Springs® Design Optimized By Seawater Quality. Laboratory Pilot Tests

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Pedenaud ◽  
Marianna Rondon ◽  
Nicolas Lesage ◽  
Eric Tournis ◽  
Riccardo Giolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Single Stage ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Future Application ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Nanofiltration Membranes ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Seawater Quality ◽  
The Impact

Abstract A new seawater laboratory pilot has been installed in order to evaluate the impact of the seawater quality on the performance of nanofiltration membranes and filters. The test program implemented was designed to produce the data required to optimize the design and operating parameters of a subsea sulfate removal plant, particularly with respect to the technology developed by Total, Saipem and Veolia, co-owners of the development. The equipment qualification plan is approaching completion with the development of subsea barrier-fluidless pumps, all-electric control systems, high-cycling valves operated by electric actuators and subsea water analyzers. This presented pilot laboratory study completes this plan. Nanofiltration membranes are commonly used to remove the sulfates found in seawater before the water is injected into wells. The principal advantages of relocating this equipment from topside to subsea are better reservoir sweep control, a substantial subsea water injection network reduction and savings on space and weight on the topsides deck. The move to subsea offers the opportunity to simplify the process due to improved deep water quality. This was previously demonstrated through a subsea test campaign. This new pilot study provides data both on the performance of a plant operating with different feed water quality and on the success of operating changes to further optimize the plant performance. The pilot has been installed at the Palavas-les-Flots site in France. Raw water collected from the basin was mixed with ultra-filtered water in order to calibrate the feed water quality. The pilot includes a two stage nanofiltration configuration and single stage nanofiltration unit. The two stage configuration was used to produce data for operation across an array of feed water quality and plant operating conditions. The single stage unit was used to produce data on membrane fouling over a long operating duration. Results from these tests and discussion on how this data relates to subsea plant performance shall be presented. This innovative approach enables a wide range of subsea water quality to be simulated and tested against different process configurations of the subsea unit. Indeed, for each industrial subsea application, the raw seawater quality is dependent on both the region and the depth of the seawater inlet. With this experimental data acquisition campaign and understanding of the seawater quality at inlet, the system design can be tailor-made for each future application case.

A Small Gas Turbine Plant for Cogeneration of Electricity, Thermal and Cooling Thermal Energy With an Absorption Unit

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio De Lucia ◽  
Carlo Lanfranchi ◽  
Antonio Matucci
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Cooling Power ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cogeneration Plant ◽  
Two Stage

A cogeneration plant with a small gas turbine was installed in a pharmaceutical factory and instrumented for acquiring all the values necessary to appraise both its energetic and cost advantages. The plant was designed and built as a demonstrative project under a program for energy use improvement in industry, partially financed by the European Union. The system comprises as its main components: 1) a gas turbine cogeneration plant for production of power and thermal energy under the form of hot water, superheated water, and steam; 2) a two-stage absorption unit, fueled by the steam produced in the cogeneration plant, for production of cooling thermal energy. The plant was provided with an automatized control system for the acquisition of plant operating parameters. The large amount of data thus provided made it possible to compare the new plant, under actual operating conditions, with the previously existing cooling power station with compression units, and with a traditional power plant. This comparative analysis was based on measurements of the plant operating parameters over nine months, and made it possible to compare actual plant performance with that expected and ISO values. The analysis results reveal that gas turbine performance is greatly affected by part-load as well as ambient temperature conditions. Two-stage absorber performance, moreover, turned out to decrease sharply and more than expected in off-design operating conditions.

