scholarly journals Epidemiological Characteristics and Spatiotemporal Analysis of Mumps from 2004 to 2018 in Chongqing, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 3052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhu ◽  
Zhao ◽  
Ou ◽  
Xiang ◽  
Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Time Space ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Mumps vaccines have been widely used in recent years, but frequent mumps outbreaks and re-emergence around the world have not stopped. Mumps still remains a serious public health problem with a high incidence in China. The status of mumps epidemics in Chongqing, the largest city in China, is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological and spatiotemporal characteristics of mumps and to provide a scientific basis for formulating effective strategies for its prevention and control. Surveillance data of mumps in Chongqing from January 2004 to December 2018 were collected from the National Notifiable Diseases Reporting Information System. A descriptive analysis was conducted to understand the epidemiological characteristics. Hot spots and spatiotemporal patterns were identified by performing a spatial autocorrelation analysis, a purely spatial scan, and a spatiotemporal scan at the county level based on geographic information systems. A total of 895,429 mumps cases were reported in Chongqing, with an annual average incidence of 36.34 per 100,000. The yearly incidence of mumps decreased markedly from 2004 to 2007, increased sharply from 2007 to 2011, and then tapered with a two-year cyclical peak after 2011. The onset of mumps showed an obvious bimodal seasonal distribution, with a higher peak of mumps observed from April to July of each year. Children aged 5–9 years old, males, and students were the prime high-risk groups. The spatial distribution of mumps did not exhibit significant global autocorrelation in most years, but local indicators of spatial autocorrelation and scan statistics detected high-incidence clusters which were mainly located in the midwestern, western, northeastern, and southwestern parts of Chongqing. The aggregation time frame detected by the purely temporal scan was between March 2009 and July 2013. The incidence of mumps in Chongqing from 2004 to 2018 featured significant spatial heterogeneity and spatiotemporal clustering. The findings of this study might assist public health agencies to develop real-time space monitoring, especially in the clustering regions and at peak periods; to improve immunization strategies for long-term prevention; and to deploy health resources reasonably.

Spatial patterns of leptospirosis in Ecuador, 2013–2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 114 (7) ◽  
pp. 545-548
Author(s):  
Solange Núñez-González ◽  
Christopher Gault ◽  
Patricia Granja ◽  
Daniel Simancas-Racines
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Important Public Health

Abstract Background Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that is considered an important public health problem in tropical regions and the world's poorest countries. Methods In this ecological study, we included cases of leptospirosis reported in Ecuador from 2013 to 2018. Spatial autocorrelation was evaluated through the global Moran I index and spatial-temporal scan statistics were used to identify high-risk clusters. Results In Ecuador, the leptospirosis incidence rates decreased from 3.3 cases per 100 000 population in 2013 to 0.8 cases per 100 000 population in 2018. The global Moran I index for the study period showed a positive spatial autocorrelation (0.68; p=0.001). We identified three significant spatial-temporal clusters for a high occurrence of leptospirosis incidence located in cantons of the Coast and Amazon regions. Conclusions The clusters identified could be targeted by policymakers and stakeholders in order to direct surveillance and understand the dynamics of the distribution of leptospirosis in Ecuador.

scholarly journals The state of the leprosy epidemic in Yunnan, China 2011–2020: A spatial and spatiotemporal analysis, highlighting areas for intervention

