Spatial analysis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Iran based on environmental factors

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by different species of protozoan parasites. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is still a great public health problem in Iran, especially in Isfahan Province. Distribution and abundance of vectors and reservoirs of this disease is affected by different factors such as climatic, socioeconomic and cultural. This study aimed to identify the hotspot areas for CL in Isfahan and assess the relations between the climatic and topographic factors with CL incidence using spatial analysis. We collected data on the total number of CL cases, population at risk, vegetation coverage, altitude and climatic data for each district of the province from 2011 to 2015. Global Moran’s Index was used to map clustering of CL cases across districts and the Getis-Ord (Gi*) statistics was used to determine hotspots areas of the disease in Isfahan. We applied overlay analysis to assess the correlation between the climatic and topographic factors with CL incidence. We found the CL distribution significantly clustered (Moran’s Index=0.17, P<0.001) with the Ardestan and Aran va Bidgol (P<0.01) districts along with the Naein and Natanz districts (P<0.05) to be strong hotspot areas. Overlay analysis revealed a high incidence of CL in areas with relative humidity of 27-30%, mean temperature of 15-19°C, mean precipitation of 5-20 mm, maximum wind speed about 12-16 m/s and an altitude of 600-1,800 m. Our study showed that spatial analysis is a feasible approach for identifying spatial disease pattern and detecting hotspots of this infectious disease.

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Spatial Analysis and Geographic Factors Associated with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Southern Iran

Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development ◽

10.18502/jehsd.v5i1.2474 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mehdi Sharafi ◽

Zahra Poormotaseri ◽

Jalal Karimi ◽

Shahab Rezaeian ◽

Seyedeh Leila Dehghani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Analysis ◽

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Weather Forecast ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Least Square ◽

Environmental Data ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Fars Province ◽

Disease Pattern ◽

And Control

Introduction: This study aimed to determine the hotspot areas for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) in Fasa city and assess the relations between the geographical factors with CL incidence using spatial analysis. Materials and Methods: This ecological study was conducted in Fasa city, data of the CL disease such as the total number of CL cases and the population at risk from 2009 to 2014. Weather conditions' data including the means of temperature, humidity, rainfall, sunny days, rainy days, and evaporation were collected from the weather forecast centers in Fars province. The disease cases' information such as the number of disease cases was collected from all healthcare centers located in Fasa City. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Global Moran’s Index (GMI) were used to assess the associations of the various environmental variables with CL incidence and to map clustering of CL cases across the region. Results: The cumulative incidence of CL was 16 per 10,000 populations during a six-year period. The results showed the southern area of Fasa as a hotspot area which is considered as hyperendemic foci for CL. OLS revealed a high incidence of CL in areas with maximum temperature, mean of temperature, mean of evaporation, sunny days and wind velocity. Conclusion: A spatial disease pattern was found in the present study. Hence, substantial consideration to environmental data leads to not only suitable protection against CL but also designing a suitable measure for the prevention and control of the disease.

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Application of decision tree for prediction of cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence based on environmental and topographic factors in Isfahan Province, Iran

Geospatial health ◽

10.4081/gh.2018.664 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Roghieh Ramezankhani ◽

Nooshin Sajjadi ◽

Roya Nezakati Esmaeilzadeh ◽

Seyed Ali Jozi ◽

Mohammad Reza Shirzadi

Keyword(s):

Environmental Factors ◽

Decision Tree ◽

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Decision Tree Model ◽

Vegetation Coverage ◽

Tree Model ◽

Seasonal Incidence ◽

Isfahan Province ◽

The Mean ◽

The Impact

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease that continues to be a health problem in Iran. Nearly 350 million people are thought to be at risk. We investigated the impact of the environmental factors on CL incidence during the period 2007- 2015 in a known endemic area for this disease in Isfahan Province, Iran. After collecting data with regard to the climatic, topographic, vegetation coverage and CL cases in the study area, a decision tree model was built using the classification and regression tree algorithm. CL data for the years 2007 until 2012 were used for model construction and the data for the years 2013 until 2015 were used for testing the model. The Root Mean Square error and the correlation factor were used to evaluate the predictive performance of the decision tree model. We found that wind speeds less than 14 m/s, altitudes between 1234 and 1810 m above the mean sea level, vegetation coverage according to the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) less than 0.12, rainfall less than 1.6 mm and air temperatures higher than 30°C would correspond to a seasonal incidence of 163.28 per 100,000 persons, while if wind speed is less than 14 m/s, altitude less than 1,810 m and NDVI higher than 0.12, then the mean seasonal incidence of the disease would be 2.27 per 100,000 persons. Environmental factors were found to be important predictive variables for CL incidence and should be considered in surveillance and prevention programmes for CL control.

