Differences in Anatis mali Auct. and Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake to Changes in the Quality and Quantity of the Larval Food (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (11) ◽  
pp. 1159-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Coleomegilla Maculata ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Adult Weight ◽  
Intermittent Feeding ◽  
Maximum Quantity ◽  
Food Intake Rate

AbstractCapacity to adjust to variable resources of food is a useful criterion for assessing the regulatory influence of predators on the population of prey. Anatis mali Auct. was better adapted than Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake to tolerate a shortage of food. When the food supply was increased, survival and adult weight increased in both species – adult weight to a much greater extent in A. mali than in C. maculata, and developmental time decreased in A. mali, but was unchanged in C. maculata. C. maculata was better able to withstand regularly occurring periods of intermittent feeding than a shortage near the end of its development.The conversion ratio of third-instar A. mali larvae and the growth rate of C. maculata larvae were higher when individuals were fed on Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.) than on Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch). Between the minimum food requirement and the maximum quantity eaten, the conversion ratio of A. mali decreased whereas that of C. maculata remained constant except at the highest quantities of food where the rate of intake increased and the ratio decreased. Relative food intake rate is an accurate criterion for comparing stages and species of predators that are fed on various foods.

Effects of Food on the Longevity, Fecundity, and Development of Adult Coccinellids (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 910-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Food Supplement ◽  
Coleomegilla Maculata ◽  
Aphis Fabae ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Adult Weight ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Maidis ◽  
Pea Aphids

AbstractAccess to drinking water increased the longevity of Coccinella trifasciata perplexa Muls. by about 35%. The water content of field-collected insects was 70% and of laboratory-fed insects 64%. Rate of loss of water increased, and longevity decreased when protein was absent from the food.Anatis mali Auct. lived more than 1000 days and Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake lived more than 400 days when fed on various synthetic foods. Seven of 13 species tested kid eggs when fed on these foods. A diet containing desiccated liver was the best non-prey food supplement for reproduction, and adults of three generations of C. maculata were kept on this food.A. mali preferred dry powdered pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), to either bean aphids. Aphis fabae Scop., or corn aphids, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), whereas C. maculata preferred corn pollen to aphids and A. pisum and R. maidis to A. fabae. Previous feeding did not affect the preference of either A. mali or C. maculata for dry aphids or pollen. C. maculata produced six eggs per mg. of food while feeding on A. pisum and four on R. maidis. Young adults ate more than older adults.The rate of food intake was highest in A. mali during the first two weeks and in C. maculata during the first eight days after emergence. The living weight and dry weight of feeding C. maculata adults increased for eight days and then did not vary, whereas the water content decreased in this period. The index of relative growth was about 0.10 mg. per day per mg. of adult weight and food efficiency was about 0.18 mg. per mg. of food.

scholarly journals Further evidence that mechanisms of host/symbiont integration are dissimilar in the maternal versus embryonic Acyrthosiphon pisum bacteriome

EvoDevo ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Celeste R. Banfill ◽  
Alex C. C. Wilson ◽  
Hsiao-ling Lu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Follicular Epithelium ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Buchnera Aphidicola ◽  
Bacterial Endosymbionts ◽  
Asexual Embryogenesis

Abstract Background Host/symbiont integration is a signature of evolutionarily ancient, obligate endosymbioses. However, little is known about the cellular and developmental mechanisms of host/symbiont integration at the molecular level. Many insects possess obligate bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients. To advance understanding of the developmental and metabolic integration of hosts and endosymbionts, we track the localization of a non-essential amino acid transporter, ApNEAAT1, across asexual embryogenesis in the aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Previous work in adult bacteriomes revealed that ApNEAAT1 functions to exchange non-essential amino acids at the A. pisum/Buchnera aphidicola symbiotic interface. Driven by amino acid concentration gradients, ApNEAAT1 moves proline, serine, and alanine from A. pisum to Buchnera and cysteine from Buchnera to A. pisum. Here, we test the hypothesis that ApNEAAT1 is localized to the symbiotic interface during asexual embryogenesis. Results During A. pisum asexual embryogenesis, ApNEAAT1 does not localize to the symbiotic interface. We observed ApNEAAT1 localization to the maternal follicular epithelium, the germline, and, in late-stage embryos, to anterior neural structures and insect immune cells (hemocytes). We predict that ApNEAAT1 provisions non-essential amino acids to developing oocytes and embryos, as well as to the brain and related neural structures. Additionally, ApNEAAT1 may perform roles related to host immunity. Conclusions Our work provides further evidence that the embryonic and adult bacteriomes of asexual A. pisum are not equivalent. Future research is needed to elucidate the developmental time point at which the bacteriome reaches maturity.