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. e0009783
Author(s):  
Xiaohua Chen ◽  
Tie-Jun Shui
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Information System ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
And Control ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Background Despite public health efforts to reduce the leprosy burden in Yunnan, China, leprosy remains an important public health problem in some specific areas. We analyzed the epidemiological characteristics and spatial distribution of leprosy in Yunnan, China, and provide data to guide disease prevention and control efforts. Methodology/principal findings The surveillance data of newly detected leprosy cases in Yunnan, China, during 2011–2020 were extracted from the LEPROSY MANAGEMANT INFORMATION SYSTEM IN CHINA (LEPMIS), and spatial distribution analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and spatiotemporal scanning were performed with ArcGIS 10.6.1, GeoDa 1.8.8, and SaTScan 9.4.3 software, respectively. A total of 1907 newly detected leprosy cases were reported in Yunnan, China, during 2011–2020. The new case detection rate (NCDR) decreased from 0.62 in 2011 to 0.25 in 2020, with an annual incidence of 0.41/100,000 population. The proportions of multibacillary (MB) cases, cases in female patients, cases causing grade 2 physical disability (G2D), and cases in pediatric patients were 67.07%, 33.93%, 17.99%, and 2.83%, respectively. The number of counties with an incidence above 1/100,000 population decreased from 30 in 2011 to 8 in 2020. The Moran’s I of leprosy in Yunnan, China, during 2011–2020 ranged from 0.076 to 0.260, indicating the presence of spatial clusters. Local spatial autocorrelation (LSA) analysis showed that high-high cluster areas (hot spots) were mainly distributed in the southeastern, northern, and northwestern regions. Spatiotemporal scanning showed three clusters with high NCDRs. The probably primary clusters, occurring during January 1, 2011–December 31, 2015, covered 11 counties in the southeastern region (RR = 5.046515, LRR = 271.749664, P = 0.000). Conclusion The number of leprosy cases in Yunnan decreased overall, although some high-NCDR regions remained. Geographic information system (GIS) analysis coupled with spatial analysis indicated regions with leprosy clusters. Continuous leprosy prevention and control strategies in Yunnan Province should be established, and interventions in high-risk regions should be prioritized and further strengthened.

scholarly journals Influenza-associated morbidity and mortality in Tunisia

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bouguerra ◽  
A Hechaichi ◽  
L Bouabid ◽  
R Yazidi ◽  
N Abdeddaiem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Type A ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Case Definitions ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Infection

Abstract Background Influenza is a highly contagious viral infection representing a public health problem worldwide with more than 10% of the population affected each year. In addition, severe complications and deaths may occur especially among high-risk groups. Our objectives was to assess the severity of influenza in Tunisia from 2015 to 2017 and to identify the isolated circulating viruses. Methods Basedon the network of ILI (Influenza-like illness) and SARI (Severe acute respiratory infection) Sentinel Sites and the National Influenza Center, we conducted a descriptive analysis of all data collected from 2015 to 2017. The case definitions of ILI and SARI were those recommended by WHO. Data entry was using Epi-Data and data analysis using SPSS-20. Results The total number of SARI cases during 2016-17 season was 614. The hospitalization rate was 0.7% which was higher than the 2015-16 season (0.19%). The majority of these severe cases were males (60,3%) and the group aged more than 65 years was the most affected. Comorbidities were reported in 58,7% of the cases, especially cardiovascular diseases, obesity and asthma. In 2016-17, the viruses identified in SARI cases were type A(H3N2) (47,7%), type B (40,9%) and type A (H1N1) pmd09 (4%). The lethality rate was lower than in the previous season (0.32% vs 20%) with two deaths reported in February. These deaths were due to virus B and virus AH3N2, comparing to 77% of deaths due to virus A (H1N1) pmd09 the season before. Conclusions Influenza severity vary from a season to another. The 2016-17 season was marked by higher rates of hospitalization but a lower lethality rate. This may be due to a lower circulation of the type A (H1N1) pmd09 virus, which virulence is much discussed. Influenza surveillance remains essential to detect any emerging novel pathogen and to guide decision-makers for future strategies. Key messages Seasonal influenza epidemics continue to have significant morbidity and mortality. Epidemiological and virological surveillance are highly essential for an early detection of epidemics and novel strains.

Prazosin treatment in the management of scorpion envenomation

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erdal Peker ◽  
Suleyman Oktar ◽  
Murat Dogan ◽  
Ergun Kaya ◽  
Mehmet Duru
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Receptor Stimulation ◽  
Scorpion Envenomation ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Scorpion Stings ◽  
Fast Acting

Scorpion stings represent an important and serious public health problem worldwide due to their high incidence and potentially severe and often fatal clinical manifestations. Children are at greater risk of developing severe cardiac, respiratory, and neurological complications due to lesser body surface area. Alpha receptor stimulation plays important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary edema. Prazosin, a post synaptic alpha blocker, can be recommended as an effective drug in the treatment of serious scorpion envenomations with significant sympathetic symptoms. Oral prazosin is fast acting, easily available, relatively cheap, free from any anaphylaxis and highly effective.

scholarly journals Public Health Aspects of Human Brucellosis in the Republic of Macedonia