Optimisation of CO Turndown for an Axially Staged Gas Turbine Combustor

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob E. Rivera ◽  
Robert L. Gordon ◽  
Mohsen Talei ◽  
Gilles Bourque
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Parametric Study ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper reports on an optimisation study of the CO turndown behaviour of an axially staged combustor, in the context of industrial gas turbines (GT). The aim of this work is to assess the optimally achievable CO turndown behaviour limit given system and operating characteristics, without considering flow-induced behaviours such as mixing quality and flame spatial characteristics. To that end, chemical reactor network modelling is used to investigate the impact of various system and operating conditions on the exhaust CO emissions of each combustion stage, as well as at the combustor exit. Different combustor residence time combinations are explored to determine their contribution to the exhaust CO emissions. The two-stage combustor modelled in this study consists of a primary (Py) and a secondary (Sy) combustion stage, followed by a discharge nozzle (DN), which distributes the exhaust to the turbines. The Py is modelled using a freely propagating flame (FPF), with the exhaust gas extracted downstream of the flame front at a specific location corresponding to a specified residence time (tr). These exhaust gases are then mixed and combusted with fresh gases in the Sy, modelled by a perfectly stirred reactor (PSR) operating within a set tr. These combined gases then flow into the DN, which is modelled by a plug flow reactor (PFR) that cools the gas to varying combustor exit temperatures within a constrained tr. Together, these form a simplified CRN model of a two-stage, dry-low emissions (DLE) combustion system. Using this CRN model, the impact of the tr distribution between the Py, Sy and DN is explored. A parametric study is conducted to determine how inlet pressure (Pin), inlet temperature (Tin), equivalence ratio (ϕ) and Py-Sy fuel split (FS), individually impact indicative CO turndown behaviour. Their coupling throughout engine load is then investigated using a model combustor, and its effect on CO turndown is explored. Thus, this aims to deduce the fundamental, chemically-driven parameters considered to be most important for identifying the optimal CO turndown of GT combustors. In this work, a parametric study and a model combustor study are presented. The parametric study consists of changing a single parameter at a time, to observe the independent effect of this change and determine its contribution to CO turndown behaviour. The model combustor study uses the same CRN, and varies the parameters simultaneously to mimic their change as an engine moves through its steady-state power curve. The latter study thus elucidates the difference in CO turndown behaviour when all operating conditions are coupled, as they are in practical engines. The results of this study aim to demonstrate the parameters that are key for optimising and improving CO turndown.

scholarly journals Treatment Method Assessment of the Impact on the Corrosivity and Aggressiveness for the Boiler Feed Water

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Skoczko ◽  
Szatyłowicz
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Saturation Index ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
High Water ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Exchange Cation ◽  
Boiler Water ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Boiler Feed Water

The aim of the study was the assessment of corrosivity and aggressiveness for boiler feed water. The negative effects of water corrosivity and aggressiveness may include silting up of the steel water supply system and the destruction of boiler equipment touched or washed by such water. They may cause the whole industrial production system to fail or be destroyed. That is why it was important to reach a high water purification level, including the calculation of water aggressiveness and corrosivity indicators. The carried out test showed that the simple system used before the modernization of the industrial water treatment plant is not sufficient to reach clean and stable water. The authors proposed modernization, including additional processes to improve boiler water quality, and designed new devices for water treatment. As a result of the new idea, groundwater taken as raw water was treated in individual and complex processes, such as pre-aeration, filtration, ion exchange (cation and anion exchange resigns), extra aeration, and extra degassing. The conducted research included chemical analyses of raw and treated water. In the conducted studies, the indirect method of water aggressiveness and corrosivity assessment was applied using mathematical calculation of the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), the Ryznar Stability Index (RI), the Larson–Skold Index (LI), and the Singley Index (SI). The results proved that the new proposed processes for the boiler feed water treatment station allow reaching a high water quality and low level of water aggressiveness and corrosion.

