scholarly journals Economic analysis of forest insect pests in Canada

2015 ◽  
Vol 148 (S1) ◽  
pp. S357-S366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Niquidet ◽  
Jingwen Tang ◽  
Brian Peter
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Forest Insects ◽  
Forest Pest Management ◽  
Important Field ◽  
The Impact

AbstractCanada is host to a number of native and introduced forest insects that negatively affect the goods and services provided by forests. Some insects affect forests on a fairly predictable, ongoing basis, while others have impacts that are intermittent, difficult to predict, and sometimes catastrophic. Economic analysis has provided important insights that have informed our understanding of the impact of forest pests and pest management. At the same time, interactions between forests, forest insects, forest management, and economic welfare are complex, and credible assessments may be time consuming and may not always provide results with the certainty sought by policy-makers. This paper reviews the contribution of economics to forest pest management in Canada and suggests future directions for this important field of research.

The Impact of Tax and Expenditure Limitations on Municipal Revenue Volatility

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tucker C. Staley
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Tax And Expenditure Limitations ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Expenditure Limitations ◽  
Revenue Volatility ◽  
Stringency Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Stable revenue flows are paramount for policy makers at all levels of government in order to effectively and efficiently provide goods and services to constituents. This work examines the relationship between tax and expenditure limitations (TELs) and municipal revenue volatility. The current literature suggests that more stringently binding TELs at the state level are associated with greater levels of revenue volatility. This work tests whether this finding extends to the local level of government as well. Examining ninety-nine municipalities over eight years (2004–2011), this work provides evidence that the stringency level of TELs is associated with reduced fluctuations in municipal revenue streams.

Management of beneficial invertebrates and their potential role in integrated pest management for Australian grain systems

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 1531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne C. Holloway ◽  
Michael J. Furlong ◽  
Philip I. Bowden
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
The Impact

Beneficial invertebrates (predators and parasitoids) can make significant contributions to the suppression of insect pest populations in many cropping systems. In Australia, natural enemies are incorporated into integrated pest management programs in cotton and horticultural agroecosystems. They are also often key components of effective programs for the management of insect pests of grain crops in other parts of the world. However, few studies have examined the contribution of endemic natural enemies to insect pest suppression in the diverse grain agroecosystems of Australia. The potential of these organisms is assessed by reviewing the role that natural enemies play in the suppression of the major pests of Australian grain crops when they occur in overseas grain systems or other local agroecosystems. The principal methods by which the efficacy of biological control agents may be enhanced are examined and possible methods to determine the impact of natural enemies on key insect pest species are described. The financial and environmental benefits of practices that encourage the establishment and improve the efficacy of natural enemies are considered and the constraints to adoption of these practices by the Australian grains industry are discussed.

scholarly journals Nanopesticides: A Systematic Review of Their Prospects With Special Reference to Tea Pest Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhabesh Deka ◽  
Azariah Babu ◽  
Chittaranjan Baruah ◽  
Manash Barthakur
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Tea Plant ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
The Impact

Background: Tea is a natural beverage made from the tender leaves of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis Kuntze). Being of a perennial and monoculture nature in terms of its cultivation system, it provides a stable micro-climate for various insect pests, which cause substantial loss of crop. With the escalating cost of insect pest management and increasing concern about the adverse effects of the pesticide residues in manufactured tea, there is an urgent need to explore other avenues for pest management strategies.Aim: Integrated pest management (IPM) in tea invites an multidisciplinary approach owing to the high pest diversity in the perennial tea plantation system. In this review, we have highlighted current developments of nanotechnology for crop protection and the prospects of nanoparticles (NPs) in plant protection, emphasizing the control of different major pests of tea plantations.Methods: A literature search was performed using the ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Pubmed, and Google Scholar search engines with the following terms: nanotechnology, nanopesticides, tea, and insect pest. An article search concentrated on developments after 1988.Results: We have described the impact of various pests in tea production and innovative approaches on the use of various biosynthesized and syntheric nanopesticides against specific insect pest targets. Simultaneously, we have provided support for NP-based technology and their different categories that are currently employed for the management of pests in different agro-ecosystems. Besides the broad categories of active ingredients (AI) of synthetic insecticides, pheromones and natural resource-based molecules have pesticidal activity and can also be used with NPs as a carriers as alternatives to traditional pest control agents. Finally, the merits and demerits of incorporating NP-based nanopesticides are also illustrated.Conclusions: Nanopesticides for plant protection is an emerging research field, and it offers new methods to design active ingredients amid nanoscale dimensions. Nanopesticide-based formulations have a potential and bright future for the development of more effective and safer pesticide/biopesticides.

scholarly journals Influence of crop management practices on bean foliage arthropods