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-111
Author(s):  
Milka Zdravkovska ◽  
Zharko Stojmanovski ◽  
Vaso Taleski ◽  
Svetlana Jovevska ◽  
Velo Markovski
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Human Brucellosis ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Development Tendency ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Background: The Republic of Macedonia is an endemic area where brucellosis is a dominant zoonosis with high morbidity and enormous economic loss.Aim: To determine the incidence rate, prevalence rate and development tendency of infected people with brucellosis in R. Macedonia in the period from 01.01.1999 to 31.12.2009, to register and analyse the epidemiological characteristics of the infected with brucellosis according to gender, age and regional distribution.Materials and methods: The data about the infected people with brucellosis were taken from the register of individual cases as well as monthly and annual reports for infectious diseases prepared by the Institute for Public Health of Republic of Macedonia.Results:  According to the survey the highest number of incidence of human brucellosis in R. Macedonia was found in 2008, 23.94/100,000 people, and the lowest number of infected people was in 2009, about 13.99/100,000 people. Human brucellosis has a decreasing tendency.Conclusion: Human brucellosis remains a public health problem in Republic of Macedonia.

Epidemic characteristics and spatio-temporal patterns of scrub typhus during 2006–2013 in Tai'an, Northern China

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (11) ◽  
pp. 2451-2458 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. ZHENG ◽  
H.-L. YANG ◽  
Z.-W. BI ◽  
Z.-Q. KOU ◽  
L.-Y. ZHANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scrub Typhus ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Epidemiological Methods ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Epidemic Period ◽  
High Incidence

SUMMARYTai'an, a famous cultural tourist district, is a new endemic foci of scrub typhus in northern China. Frequent reports of travel-acquired cases and absence of effective vaccine indicated a significant health problem of scrub typhus in Tai'an. Thus, descriptive epidemiological methods and spatial-temporal scan statistics were used to describe the epidemic characteristics and detect the significant clusters of the high incidence of scrub typhus at the town level in Tai'an. Results of descriptive epidemiological analysis showed a total of 490 cases were reported in Tai'an with the annual average incidence ranging from 0·48 to 2·27/100 000 during 2006–2013. Females, the elderly and farmers are the high-risk groups. Monthly changes of scrub typhus cases indicated an obvious epidemic period in autumn. Spatial-temporal distribution analysis, showed significant clusters of high incidence mainly located in eastern and northern Tai'an. Our study suggests that more effective, targeted measures for local residents should be implemented in the eastern and northern areas of Tai'an in autumn. Meanwhile, it may prove beneficial for health policy makers to advise travellers to take preventive measures in order to minimize the risk of infection of scrub typhus in Tai'an.

scholarly journals Epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 travel-associated cases in Vojvodina, Serbia, during 2020

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261840
Author(s):  
Tatjana Pustahija ◽  
Mioljub Ristić ◽  
Snežana Medić ◽  
Vladimir Vuković ◽  
Mirjana Štrbac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Travel And Tourism ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently the biggest public health problem worldwide. Intensive international travel and tourism have greatly contributed to its rapid global spreading. This study is the first comprehensive analysis of the epidemiological characteristics and clinical outcomes of the travel-associated COVID-19 cases in Vojvodina, Serbia, from March 6 to December 31, 2020 and it concerns permanent residents of Serbia. A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the dedicated surveillance database of the Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina. Overall, 650 travel-associated COVID-19 cases were recorded in Vojvodina during the observed period, mainly imported from Bosnia and Herzegovina, followed by Austria and Germany (N = 195, 30%; N = 79, 12.15% and N = 75, 11.54%, respectively). The majority of cases were in the working-age groups, 18–44 and 45–64 years (56.46% and 34.15%, respectively). Overall, 54 (8.31%) patients developed pneumonia. In comparison to patients without pneumonia, those with pneumonia were older (mean age = 55.39 years vs. 41.34 years, p<0.01) and had a higher percentage of comorbidities (57.41% vs. 16.61%). Men were more likely to develop pneumonia than women (OR = 2.22; 95% CI: 1.14–4.30, p = 0.02), as well as those in retired-age group (OR = 4.11; 95% CI: 2.0–8.46, p<0.01). Obesity (OR = 14.40; 95% CI: 3.8–54.6, p<0.01), diabetes (OR = 9.82; 95% CI: 3.15–30.61, p<0.01) and hypertension (OR = 7.99; 95% CI: 3.98–16.02, p<0.01) were the most prominent main comorbidities as predictors of pneumonia. Our results represent general epidemiological and clinical dynamics of COVID-19 disease in Vojvodina. Also, they provide evidence that the predictors of pneumonia were: increasing age, male sex, having underlying comorbidities, an increasing number of days from the return to laboratory confirmation of COVID-19 (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.03–1.12, p<0.01), as well as an increasing number of days from symptoms onset to diagnosis (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.07–1.21, p<0.01), while anosmia and ageusia were protective factors for developing it (OR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.12–0.79, p = 0.01).