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Cutaneous leishmaniasis in protected environmental areas in the Eastern Amazon: the case of São Félix do Xingu, Pará, Brazil

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.13936 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (11) ◽

pp. 1724-1730

Author(s):

Rafael Aleixo Coelho De Oliveira ◽

Claudia do Socorro Carvalho Miranda ◽

Juan Andrade Guedes ◽

TainaraCarvalho Garcia Miranda Filgueiras ◽

Cléa Nazaré Carneiro Bichara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Spatial Analysis ◽

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Health Problem ◽

Case Series ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Adult Males ◽

Chi Square ◽

Infected Female ◽

Phlebotomine Sandflies

Introduction: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is a disease transmitted to men and animals by infected female phlebotomine sandflies and is considered a great environmental and public health problem in the Amazon region. Thus, the study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of this disease in São Félix do Xingu, in the state of Pará, Brazil, and its relationship with epidemiological and environmental variables, in the period from 2012 to 2016. Methodology: The data used were from the Information System of the Pará State Secretariat of Health, the National Institute for Space Research and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The statistical and spatial analysis of the variables were done using non-parametric chi-square statistical test, kernel interpolation technique and the Bivariate Global Moran Index. Results: The municipality had 183 confirmed cases, non-homogeneously distributed in 5 administrative districts. The individuals most affected were adult males with brown skin, an elementary level of education and rural area residents. In the case series, a direct relationship was observed between the increase of the number of cases and deforestation in the study area. The spatial analysis showed different types of land use and cover related to case clusters in the municipality. Additionally, there was a presence of cases in protected areas and a great epidemiological silence in indigenous lands. Conclusions: Thus, this disease is a large and complex public health problem in the municipality, related to social and environmental risk factors.

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Difusi dan Pola Spasial Sebaran Penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) Di Kota Bandar Lampung

KESMARS Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Manajemen dan Administrasi Rumah Sakit ◽

10.31539/kesmars.v1i1.192 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 87-95

Author(s):

Nurul Qamila ◽

Agel Vidian Krama

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Spatial Analysis ◽

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Dengue Virus ◽

Spatial Pattern ◽

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Health Problem ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Descriptive Method

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a contagious disease caused by the dengue virus and is transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti (Aa.aegypti). The population is still a public health problem that increases the number of sufferers and also widespread, with population and education. This study aims to reveal the spatial pattern and distribution of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) with the spatial pattern and the spread of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) can result in different locations of these allegations. From the map that can be used for the prevention of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DBD) in Bandar Lampung City. This study aims to reveal the spatial pattern and distribution of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) with the descriptive method and spatial pattern of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) can result in different locations of these allegations. From the map that can be used for the prevention of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DBD) in Bandar Lampung City. Keywords: DHF, Spatial Analysis

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Leishmanicidal Activity of Plant Extracts from Sefrou, a Moroccan Focus of Leishmaniasis, against Various Leishmania Parasites in the Promastigote Stage

Phytothérapie ◽

10.3166/phyto-2018-0085 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 83-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

I. Zeouk ◽

A. Et-Touys ◽

M. Balouiri ◽

H. Fellah ◽

A. El Ouali Lalami ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Leishmania Infantum ◽

Leishmania Major ◽

Local Population ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

World Health ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Leishmania Tropica ◽

