scholarly journals TLR Activation of Langerhans Cell-Like Dendritic Cells Triggers an Antiviral Immune Response

2006 ◽  
Vol 177 (1) ◽  
pp. 298-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia N. Renn ◽  
David Jesse Sanchez ◽  
Maria Teresa Ochoa ◽  
Annaliza J. Legaspi ◽  
Chang-Keun Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Langerhans Cell ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response

scholarly journals Dendritic Cells in HIV-1 and HCV Infection: Can They Help Win the Battle?

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. VRT.S11046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohit Sehgal ◽  
Zafar K. Khan ◽  
Andrew H. Talal ◽  
Pooja Jain
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immunological Synapse ◽  
Hcv Infection ◽  
Dc Functions ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
Persistent Infections ◽  
Viral Therapy ◽  
Host Genetic ◽  
Hiv 1

Persistent infections with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. As sentinels of our immune system, dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in initiating and regulating a potent antiviral immune response. Recent advances in our understanding of the role of DCs during HIV-1 and HCV infection have provided crucial insights into the mechanisms employed by these viruses to impair DC functions in order to evade an effective immune response against them. Modulation of the immunological synapse between DC and T-cell, as well as dysregulation of the crosstalk between DCs and natural killer (NK) cells, are emerging as two crucial mechanisms. This review focuses on understanding the interaction of HIV-1 and HCV with DCs not only to understand the immunopathogenesis of chronic HIV-1 and HCV infection, but also to explore the possibilities of DC-based immunotherapeutic approaches against them. Host genetic makeup is known to play major roles in infection outcome and rate of disease progression, as well as response to anti-viral therapy in both HIV-1 and HCV-infected individuals. Therefore, we highlight the genetic variations that can potentially affect DC functions, especially in the setting of chronic viral infection. Altogether, we address if DCs’ potential as critical effectors of antiviral immune response could indeed be utilized to combat chronic infection with HIV-1 and HCV.

Human dendritic cells promote an antiviral immune response when stimulated by CVT-E002

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 670-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramses Ilarraza ◽  
Yingqi Wu ◽  
Francis Davoine ◽  
Cory Ebeling ◽  
Darryl J. Adamko
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
Human Dendritic Cells

scholarly journals Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and their role in the immunopathogenesis of viral infections for example hepatitis B

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Khodzhibekov ◽  
O. N. Khokhlova ◽  
A. R. Reizis ◽  
G. M. Kozhevnikova
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Unique Type ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
Chronic Hbv Infection ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Chronic Hbv

A new approach in understanding the mechanisms of immune response in viral hepatitis is the discovery of a unique type of immune cells – plasmocytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Plasmocytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are cells of lymphoid origin and morphologically resemble plasma cells. Functionally, they are professional IFN-a-producing cells that play an important role in antiviral immune response. Data on the mechanisms of PDCs participation in hepatitis B virus infection are few and contradictory. In chronic HBV infection, the role of pDCs remains mysterious and poorly understood with conflicting circulating blood pDCs results that show differently that they are not affected or reduced. However, functional disorders of pDCs were observed in patients with chronic HBV infection. The establishment of these mechanisms, as well as the search for the cause of hepatitis B virus latency and the formation of chronic infection remains one of the important and promising areas of scientific activities today.

scholarly journals The antiviral immune response in human conventional dendritic cells is controlled by the mammalian target of rapamycin

2014 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tünde Fekete ◽  
Kitti Pazmandi ◽  
Attila Szabo ◽  
Attila Bacsi ◽  
Gabor Koncz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response

scholarly journals Functional modulation of plazmacytoid dendritic cells during viral infections

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 264-277
Author(s):  
Lidia Szulc-Dąbrowska ◽  
Piotr Wojtyniak ◽  
Diana Papiernik ◽  
Justyna Struzik
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Type I ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
Type I Ifns ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), also known as interferon (IFN)-producing cells (IPCs), represent a unique cell population of innate immunity due to their ability to produce high amounts of type I IFNs in response to viral infections. The pDCs recognize viral nucleic acids via Toll-like receptor (TLR)7 and TLR9 localized in endosomal compartments. Type I IFNs, secreted by activated pDCs through the recognition of foreign nucleic acids, not only exhibit a direct antiviral activity but also activate NK cells, induce myeloid DC (mDC) maturation, promote T cell long-term survival and memory formation, polarization of Th1 cells, cytolytic activity of CD8+ T lymphocytes and IFN-γ production. Therefore, pDCs link innate and adaptive immunity to mount an effective antiviral immune response. The pDCs, which act as the main cells of innate immunity that produce type I IFNs, play an important role in controlling viral infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections. However, some of these viruses can infect and even replicate productively in pDCs, resulting in modulation and functional impairment of these cells. Thus, viruses evade host antiviral immune response to mediate a persistent infection.