scholarly journals Prevalence of Hypertension and Prehypertension in Iranian Children

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farshid Kompani ◽  
Azar Nickavar
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Asymptomatic Children ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Significant Public Health Problem ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Iranian Children

Background: Hypertension (HTN) is a significant public health problem worldwide. Early diagnosis of HTN and its related risk factors has been considered as one of the main requirements of general healthcare in children. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the nomograms of normal systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) and the prevalence of asymptomatic HTN and pre-HTN in a population of school-aged children. Methods: Systolic and diastolic BP, height, and weight were measured in 5811 healthy school-aged children (2904 males and 2907 females) during healthcare visits. HTN was defined as systolic or diastolic BP ≥ 95th percentile for age, gender, and height of the screened population on ≥ 3 occasions. Pre-HTN was considered as systolic or diastolic BP between 90 - 95 percentile. Results: HTN and pre-HTN were detected in 8.4% and 7.8% of the children, respectively. The prevalence of HTN was 8.6% among the males and 8.2% among the females. Systolic HTN and pre-HTN were detected in 5.8 and 6.4% of the cases compared to diastolic HTN and pre-HTN observed in 5.9 and 6.1% of the participants, respectively. In addition, HTN was detected in 27.9% of children with obesity. Conclusions: According to the high incidence of asymptomatic HTN and pre-HTN in asymptomatic children, it is recommended to perform routine BP measurement during medical care visits of all healthy school children and to prevent and treat obesity in childhood.

scholarly journals Trends and Spatial Patterns of Suicide Among Adolescent in Ecuador, 1997-2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 283-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solange Núñez-González ◽  
A. Gabriela Lara-Vinueza ◽  
Christopher Gault ◽  
J. Andrés Delgado-Ron
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
National Level ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
High Occurrence ◽  
Suicide Rates

Background:Suicide is a global public health problem, ranking among the top 20 leading causes of mortality.Objective:The aim of the present study is two-fold. Firstly, it describes the temporal trends of suicide in adolescents from 1997 to 2016 in Ecuador, allowing us to identify critical periods. Secondly, it analyzes the spatiotemporal clusters of high mortality rates and the spatial distribution due to suicide in the country, from 2011 to 2016.Methods:This is an ecological study; we included all death certificates of suicide among adolescents in the 10 - 19 age groups both sex, from the National Institute of Statistics and Census (INEC) database in Ecuador from 1997 to 2016. In order to assess the trend of suicide rates, we obtained Annual Percentage Changes (APCs) and average Annual Percent Changes (AAPCs) through Joinpoint regression analysis. Space-time scan statistics were used to identify high-risk clusters, and the spatial autocorrelation was evaluated through global Moran index.Results:Suicides at a national level increased from 165 deaths in 1997 to 286 deaths in 2016; rates increased from 12.7 to 23.3 per 100,000 population along with a significant increase of the trend at the national level (AAPC=3.7%; 95% CI: 2.1 to 5.2). We identified two significant spatial clusters for a high occurrence of suicide: the primary most likely cluster included 83 cantons (Risk Relative=2.28) while the second most likely cluster included 20 cantons (Risk Relative=1.74). The Global Moran I index for the study period showed a positive spatial autocorrelation (0.27; p = 0.001).Conclusion:Suicide rates in adolescents significantly increased over the 20-year study period; the spatial analysis indicates the presence of high occurrence clusters in the Amazon and Southern Highlands regions of the country. This growing phenomenon may be a reflection of the lack of policies and strategies focused on the adolescent’s mental health at a national level, added to factors such as family dysfunction, school failure, vulnerable ethnic groups, and immigration patterns.

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