THE INACTIVATION OF FOLIAR DEPOSITS OF VIRUSES OF TRICHOPLUSIA NI (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) AND PIERIS RAPAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE) AND TESTS ON PROTECTANT ADDITIVES

1972 ◽  
Vol 104 (12) ◽  
pp. 1985-1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Jaques
Keyword(s):  
Trichoplusia Ni ◽  
Pieris Rapae ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Egg Albumen ◽  
Nuclear Polyhedrosis ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractDeposits of the nuclear-polyhedrosis virus of Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) and of the granulosis virus of Pieris rapae (Linnaeus) were largely inactivated within 10 days after sprays were applied to field plots. Deposits on plants retained in a growth room or in a greenhouse were inactivated but more slowly than those exposed to direct sunlight. Deposits on plants kept in the dark lost little activity indicating that exposure to light was responsible for inactivation.Activity of deposits of the viruses was extended substantially by addition of protectant materials to the sprays. The addition of charcoal mixed with skim milk powder, egg albumen, or brewer’s yeast resulted in a 3-fold increase in the period over which an LD50 of virus was maintained on the plants.

TESTS ON MICROBIAL AND CHEMICAL INSECTICIDES FOR CONTROL OF TRICHOPLUSIA NI (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) AND PIERIS RAPAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE) ON CABBAGE

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Jaques
Keyword(s):  
Trichoplusia Ni ◽  
Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus ◽  
Pieris Rapae ◽  
Cabbage Looper ◽  
Chemical Insecticide ◽  
Granulosis Virus ◽  
Nuclear Polyhedrosis ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Respective Host

AbstractThe control of larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, and the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae, by viruses, bacteria, and chemical insecticides was compared. In small field plots five applications of the nuclear-polyhedrosis virus of T. ni (1.8 × 1011 polyhedra/acre) and the granulosis virus of P. rapae (4 ×1011 granules/acre) controlled the respective host larvae as well as five applications of the chemical insecticide methomyl (0.5 to 1 lb/acre). Dipel HD-1 (0.25 lb/acre) and Thuricide HPC (60 fl. oz/acre), formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis, were as effective against T. ni larvae as methomyl but not as effective as Fundal (0.5 lb/acre) or Dipel at a higher rate (0.5 lb/acre). The control obtained by combinations of viruses with endosulfan or methomyl suggested an effective method of reducing use of chemical insecticides. Control of T. ni and P. rapae in plots up to 3 acres in area in growers’ fields demonstrated the effectiveness of the viruses when used as commercial insecticides.

Statistical Optimization of the production of protease from Bacillus sp. MSK-01 in submerged fermentation

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kulwant Kaur ◽  
Sonica Sondhi ◽  
Palki Sahib Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Submerged Fermentation ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Protease Production ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Optimized Conditions

Protease has been in increasing demand in industries due to its hydrolytic nature. In industries, high yield of enzyme is required to meet the industrial need at a relatively cheaper cost. In the present study, the protease from Bacillus sp. MSK-01 was produced in large quantity by submerged fermentation. Statistical techniques including Plackett-Burman and Response surface methodology are useful tools for optimizing many parameters at a time and are used for increasing the protease production from Bacillus sp. MSK-01. 19 different parameters were chosen, out of which 15 factors had positive effect on protease yield. Four maximum influencing factors were peptone, magnesium sulphate, skim milk powder and casein were chosen to further increase the protease yield. 397.3 IU ml-1 of enzyme yield was obtained under optimized conditions which lead to 198 fold increase in the yield of protease from unoptimized condition. 

EFFICACY OF MIXTURES OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS, VIRUSES, AND CHLORDIMEFORM AGAINST INSECTS ON CABBAGE

1978 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Jaques ◽  
D. R. Laing
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Trichoplusia Ni ◽  
Pieris Rapae ◽  
Autographa Californica ◽  
Granulosis Virus ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Nuclear Polyhedrosis ◽  
Field Plots

AbstractThe efficacy of mixtures of chlordimeform with Bacillus thuringiensis and(or) Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus and Pieris rapae granulosis virus against Trichoplusia ni and Pieris rapae on the late cabbage was assessed in field plots over four growing seasons. Mixtures of 0.07 kg of chlordimeform/ha (1/8 of the recommended dosage) with low concentrations of the microbial insecticides were as effective or more effective than the materials used alone at full rates. The advantages of such mixtures in pest management are discussed.

VIRUSES OF TRICHOPLUSIA NI (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) AND PIERIS RAPAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE) IN SOIL IN FIELDS OF CRUCIFERS IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (9) ◽  
pp. 1285-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Jaques ◽  
D. G. Harcourt
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Trichoplusia Ni ◽  
Pieris Rapae ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Granulosis Virus ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Nuclear Polyhedrosis ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractIn 1968 and 1969 soil samples were collected and bioassayed from 116 fields of crucifers from 14 counties in southern Ontario. Residues of T. ni viruses (nuclear-polyhedrosis (NPV) and granulosis (GV)) were found in soil from 12 counties, being detected in 68 and 45% of soil samples in the respective years. P. rapae granulosis virus (GV) occurred in soil from 7 counties, being found in 18 and 19% of samples. T. ni NPV was more common than T. ni GV. The concentration of viruses of both host species in soil was influenced by density of the host population, crop rotation, soil pH, and month of sampling.