Arsenic mass balance in a paper mill and impact of the arsenic release from the WWTP effluent on the Moselle River

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 1349-1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Michon ◽  
M.-N. Pons ◽  
P. Bauda ◽  
H. Poirot ◽  
O. Potier
Keyword(s):  
Arsenic Concentration ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Anthropogenic Source ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Gravel Pit ◽  
Wwtp Effluent ◽  
The Impact

Rivers used for drinking water production might be subject to anthropogenic pollution discharge upstream of the intake point. This problem was investigated in the case of the Moselle River, used for water production in Nancy (350,000 inhabitants) and which might be impacted by industrial activities 60 km upstream. The arsenic flux of a pulp and paper mill discharging in the Moselle River at this location has been more specifically investigated. The main sources of arsenic in that mill seemed to be the recovered papers and the gravel pit water used as feed water. The arsenic input related to wood and bark was limited. The main arsenic outputs from the plant were the paper produced on site and the deinking sludge. The arsenic concentration in the effluent of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was not correlated to the one in the gravel pit water, but may depend on the operating conditions of the WWTP or the changes in processes of the mill. The impact of this anthropogenic source of arsenic on the Moselle River was slightly larger in summer, when the flowrate was lower. Globally the impact of the paper mill on the Moselle River water quality was limited in terms of arsenic.

Assessing and maintaining membrane performance in a post-sedimentation ultrafiltration process

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher C. Boyd ◽  
Steven J. Duranceau
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Membrane Performance ◽  
Surface Water Treatment ◽  
Cleaning Agents ◽  
The Impact

A pilot test program was conducted to evaluate methods for maintaining the productivity of a hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane operating at constant flux values of 49.2 and 62.3 gallons/ft2-day. The ultrafiltration pilot filtered settled water from a conventional surface water treatment plant in Florida. The testing assessed the impact of different chemical maintenance protocols on UF membrane performance. Seasonal variations in water quality necessitated changes in the type and combination of cleaning agents used to maintain membrane performance. Sodium hypochlorite, citric acid and sodium hydroxide were used during pilot testing as the fouling characteristics of the water changed with time. Pilot results were used to develop alternative chemically enhanced backwash strategies that varied with seasonally-impacted changes in feed water quality. Citric acid, with a target pH of <3, was found to be effective in August and September; whereas, a combination of citric acid and high pH sodium hydroxide chemically enhanced backwashes successfully maintained performance between November, 2010 and May, 2011.

Reverse Osmosis Technology for Wastewater Reuse

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 215-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Mariñas
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Water Quality Parameters ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Hydraulic Pressure ◽  
Predominant Component ◽  
Percent Removal

Reverse osmosis technology has a great potential in the field of wastewater reclamation. A reverse osmosis plant includes the following processes: (1) feed water microfiltration and chemical conditioning, (2) membrane treatment, (3) permeate aeration, neutralization and disinfection, and (4) concentrate (liquid residue) treatment and disposal. The performance of reverse osmosis membranes depends on operating conditions and water quality parameters. Permeate productivity and contaminant removals increase with applied hydraulic pressure. Water quality parameters such as concentration, composition and pH also affect contaminant removal efficiencies. For example, the treatment of a simulated wastewater containing 10 mg/L of nitrate with a commercial polyamide-type reverse osmosis membrane resulted in membrane permeates containing approximately 0.05 mg/L of nitrate (or 99.5 percent removal) when sodium chloride was the major dissolved solid present in the feed water, and 1 mg/L (or 90 percent removal) when sodium sulfate was the predominant component. The removals of weak electrolyte contaminants are affected by feed water pH. For example, the removal of boron by a cellulose acetate-type membrane was reported to be greater than 99 percent at a pH of approximately 11, and less than 30 percent at a pH of 7. The practice of pre-treatment processes such as microfiltration and chemical conditioning can minimize performance deterioration resulting from membrane fouling by inorganic precipitates, organic macromolecules and microorganisms (biofouling).