Cistus Salviifolius

According to the World Health Organization, leishmaniasis remains a major worldwide public health problem. The province of Sefrou located in the center of Morocco is a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The present study aims at evaluating the antileishmanial potential of Berberis sp.,Crataegus oxyacantha, Cistus salviifolius, Ephedra altissima and Lavandula dentatafrequently used by the local population. Methanolic extracts were tested against the promastigote form ofLeishmania tropica, Leishmania majorandLeishmania infantumusing tetrazolium-based colorimetric (MTT) assay. The total phenol and flavonoids content of all extracts were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, aluminum chloride, and potassium acetate solutions respectively. The plant extracts exhibited antileishmanial activity with variability depending on the tested strain and the plant species compared to Glucantime® used as control (IC50 (the half maximal inhibitory concentration) > 1,000 μg/mL). The best inhibition was observed with Berberis sp., againstLeishmania major(IC50 = 394.40 ± 3.02 μg/ml), andEphedra altissima(reported for the first time) againstLeishmania infantum(IC50 = 490.84 ± 3.15 μg/mL).Leishmania tropicahas shown the same sensitivity behavior toward the five extracts (in average IC50 = 540 ± 11.20 μg/mL). The total phenolic content was higher forCrataegus oxyacanthaandCistus salviifolius(140.67 ± 3.17 μg eq Gallic Acid (GA)/ mg of Extract (E) and 133.83 ± 9.03 μg eq GA/mg of E respectively), while flavonoid was higher forCistus salviifoliusandLavandula dentata(57.92 ± 2.46 μg eq Quercetin (Que)/ mg of Extract (E) and 41.53 ± 1.74 μg eq Que/mg of E). All the tested extracts present some promising aspects that may cure cutaneous leishmaniasis in the center of Morocco; further bioguided assays are needed to isolate the fractions and the bioactive molecule.

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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Algeria; Highlight on the Focus of M’Sila

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9050962 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 962

Author(s):

Razika Beniklef ◽

Karim Aoun ◽

Karim Boudrissa ◽

Meriem Ben Abid ◽

Kamel Cherif ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Leishmania Infantum ◽

Psammomys Obesus ◽

Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽

Wild Rodents ◽

High Incidence ◽

Medical Importance ◽

Underlying Risk

Algeria ranks second after Afghanistan for the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) worldwide. Here, we report a 34-years retrospective analysis of CL in Algeria and focused on the most affected region, the M’Sila province. All 66 cutaneous isolates corresponded to Leishmania (L.) major. Our study of the sandfly and rodent fauna further highlighted the high density of Phlebotomus papatasi and additional phlebotomine species of medical importance, not previously identified in M’Sila. Wild rodents belonging to nine species were trapped in M’Sila, and Psammomys obesus and Meriones shawi were found infected by L. major. In addition, Leishmania infantum was isolated from two visceral leishmaniasis cases, one dog and its proven vectors (P. perniciosus, P. longicuspis, and P. perfiliewi) inventoried during the survey. The high incidence of CL in the M’Sila province is likely a consequence of the increase in minimum temperatures recorded that constitutes suitable conditions for establishing a high endemicity and leads to an explosive rise in leishmaniases cases in this region. A thorough investigation of the underlying risk factors is urgently needed to detect new cases earlier. All these would improve the preparedness to fight the disease.

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A molecular and parasitological survey on cutaneous leishmaniasis patients from historical city of Kashan in Isfahan province, center of Iran

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease ◽

10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60093-0 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2 (6) ◽

pp. 421-425 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Mohammad Reza Shiee ◽

Homa hajjaran ◽

Mehdi Mohebali ◽

Abbas Doroodgar ◽

Masoomeh Hashemi saadat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Isfahan Province ◽

Parasitological Survey

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NEW WORLD LEISHMANIOSIS IN RUSSIAN TOURISTS WHO VISITED SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES AND THE FIRST EXPERIENCE OF THE TREATMENT WITH PERU BALSAM

Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) ◽

10.17816/eid42636 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 106-112

Author(s):

A. M Bronshteyn ◽

N. G Kochergin ◽

N. A Malyshev ◽

V. Ya Lashin ◽

S. V Burova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Health Problem ◽

New World ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

South American ◽

Parasite Resistance ◽

Local Species

Two cases of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis acquired by Russian tourists in Peru and possibly in Bolivia are presented. L. viannia ( L.braziliensis complex) was identified in Liverpool School of Tropical medicine in the patient travelled to Bolivia. The present study aimed to investigate Balsamum peruvianum one of the product of folk medicine of Indians of Amazon region against local species of Leishmania resulted in healing the ulcers. Leishmaniasis is a major public health problem, and the alarming spread of parasite resistance has increased the importance of discovering new therapeutic products.