scholarly journals Fluidized-Bed Granulation of Probiotics-Encapsulated Spray-Dried Skim Milk Powder: Effects of a Fluidizing Aid, Moisture-Activation and Dehydration

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1600
Author(s):  
Dong-Hyun Lim ◽  
Andres Letona ◽  
Minjeong Lee ◽  
Dayoung Lim ◽  
Nam-Soo Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Spray Dried

A probiotic powder of poor flowability with high dust content, prepared by spray drying reconstituted skim milk fermented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), was granulated by fluidized-bed granulation (FBG). The effects of the addition of skim milk powder (SMP) as a fluidizing aid, and of simple moisture-activation with or without dehydration, were investigated with respect to the performance of the FBG process. A fine, poorly fluidizable LGG powder (Geldart Group C) could be fluidized and granulated, with a 4- to 5-fold increase in particle size (d4,3 = 96–141 μm), by mixing with SMP (30–50%), which has larger, fluidizable particles belonging to Geldart Group A. Moisture-activation after the mixing, followed by fluidized-bed dehydration with hot air to remove excess moisture, further improved the FBG; the yield of the granules increased from 42% to 61% and the particle size distribution became much narrower, although the average particle size remained almost the same (d4,3 = 142 μm). These granules showed a popcorn-type structure in scanning electron microscopy images and encapsulated a sufficient level of viable LGG cells (1.6 × 108 CFU g−1). These granules also exhibited much better flowability and dispersibility than the spray-dried LGG powder.

Improved heat stability of recombined evaporated milk emulsions by wet heat pretreatment of skim milk powder dispersions

2021 ◽  
pp. 106757
Author(s):  
Jianfeng Wu ◽  
Simin Chen ◽  
Teng Wang ◽  
Hao Li ◽  
Ali Sedaghat Doost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Heat Stability ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Heat Pretreatment ◽  
Wet Heat

Anti-obesity effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus 4B15, and its synergy with hydrolysed lactose skim milk powder

2021 ◽  
pp. 104997
Author(s):  
Sejeong Kim ◽  
Jae Yeon Joung ◽  
Daekyoung Kang ◽  
Nam Su Oh ◽  
Yohan Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Milk Powder ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Skim Milk Powder

A note on the performance and management of calves reared on cold acidified milk replacer fed ad libitum

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Thickett ◽  
N. H. Cuthbert ◽  
T. D. A. Brigstocke ◽  
M. A. Lindeman ◽  
P. N. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Dry Food

ABSTRACTResults are presented from six trials dealing with aspects of management on the cold ad libitum system of calf rearing using an acidified milk replacer containing over 600 g skim milk powder per kg.Thirty-six calves were housed in pens of six for each trial and were fed through a teat and pipeline from a storage barrel. Acidified milk replacer, pH 5·6, was mixed cold at 125 g/1 and made available ad libitum to 3 weeks. A rationed allowance was given daily, on a reducing scale, over the following 2 weeks with weaning completed at 35 days. A pelleted dry food containing 180 g crude protein per kg, together with water in buckets and barley straw in racks, was available ad libitum throughout. Each trial lasted 8 weeks. Results for the mean of the six cold ad libitum trials involving 216 calves were compared with the mean results of 10 conventional bucket-fed trials carried out separately at the same unit, involving 912 calves. All calves were purchased British Friesian male (bull) calves.Calves on the ad libitum system showed improved live-weight gains of 9·4 kg at 3 weeks, 8·8 kg at 5 weeks and 7·5 kg at 8 weeks, compared with the conventional system. The consumption of milk replacer powder was higher in ad libitum trials at 29·4 kg cf. 12·5 kg by bucket but intake of pelleted dry feed was lower on the ad libitum system at 50·7 kg cf. 71·3 kg to 8 weeks. Calf appearance scores were significantly improved on the ad libitum system which gave the main improvement in performance in the first 3 weeks.

scholarly journals Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Associated with Spray-Dried Milk

1955 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. R. Anderson ◽  
Doris M. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Spray Drying ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Drying Chamber ◽  
Spray Dried

SummaryEight explosive outbreaks of food poisoning, occurring in school canteens in England during 1953 and affecting 1190 known cases, are described. The clinical features were characteristic of the toxin type of illness. No deaths occurred.The food causing all of these outbreaks was prepared from spray-dried skim milk powder. It was not subsequently heat-treated and was usually consumed 3–4 hr. after preparation.The spray-dried milk powder proved to contain a high content of bacteria, including large numbers of Staph. aureus, of a phage pattern often associated with food poisoning. The assumption was therefore made that these outbreaks were caused by staphylococcal enterotoxin.Because the food was often consumed within 3–4 hr. of reconstitution of the milk powder—before, in fact, the staphylococci had had time to grow—it is concluded that the poisoning must have been due mainly to pre-formed toxin.Consideration is given to the opportunities for the formation of toxin in a spray-drying plant, and reasons are brought forward for believing that it is formed mainly in the balance tank where the warm milk is kept, sometimes for several hours, before passing into the final drying chamber.The processing of the milk and the precautions for preventing contamination of the finished product are discussed.

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