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 679-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Pereira ◽  
M.C. Picanço ◽  
E.J.G. Pereira ◽  
A.A. Silva ◽  
A. Jakelaitis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Empoasca Kraemeri ◽  
The Impact

AbstractCrop management practices can affect the population of phytophagous pest species and beneficial arthropods with consequences for integrated pest management. In this study, we determined the effect of no-tillage and crop residue management on the arthropod community associated with the canopy of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Abundance and species composition of herbivorous, detritivorous, predaceous and parasitoid arthropods were recorded during the growing seasons of 2003 and 2004 in Coimbra County, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Arthropod diversity and guild composition were similar among crop management systems, but their abundance was higher under no-tillage relative to conventional cultivation and where residues from the preceding crop were maintained in the field. Thirty-four arthropod species were recorded, and those most representative of the impact of the crop management practices were Hypogastrura springtails, Empoasca kraemeri and Circulifer leafhoppers, and Solenopsis ants. The infestation levels of major insect-pests, especially leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), was on average seven-fold lower under no-tillage with retention of crop residues relative to the conventional system with removal of residues, whereas the abundance of predatory ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and springtails (Collembola: Hypogastruridae) were, respectively, about seven- and 15-fold higher in that treatment. Importantly, a significant trophic interaction among crop residues, detritivores, predators and herbivores was observed. Plots managed with no-tillage and retention of crop residues had the highest bean yield, while those with conventional cultivation and removal of the crop residues yielded significantly less beans. This research shows that cropping systems that include zero tillage and crop residue retention can reduce infestation by foliar insect-pests and increase abundance of predators and detritivores, thus having direct consequences for insect pest management.

THE IMPACT OF TRADE CONFLICT ON MONETARY POLICY IN TARGET ECONOMIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
XIN-XIN ZHAO ◽  
JUN WEN ◽  
SUMILA WANAGURU ◽  
CHUN-PING CHANG
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Transition Countries ◽  
Domestic Economy ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shed Light

The nexus between trade conflict and monetary policy is of great importance in international political and economic analysis. By employing data from a panel of global countries covering the period 2000–2015, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of trade conflict on monetary policy and how it works. We document the evidence that trade conflict has caused targeted countries to implement loose monetary policy. We also find that the impact of trade conflict is not only effective in the current year, but also continues in the next five years. In addition, we show that the significant impact on monetary policy is manifested in non-OECD countries and transition countries but not in OECD countries and non-transition countries. Consequently, we believe our findings should shed light on those policy makers in target countries, who can hopefully prepare for potential trade conflict and avoid similar disputes from interfering with the effectiveness of monetary policies in the domestic economy by providing practical currency and valuation strategies.

scholarly journals Ecological and socioeconomic impacts of invasive alien species in island ecosystems

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMIE K. REASER ◽  
LAURA A. MEYERSON ◽  
QUENTIN CRONK ◽  
MAJ DE POORTER ◽  
L.G. ELDREGE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alien Species ◽  
Invasive Alien Species ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Island Ecosystems ◽  
Socioeconomic Impacts ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Impact

Minimizing the impact of invasive alien species (IAS) on islands and elsewhere requires researchers to provide cogent information on the environmental and socioeconomic consequences of IAS to the public and policy makers. Unfortunately, this information has not been readily available owing to a paucity of scientific research and the failure of the scientific community to make their findings readily available to decision makers. This review explores the vulnerability of islands to biological invasion, reports on environmental and socioeconomic impacts of IAS on islands and provides guidance and information on technical resources that can help minimize the effects of IAS in island ecosystems. This assessment is intended to provide a holistic perspective on island-IAS dynamics, enable biologists and social scientists to identify information gaps that warrant further research and serve as a primer for policy makers seeking to minimize the impact of IAS on island systems. Case studies have been selected to reflect the most scientifically-reliable information on the impacts of IAS on islands. Sufficient evidence has emerged to conclude that IAS are the most significant drivers of population declines and species extinctions in island ecosystems worldwide. Clearly, IAS can also have significant socioeconomic impacts directly (for example human health) and indirectly through their effects on ecosystem goods and services. These impacts are manifest at all ecological levels and affect the poorest, as well as richest, island nations. The measures needed to prevent and minimize the impacts of IAS on island ecosystems are generally known. However, many island nations and territories lack the scientific and technical information, infrastructure and human and financial resources necessary to adequately address the problems caused by IAS. Because every nation is an exporter and importer of goods and services, every nation is also a facilitator and victim of the invasion of alien species. Wealthy nations therefore need to help raise the capacity of island nations and territories to minimize the spread and impact of IAS.

scholarly journals Exploring the Challenges of Goods and Services Tax on Batik Manufacturers

