the historical aspects of the formation and development of the tea industry in Sri Lanka; identified the main directions of state policy in terms of functioning of tea production enterprises; Key aspects of the pricing and marketing policy of the tea industry have been analyzed; features of implementation of export mechanisms are indicated. The article focuses on the system of taxation by the government of the tea industry, taxes in the context of which are designed to redistribute gross domestic revenue in accordance with priority directions of state social policy. The paper notes that the Government of Sri Lanka has now implemented subsidy mechanisms for tea companies: 1) subsidy for the modernization of production facilities in the long run; 2) subsidy for the development of the tea industry to improve the efficiency of tea processing and its transformation into other varieties; 3) short-term subsidy, which insures against falling tea prices or rising raw material costs; 4) marketing subsidies in the form of tea promotion grants, discounts on import duties and grants from the Export Development Board. The study made it possible for the authors to summarize the following: in 2019, there is a gradual fragmentation of land and a shortage of skilled labor in the Sri Lankan tea industry; state policy to support the tea sector will in the long run allow for appropriate reforms and mechanisms for regulating aspects of the tea industry (adjusting exports and imports, pricing systems, subsidy programs, state land redistribution programs). Keywords: government policy, pricing, sales mechanisms, exports, income and losses, tea industry.

scholarly journals INITIATING INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS (IS) NETWORKS IN SRI LANKA: INSIGHTS FROM GLOBAL PROJECTS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Mallawaarachchi ◽  
◽  
G. Karunasena ◽  
Y.G. Sandanayake ◽  
C. Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Industrial Symbiosis ◽  
Business Decisions ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Novel Concept ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Is Projects

Industrial symbiosis (IS) is an ideal initiative for co-located industries to gain a competitive advantage through physical exchange of materials, energy, water, and by-products within a closed loop industrial system. IS has been created a considerable impact on the environmental and economic development through water savings, reduction of raw material extraction and carbon emissions reductions. As many developing countries are suffering from the environmental degradation due to industrial operations, initiating IS networks is vital to improve the business and environmental performance of industries. Since it is a novel concept, it is important to examine the insights from global IS projects to foresee the future challenges. Thus, in this study, PESTEL framework is employed to examine the impact of political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal external factors on global IS projects. The secondary data collected from nine global IS projects were analysed using PESTEL analysis. The analysis clearly describes the several facets that could influence on industries deploying the IS networks, such as the pressure made by government, external parties, collective cost and environmental benefits, infrastructure sharing, social benefits, and influence made by laws and regulations. Accordingly, a PESTEL framework is developed, which provides a firm base to foresee the possible future changes, challenges and opportunities that can be effectively considered in strategic business decisions for deploying IS networks in Sri Lanka.

scholarly journals Competitividade da Indústria de Couro e Calçados de Sri Lanka

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
P.P. Ajith Kusum ◽  
Song Yinghua
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
General Education ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Average Response Rate ◽  
Main Mode ◽  
Footwear Industry ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Relationship

This research paper explores the relationship among skills of entrepreneurs of leather  products and footwear industry in Sri Lanka and entrepreneurs’ involvement of innovations in product, process, raw material and market in the industry. Further, the survey investigates firms’ competitiveness and innovativeness in the industry. Database of firms in the industry available in Sri Lanka Industrial Development Board was used to administer an expert reviewed and piloted questionnaire among the population of firms. Personal interviews and a mail survey were undertaken which jointly brought above-average response rate of completed questionnaires used for analysis. The research has found that there is a strong link between skills of entrepreneurs and their involvement in innovations. Research has found that entrepreneur focus on product innovations rather than process, raw material and market innovations due to their low level of general education and the main mode of acquiring skills remains on-the-job-training. Usage of technology has been found to be lower level which has a negative effect on innovations. However, the entrepreneurs have a positive attitude towards innovations the relevant agencies can capitalize-on for expansion of the industry and increase competitiveness. The research unearths an intelligent view that in an efficiency-driven economy, what matters is productivity where skilling of entrepreneurs will yield enormous results for harnessing the potential of this ever growing industry.

scholarly journals A Cosmetic Perspective on the Antioxidant Flavonoids from Nymphaea lotus L.

Cosmetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Duangjai Tungmunnithum ◽  
Panida Kongsawadworakul ◽  
Christophe Hano
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Future Research ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Water Lily ◽  
Research Challenges ◽  
Flavonoid Accumulation

Nymphaea lotus L. or water lily is a well-known traditional medicinal plant in Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, India, Sri Lanka, China, Nepal, Egypt and many African countries. This species has been reported as a promising flavonoid-rich raw material that can be used as an active ingredient for the development of cosmetic/cosmeceutical products. This review aims to illustrate the cosmetic potential of this species by providing botanical information, traditional uses, flavonoid accumulation, biological activities and future research challenges in the production of N. lotus extracts for cosmetic applications.

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