Measuring the Costs of Limb Regeneration and Their Transgenerational Consequences in Two Nearctic Lady Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 1780-1785 ◽  
Author(s):  
J P Michaud ◽  
Ahmed H Abdelwahab ◽  
Mohamed H Bayoumy ◽  
S S Awadalla ◽  
M El-Gendy
Keyword(s):  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Limb Regeneration ◽  
Pleiotropic Effects ◽  
Coleomegilla Maculata ◽  
Adult Weight ◽  
Lady Beetles ◽  
Regenerative Ability ◽  
Second Clutch ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Parental Mating

Abstract We examined the ability of Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer and Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville to regenerate, during pupation, a foreleg amputated in the fourth instar. Leg regeneration was complete for 80.7% of amputated H. convergens larvae, with 12.5% regenerating partially, and 6.8% showing no regeneration. Regeneration in C. maculata was 72.2% complete, 20.5% partial, and 7.2% none, but mortality following ablation was slightly higher than for H. convergens (7.4 vs. 0.6%). Ablation/regeneration caused a slight delay in pupation, but pupation time, fresh mass at emergence, and reproductive performance remained unaffected in either species. Reciprocal crosses were made between regenerated and unoperated beetles, and 12 progeny reared from the second clutch of each female in all treatments. Mating treatment affected eclosion time in H. convergens, whereas in C. maculata, larval development and pupation time were also affected. Considering all treatments, larval mortality was higher in H. convergens than in C. maculata, but lower when both H. convergens parents regenerated. Parental mating treatment did not affect adult weight in either species, but development of C. maculata progeny was faster when only the sire regenerated, and slower when the only the dame regenerated, whereas progeny of regenerated sires completed pupated faster than those sired by controls. We infer that genes activated during regeneration have pleiotropic effects with subtle, gender-specific, epigenetic consequences. If these pleiotropic effects are genetically linked to important traits, regenerative genetic elements could be conserved in coccinellids via natural selection acting on these traits, rather than on regenerative ability per se.

scholarly journals An evaluation of the relation between food consumption rate and equilibrium body-weight in male rats

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom W. Gettys ◽  
Susan Mills ◽  
Donald M. Henrickst
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Total Intake ◽  
Food Consumption Rate ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Food Intake Rate

1. Two experimental approaches were employed to assess the relation between food consumption rate and maintenance requirements in male weanling rats. The first approach involved restricting food intake in rats previously given free access to food from weaning to 59 d of age. The second approach involved restriction of food intake to various levels after weaning. Maintenance requirements (g foodid per g body-weight (W)) were estimated by dividing the rate of food consumption by the resulting equilibrium W (EBW) for each animal. In addition, food consumption was partitioned into growth-independent (maintenance) and growth-dependent (gain) components by alternately setting W and specific growth rate (W') to zero in an equation relating food intake rate to W and W. Coupling coefficients representing maintenance consumption (g food/d per g W) and gain consumption (g food/g gain) were estimated for each animal by least squares.2. Both techniques for estimating maintenance consumption provided similar estimates within and across experiments, and regardless of when food restriction was imposed or its severity, consumption for maintenance was about 5% W/d.3. The EBW to which animals in each treatment group aspired was directly proportional to that group's food intake rate.4. Coventional measures of growth efficiency were also related to food intake; efficiency decreased with decreasing food intake. Partitioning food consumption into maintenance and gain components revealed that as the rate of food intake decreased, the proportion of total intake consumed for maintenance increased. The results suggest that growth efficiency declines during food intake restriction because proportionately more of total intake is used for maintenance, leaving less available for gain.

INFLUENCE OF STARVATION ON DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION IN APTEROUS VIRGINOPARAE OF THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HARRIS) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.L. Kouamé ◽  
M. Mackauer
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Reproductive Investment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Adult Weight ◽  
Pea Aphids ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Growth Development

AbstractThe influence of nutrient stress on growth, development, and reproduction in apterous virginoparae of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), was investigated in the laboratory. We tested the hypothesis that species with a high reproductive investment have low resistance to starvation. Aphids in two groups were starved daily from birth for 4 h and 6 h, respectively, and compared with feeding counterparts reared on leaves of broad beans, Vicia faba L. Aphid wet weight increased as an exponential function of age in all groups. Starved aphids had lower adult weight and required longer from birth to parturition than feeding aphids. These effects increased with the length of daily starvation. The number of offspring produced was correlated with adult dry weight. Aphids were unable to compensate, or to compensate completely, for water and nutrient loss resulting from starvation. It is suggested that pea aphids allocate resources first to maintenance and then to reproduction when deprived of food.