The Inducing Roles of the New Isolated Bursal Hexapeptide and Pentapeptide on the Immune Response of AIV Vaccine in Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 542-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Shan Hao ◽  
Man Man Zong ◽  
Ze Zhang ◽  
Jia Xi Cai ◽  
Yang Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Antigen Presentation ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Cell Subpopulation ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Specific Igg

Background: Bursa of Fabricius is the acknowledged central humoral immune organ. The bursal-derived peptides play the important roles on the immature B cell development and antibody production. Objective: Here we explored the functions of the new isolated bursal hexapeptide and pentapeptide on the humoral, cellular immune response and antigen presentation to Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) vaccine in mice immunization. Methods: The bursa extract samples were purified following RP HPLC method, and were analyzed with MS/MS to identify the amino acid sequences. Mice were twice subcutaneously injected with AIV inactivated vaccine plus with two new isolated bursal peptides at three dosages, respectively. On two weeks after the second immunization, sera samples were collected from the immunized mice to measure AIV-specific IgG antibody levels and HI antibody titers. Also, on 7th day after the second immunization, lymphocytes were isolated from the immunized mice to detect T cell subtype and lymphocyte viabilities, and the expressions of co-stimulatory molecule on dendritic cells in the immunized mice. Results: Two new bursal hexapeptide and pentapeptide with amino acid sequences KGNRVY and MPPTH were isolated, respectively. Our investigation proved the strong regulatory roles of bursal hexapeptide on AIV-specific IgG levels and HI antibody titers, and lymphocyte viabilities, and the significant increased T cells subpopulation and expressions of MHCII molecule on dendritic cells in the immunized mice. Moreover, our findings verified the significantly enhanced AIV-specific IgG antibody and HI titers, and the strong increased T cell subpopulation and expressions of CD40 molecule on dendritic cells in the mice immunized with AIV vaccine and bursal pentapeptide. Conclusion: We isolated and identified two new hexapeptide and pentapeptide from bursa, and proved that these two bursal peptides effectively induced the AIV-specific antibody, T cell and antigen presentation immune responses, which provided an experimental basis for the further clinical application of the bursal derived active peptide on the vaccine improvement.

scholarly journals Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells mount a distinct antiviral response to virus-infected cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (58) ◽  
pp. eabc7302
Author(s):  
Tae Jin Yun ◽  
Suzu Igarashi ◽  
Haoquan Zhao ◽  
Oriana A. Perez ◽  
Marcus R. Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells ◽  
Lung Epithelial Cells ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Type I ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
Lung Epithelial ◽  
Functional Consequences ◽  
Infected Cells

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) can rapidly produce interferons and other soluble factors in response to extracellular viruses or virus mimics such as CpG-containing DNA. pDCs can also recognize live cells infected with certain RNA viruses, but the relevance and functional consequences of such recognition remain unclear. We studied the response of primary DCs to the prototypical persistent DNA virus, human cytomegalovirus (CMV). Human pDCs produced high amounts of type I interferon (IFN-I) when incubated with live CMV-infected fibroblasts but not with free CMV; the response involved integrin-mediated adhesion, transfer of DNA-containing virions to pDCs, and the recognition of DNA through TLR9. Compared with transient polyfunctional responses to CpG or free influenza virus, pDC response to CMV-infected cells was long-lasting, dominated by the production of IFN-I and IFN-III, and lacked diversification into functionally distinct populations. Similarly, pDC activation by influenza-infected lung epithelial cells was highly efficient, prolonged, and dominated by interferon production. Prolonged pDC activation by CMV-infected cells facilitated the activation of natural killer cells critical for CMV control. Last, patients with CMV viremia harbored phenotypically activated pDCs and increased circulating IFN-I and IFN-III. Thus, recognition of live infected cells is a mechanism of virus detection by pDCs that elicits a unique antiviral immune response.

scholarly journals Protective Effects of Lactoferrin against SARS-CoV-2 Infection In Vitro

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Salaris ◽  
Melania Scarpa ◽  
Marina Elli ◽  
Alice Bertolini ◽  
Simone Guglielmetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Immune Response Gene ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

SARS-CoV-2 is a newly emerging virus that currently lacks curative treatments. Lactoferrin (LF) is a naturally occurring non-toxic glycoprotein with broad-spectrum antiviral, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we assessed the potential of LF in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Antiviral immune response gene expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR in uninfected Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells treated with LF. An infection assay for SARS-CoV-2 was performed in Caco-2 cells treated or not with LF. SARS-CoV-2 titer was determined by qRT-PCR, plaque assay and immunostaining. Inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine production was determined by qRT-PCR. LF significantly induced the expression of IFNA1, IFNB1, TLR3, TLR7, IRF3, IRF7 and MAVS genes. Furthermore, LF partially inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. Our in vitro data support LF as an immune modulator of the antiviral immune response with moderate effects against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Role of Virally-Encoded Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Regulation of the Virus Life Cycle

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4438
Author(s):  
Jessica Proulx ◽  
Kathleen Borgmann ◽  
In-Woo Park
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Deubiquitinating Enzyme ◽  
Deubiquitinating Enzymes ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Virus Life Cycle ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Dependent Processes

The ubiquitin (Ub) proteasome system (UPS) plays a pivotal role in regulation of numerous cellular processes, including innate and adaptive immune responses that are essential for restriction of the virus life cycle in the infected cells. Deubiquitination by the deubiquitinating enzyme, deubiquitinase (DUB), is a reversible molecular process to remove Ub or Ub chains from the target proteins. Deubiquitination is an integral strategy within the UPS in regulating survival and proliferation of the infecting virus and the virus-invaded cells. Many viruses in the infected cells are reported to encode viral DUB, and these vial DUBs actively disrupt cellular Ub-dependent processes to suppress host antiviral immune response, enhancing virus replication and thus proliferation. This review surveys the types of DUBs encoded by different viruses and their molecular processes for how the infecting viruses take advantage of the DUB system to evade the host immune response and expedite their replication.

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