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Epidemiological Characteristics and Spatiotemporal Analysis of Mumps from 2004 to 2018 in Chongqing, China

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16173052 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (17) ◽

pp. 3052 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zhu ◽

Zhao ◽

Ou ◽

Xiang ◽

Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Spatial Autocorrelation ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Health Resources ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Scan Statistics ◽

Time Space ◽

High Incidence ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

Mumps vaccines have been widely used in recent years, but frequent mumps outbreaks and re-emergence around the world have not stopped. Mumps still remains a serious public health problem with a high incidence in China. The status of mumps epidemics in Chongqing, the largest city in China, is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological and spatiotemporal characteristics of mumps and to provide a scientific basis for formulating effective strategies for its prevention and control. Surveillance data of mumps in Chongqing from January 2004 to December 2018 were collected from the National Notifiable Diseases Reporting Information System. A descriptive analysis was conducted to understand the epidemiological characteristics. Hot spots and spatiotemporal patterns were identified by performing a spatial autocorrelation analysis, a purely spatial scan, and a spatiotemporal scan at the county level based on geographic information systems. A total of 895,429 mumps cases were reported in Chongqing, with an annual average incidence of 36.34 per 100,000. The yearly incidence of mumps decreased markedly from 2004 to 2007, increased sharply from 2007 to 2011, and then tapered with a two-year cyclical peak after 2011. The onset of mumps showed an obvious bimodal seasonal distribution, with a higher peak of mumps observed from April to July of each year. Children aged 5–9 years old, males, and students were the prime high-risk groups. The spatial distribution of mumps did not exhibit significant global autocorrelation in most years, but local indicators of spatial autocorrelation and scan statistics detected high-incidence clusters which were mainly located in the midwestern, western, northeastern, and southwestern parts of Chongqing. The aggregation time frame detected by the purely temporal scan was between March 2009 and July 2013. The incidence of mumps in Chongqing from 2004 to 2018 featured significant spatial heterogeneity and spatiotemporal clustering. The findings of this study might assist public health agencies to develop real-time space monitoring, especially in the clustering regions and at peak periods; to improve immunization strategies for long-term prevention; and to deploy health resources reasonably.

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A Spatial Analysis to Define Data Requirements for Hydrological and Water Quality Models in Data-Limited Regions

Water ◽

10.3390/w11020267 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 267 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ersilia D’Ambrosio ◽

Anna De Girolamo ◽

Marinella Spanò ◽

Vera Corbelli ◽

Gennaro Capasso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Spatial Analysis ◽

Surface Water ◽

Source Parameters ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Point Sources ◽

Water Quality Parameters ◽

Limited Area ◽

Climatic Data ◽

Basin Scale

The objective of the present work is a spatial analysis aimed at supporting hydrological and water quality model applications in the Canale d’Aiedda basin (Puglia, Italy), a data-limited area. The basin is part of the sensitive environmental area of Taranto that requires remediation of the soil, subsoil, surface water, and groundwater. A monitoring plan was defined to record the streamflow and water quality parameters needed for calibrating and validating models, and a database archived in a GIS environment was built, which includes climatic data, soil hydraulic parameters, groundwater data, surface water quality parameters, point-source parameters, and information on agricultural practices. Based on a one-year monitoring of activities, the average annual loads of N-NO3 and P-PO4 delivered to the Mar Piccolo amounted to about 42 t year−1, and 2 t year−1, respectively. Knowledge uncertainty in monthly load estimation was found to be up to 25% for N-NO3 and 40% for P-PO4. The contributions of point sources in terms of N-NO3 and P-PO4 were estimated at 45% and 77%, respectively. This study defines a procedure for supporting modelling activities at the basin scale for data-limited regions.

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