Brush Seals Used in Steam Environments: Chronological Wear Development and the Impact of Different Seal Designs

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Raben ◽  
J. Friedrichs ◽  
J. Flegler ◽  
T. Helmis
Keyword(s):  
Abrasive Wear ◽  
Contact Force ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Blow Down ◽  
Frictional Contacts ◽  
Brush Seals ◽  
The Impact

During the last decades a large effort has been made to continuously improve turbomachine efficiency. Besides the optimization of the primary flow path, also the secondary flow losses have been reduced considerably, due to the use of more efficient seals. Brush seals, as a compliant contacting filament seal, have become an attractive alternative to conventional labyrinth seals in the field of aircraft engines as well as in stationary gas and steam turbines. The aim of today’s research related to brush seals is to understand the characteristics and their connections, in order to be able to make performance predictions, and to ensure the reliability over a defined operating period. It is known that inevitable frictional contacts lead to an abrasive wear on the rotor side as well as on the bristle side. The wear situation is essentially influenced by the resulting contact force at the seal-to-rotor interface during the operating time. This contact force depends on the seal’s blow down capability, which is mainly determined by the geometrical design of the bristle pack, e.g. the axial inclination of the investigated seal design, in combination with the design and material of the surrounding parts, as well as the thermal boundary conditions. For realistic investigations with representative circumferential velocities the TU Braunschweig operates a specially developed steam test rig which enables live steam investigations under varying operating conditions up to 50 bar and 450 °C. Wear measurements and the determination of seal performance characteristics, such as blow down and bristle stiffness, were enabled by an additional test facility using pressurized cold air up to 8 bar as working fluid. This paper presents the chronological wear development on both rotor and seal side, in a steam test lasting 25 days respectively 11 days. Interruptions after stationary and transient intervals were made in order to investigate the wear situation. Two different seal arrangements, a single tandem seal and a two-stage single seal arrangement, using different seal elements were considered. The results clearly show a continuous wear development and that the abrasive wear of the brush seal and rotor is mainly due to the transient test operation, particularly by enforced contacts during shaft excursions. Despite the increasing wear to the brushes, all seals have shown a functioning radial-adaptive behavior over the whole test duration with a sustained seal performance. Thereby, it could be shown that the two-stage arrangement displays a load shift during transients, leading to a balanced loading and unloading status for the two single brush seals. From load sharing and in comparison with the wear data of the tandem seal arrangement, it can be derived that the two-stage seal is less prone to wear. However, the tandem seal arrangement, bearing the higher pressure difference within one configuration, shows a superior sealing performance under constant load, i.e. under stationary conditions.

Plant performance of an Sequencing Batch Reactor in Poland, operated with high Chromium load, reaching advanced nutrient removal

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Morling
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Biological Removal ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Cr Concentration ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents performance experiences from the operation of a large SBR facility in Nowy Targ, Poland. The plant has been in operation since 1995, and a number of investigations have contributed to the evaluation of the operating conditions at the Nowy Targ plant. The plant was designed for treating municipal and industrial wastewater from about 150,000 person equivalents. The plant receives chromium rich wastewater from almost 400 small and medium-sized tanneries in the area. Although the Cr concentration sometimes exceeds 20 ppm in the combined incoming wastewater, the nutrient removal as well as organic removal has proven to be very good. The possible effect of Cr acting as a precipitant for phosphorus is also addressed. The influence of water temperature on the nitrogen performance is clearly demonstrated by the results. The prevailing low water temperature has affected but not inhibited the nitrogen removal. The phosphorus removal as found in this investigation suggests an advanced biological removal; however the impact of a possible precipitation by Cr is addressed.

scholarly journals Behavior of Magneto-Rheological Fluids Subject to Impact and Shock Loading

Aerospace ◽  
2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Norris ◽  
Mehdi Ahmadian
Keyword(s):  
Peak Force ◽  
Single Stage ◽  
Drop Tower ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Mr Fluid ◽  
Drop Mass ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Supply Current ◽  
Magneto Rheological ◽  
The Impact