The effects of urea supplements on the utilization of straw plus molasses diets by sheep

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Coombe ◽  
DE Tribe
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Cellulose Digestion ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Food Intake Rate

Three experiments with sheep were carried out to investigate the effect of urea, added to a diet of straw plus molasses, on roughage intake and digestion, and on the nitrogen status of the animal. Urea, added to straw and molasses at the level of 3% of the amount of straw, increased the ad libitum food intake, rate of cellulose (cotton thread) digestion in the rumen, and rate of passage of food through the gut. When different amounts of urea were fed, the highest levels of intake, rate of cellulose digestion, and rate of passage occurred with 8–16 g urea per sheep per day. Increasing the amount of urea fed to 32 g per day caused significant decreases in rate of passage and intake, within diets containing urea. These were not accompanied by significant changes in rate of cellulose digestion in the rumen. With diets of straw and molasses, with and without urea, crude fibre digestibility was positively correlated with the rate of cellulose digestion in the rumen. Voluntary intake of these diets was positively correlated with rate of passage. When the effect of rate of passage was eliminated, voluntary intake was not significantly correlated with the rate of cellulose digestion in the rumen. Under the feeding conditions used in these experiments, once sufficient urea had been added to the diet to bring the animal into a small, positive nitrogen balance, additional dietary nitrogen supplied as urea was practically all excreted in the urine. It is concluded that, under these feeding conditions, the primary function of a urea supplement is to enable an animal to maintain nitrogen equilibrium rather than store significant amounts of nitrogen in the body.

scholarly journals Aphids evolved novel secreted proteins for symbiosis with bacterial endosymbiont

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1750) ◽  
pp. 20121952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuji Shigenobu ◽  
David L. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Secreted Proteins ◽  
Buchnera Aphidicola ◽  
Orphan Genes ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Small Proteins ◽  
Endosymbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Host Aphid

Aphids evolved novel cells, called bacteriocytes, that differentiate specifically to harbour the obligatory mutualistic endosymbiotic bacteria Buchnera aphidicola . The genome of the host aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum contains many orphan genes that display no similarity with genes found in other sequenced organisms, prompting us to hypothesize that some of these orphan genes are related to lineage-specific traits, such as symbiosis. We conducted deep sequencing of bacteriocytes mRNA followed by whole mount in situ hybridizations of over-represented transcripts encoding aphid-specific orphan proteins. We identified a novel class of genes that encode small proteins with signal peptides, which are often cysteine-rich, that are over-represented in bacteriocytes. These genes are first expressed at a developmental time point coincident with the incorporation of symbionts strictly in the cells that contribute to the bacteriocyte and this bacteriocyte-specific expression is maintained throughout the aphid's life. The expression pattern suggests that recently evolved secretion proteins act within bacteriocytes, perhaps to mediate the symbiosis with beneficial bacterial partners, which is reminiscent of the evolution of novel cysteine-rich secreted proteins of leguminous plants that regulate nitrogen-fixing endosymbionts.

Differential effects of predation risk and competition over vigilance variables and feeding success in Eurasian siskins (Carduelis spinus)

Behaviour ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 150 (14) ◽  
pp. 1665-1687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Pascual ◽  
Juan Carlos Senar
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Interference Competition ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Similar Length ◽  
Feeding Success ◽  
High Predation ◽  
Food Intake Rate

Many investigations have studied the effects of predation risk and competition over vigilance and feeding success, but they have proven to be difficult to discriminate. Moreover, none of the studies that have avoided the confusion has considered all the vigilance variables, food intake rate and time spent in the foraging patch. In this study, we designed an experiment with Eurasian siskinsCarduelis spinusforaging on three bird table feeders: one with low predation risk and competition, one with low predation risk and high competition and one with high predation risk and intermediate competition. Birds responded to increasing interference competition by increasing mean scan durations (probably due to the birds having to be vigilant for both other flock members and predators) and maintaining the length of mean inter-scan durations, while they responded to increasing predation risk by reducing mean inter-scan durations (probably in order to detect the predator sooner) while maintaining similar length of mean scan durations. Birds were often ejected from the feeder or departed because of disturbances, so time spent on feeders was reduced both because of competition and predation risk. Pecking rates were affected by competition but not by predation risk. Our results clearly show that birds vigilance strategy while foraging might be very different when they are mainly concerned with scanning for predators or when they primarily monitor competing flock companions. In addition, they stress the importance of recording all the vigilance and feeding variables when studying the effect of ecological factors over the foraging behaviour of birds.

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