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.15) ◽  
pp. 510
Author(s):  
Zalilawati Yaacob ◽  
Nadiah Abd Hamid ◽  
Nor Fara Shahirah Kamal ◽  
Noorlaila Ghazali ◽  
Roszil Shamsuddin
Keyword(s):  
Business Performance ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Business Associations ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

The implementation of Goods and Services Tax (GST) in Malaysia has received criticism from various parties such as businesses, policy makers, professionals, business associations and individuals. Despite the rejections from these parties, the government proceeded to implement GST on 1 April 2015. Subsequently, this led to difficulties encountered by businesses, particularly the manufacturing industry in adjusting the production cost, setting prices of products, and comply with the new indirect tax structure. Hence, this study aims to explore the challenges of GST on SME batik manufacturers pertaining to business performance and compliance. A semi structured interviews were conducted on the top management and owners of SME batik manufacturer in two states of Malaysian Peninsular, namely Kelantan and Terengganu. The respondents reported that, during the era of GST, sales of their batik products decreased tremendously. In addition, they described the GST system as a complex system that affects compliance. This study solicits government’s attention on the impact of GST on Malaysian batik manufacturers. The findings suggest that it is essential for government to devise plans in reducing the financial burden of batik manufacturers and to simplify the GST mechanism in encouraging a high level of GST compliance. 

Globalisation, Information Technology, and Economic Development

1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1019-1033
Author(s):  
Seema Farhat
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
International Production ◽  
The Government ◽  
Impact Of Technology ◽  
Real Time Information ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Economic Globalisation

The decrease in coordination and transaction costs on account of information technology creates more opportunities for firms to make production “footloose”; it allows firms to base different parts of their business in different countries and connect them by real time information networks. The rapid growth in information services is thus facilitating the integrated international production of goods and services. This paper discusses the linkages between information technology and economic globalisation, and examines the reality of developing countries in relation to the perceived benefits of information technology and globalisation to these countries. Moreover the issues involved in furthering the information technology effort in Pakistan are also discussed in the paper. While the usefulness of additional resources to further the establishment of an information technology base in developing countries cannot be denied, the paper argues that substantial headway can also be made with the existing resources given a more considered approach to the problem. Basic to a higher level of information technology involvement and interaction in the economy is that policy-makers at the government and organisational levels develop an understanding of the impact of technology in their objective of improved economic welfare. The paper therefore discusses the set of policies, short-term and long-term, needed to help draw the country into the integrated international production system reflective of the current trends of economic globalisation.

Instant Insights: Climate change, insect pests and invasive species

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Invasive Species ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Cereal Aphids ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
The Impact

This specially curated collection features three reviews of current and key research on climate change, insect pests and invasive species. The first chapter reviews the impact of climate change on insect pests and how it has affected insect pest development and population dynamics, activity and abundance, diversity and geographical distribution. It also assesses insect-host plant interactions and the effectiveness of crop pest management techniques. The second chapter discusses the literature on the potential impact of climate change on the principal insect pests of wheat, including cereal aphids, Hessian fly, orange wheat blossom midge, cereal leaf beetle and cotton bollworm. It assesses the different methods used to assess likely impacts as well climate change effects on biological control in wheat systems. The final chapter surveys what we know about the ecology of invasive species and potential management strategies. In particular, it assesses how integrated pest management (IPM) needs to evolve to deal with invasive species, particularly in focussing more on monitoring, prevention and rapid response.

scholarly journals The influence of Canadian research on semiochemical-based management of forest insect pests in Canada

2015 ◽  
Vol 148 (S1) ◽  
pp. S170-S209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya L. Evenden ◽  
Peter J. Silk
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Chemical Ecology ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Forest Pest ◽  
Forest Insect ◽  
Forest Pests ◽  
Forest Pest Management ◽  
And Control ◽  
Canadian Research

AbstractInsects use semiochemicals to mediate important behaviours such as mating, oviposition, and foraging for resources. Chemical ecology research aims to identify these message-bearing chemicals and develop synthetic copies of semiochemicals for use in integrated pest management (IPM). There has been, and continues to be, an extensive research effort to understand the chemical ecology of various insects considered to be pests of forests in Canada. Canadian chemical ecology research has had an impact on IPM of forest insect pests in Canada and around the world. Canadian researchers have been involved in the identification of semiochemicals used by forest insects and the development and implementation of semiochemical-based management tactics for forest pest management. Semiochemicals have been incorporated into forest pest management for a variety of insect taxa primarily as tools to monitor and control forest insect pests in Canada. The goals of the current review are to: (1) highlight research conducted on semiochemical-based management of forest pests in Canada; (2) discuss the current and potential uses of semiochemicals in IPM of forest pests in Canada; and (3) evaluate potential areas for increased research and implementation of semiochemicals into the management of forest pests in Canada.

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