Investigations on the design of controllable magneto-rheological (MR) fluid devices have focused heavily on low velocity and frequency applications. The extensive work in this area has led to a good understanding of MR fluid properties at low velocities and frequencies. However, the issues concerning MR fluid behavior in impact and shock applications are relatively unknown. To investigate MR fluid properties in this regime, a drop-tower was developed to subject MR fluid dampers to impulsive loads. The drop-tower design uses a guided drop-mass, which is released from variable heights to achieve different impact energies. The nominal drop-mass is 55 lb and additional weight may be added to reach a maximum of 500 lb. The nominal drop-mass of 55 lb was used throughout this study. Five drop-heights were investigated, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 inches, corresponding to impact velocities of 86, 127, 182, 224 and 260 in/s. Two fundamental MR damper configurations were tested, a single-stage, double-ended piston and a two-stage, mono-tube with nitrogen accumulator. Both dampers operate in the valve flow mode and contain MRF-128 TD fluid from Lord Corporation. The results indicate that the two damper configurations exhibit different force-displacement characteristics during impulsive loading. For the single-stage, double-ended damper, the peak force occurs close to the beginning of the impact. Conversely, the two-stage, mono-tube damper does not reach the peak force until after the nitrogen accumulator bottoms out. To verify this behavior, a theoretical model of the accumulator is derived and compared to the experimental data. The results also show that for a given impact velocity, the peak force does not depend on the current supplied to the damper. Since increasing the supply current causes an increase in the apparent yield stress, it was anticipated that the peak force would depend on the supply current as well. This disagreement is hypothesized to be the result of the fluid inertia preventing the fluid from accelerating fast enough to accommodate the rapid piston displacement. Thus, the peak force is primarily attributed to fluid compression, rather than the resistance to flow associated with the fluid passing through the magnetic field. It is important to note that this study is in its early stages and only preliminary conclusions are presented. Follow up publications will include additional results and modeling, and attempt to relate device design and MR fluid properties to dynamic behavior.

Modeling, Development and Preliminary Testing of a 2 MW PEM Fuel Cell Plant Fueled With Hydrogen From a Chlor-Alkali Industry

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Campanari ◽  
Giulio Guandalini ◽  
Jorg Coolegem ◽  
Jan ten Have ◽  
Patrick Hayes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Pem Fuel Cell ◽  
Pem Fuel Cells ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Market Potential ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
The Impact

The chlor-alkali industry produces significant amounts of hydrogen as byproduct and an interesting benefit can be obtained by feeding hydrogen to a PEM fuel cell unit, whose electricity and heat production can cover part of the chemical plant consumptions. The estimated potential of such application is up to 1100 MWel installed in the sole China, a country featuring a large presence of chlor-alkali plants. This work presents the modeling, development and first experimental results from field tests of a 2 MW PEM fuel cell power plant, built within the European project DEMCOPEM-2MW and installed in Yingkou, China as the current world’s largest PEM fuel cell installation. After a preliminary introduction to the market potential of PEM Fuel cells in the chlor-alkali industry, it is first discussed an overview of project’s MEA and fuel cell development for long life stationary applications, focusing on the design-for-manufacture process and the high-volume manufacturing route developed for the 2MW plant. The work then discusses the modeling of the power plant, including a specific lumped model predicting FC stack behavior as a function of inlet streams conditions and power set point, according to regressed polarization curves. Cells performance decay vs. lifetime reflects long-term stack test data, aiming to evidence the impact on overall energy balances and efficiency of the progression of lifetime. BOP is modeled to simulate auxiliaries consumption, pressure drops and components operating conditions. The model allows studying different operational strategies that maintain the power production during lifetime, minimizing efficiency losses; as well as to investigate the optimized operating setpoint of the plant at full load and during part-load operation. The last section of the paper discusses the experimental results, through a complete analysis of the plant performance after plant startup, including energy and mass balances and allowing to validate the model. Cumulated indicators over the first nine months of operations regarding energy production, hydrogen consumption and efficiency are also discussed.

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