scholarly journals Effects of degree of oil palm frond mulching using tractor mounted mulcher blades

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bala Gambo Jahun ◽  
Desa Bin Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Razif Mahadi ◽  
Shamsuddin Sulaiman ◽  
Shehu Adamu Iya
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Forward Speed ◽  
Oil Palm Plantation ◽  
Major Predictor ◽  
Palm Fronds ◽  
Factor Interaction ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Palm Frond

This study investigates the influence of blade lifting angles, tractor forward speed, and tractor power take off (PTO) speed on the degree of mulching. Four blades with different lifting angles, two tractor PTO speeds, and three tractor forward speeds were assessed using the parametric test at the Universiti Putra Malaysia oil palm plantation. The result shows that the best-fit regression equation was a quadratic regression with a high coefficient of determination. It indicates that any change in this three-factor interaction has a significant effect using Tukey’s Studentized mean comparison and can predict the degree of mulching. Seventy-four percent of the degree of mulching variance is explained by blade lifting angles, tractor forward speed, and tractor PTO speed. Since the blade lifting angle was a major predictor of the degree of mulching, this result implies that any change in the blade lifting angle can provide a significant prediction of the degree of mulching in an oil palm plantation. Additionally, the predicted model can further be used to predict the degree of mulching during field operations, replanting, and access for mulching of oil palm fronds. A detailed field evaluation of the performance of a tractor-mounted mulcher with different blade lifting angles in other parts of Malaysia is highly recommended to cater for the differences in soil moisture content and bulk density.

The Effects of Oil Palm Fronds Silage Supplemented with Urea-Calcium Hydroxide on Rumen Fermentation and Nutrient Digestibility of Thai Native-Anglo Nubian Goats

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Pin Chanjula ◽  
Chanon Suntara ◽  
Anusorn Cherdthong
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Oil Palm Fronds ◽  
Oil Palm Frond ◽  
Palm Fronds ◽  
Palm Frond

This study aimed to examine the combined effects of urea and calcium hydroxide ensiled oil palm fronds on rumen fermentation and digestibility of Thai native-Anglo Nubian goats. A 4 × 4 Latin square design was used to randomly assign four male crossbred goats (Thai native × Anglo Nubian). The dietary treatments were as follows: ensiled oil palm frond with no additives (EOPF as the control), urea 5% (50 g/kg fresh matter) (E-UOPF 5%), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) 5% (50 g/kg fresh matter) (E-CaOPF 5%), and combination of urea 2.5% (25 g/kg fresh matter) with Ca(OH)2 (25 g/kg fresh matter) (E-UCOPF 2.5%). The oil palm frond ensiled with different additives did not change the DM intake (p > 0.05). The total TMR intakes range from 69.39 to 77.09 g/kg BW0.75. The goats fed with E-UOPF 5.0% consumed significantly more CP than the other groups (p < 0.05). The E-UCOPF increased ME intake by 4.8%, compared with the control treatment (p < 0.05). E-UOPF 5% and E-UCOPF 2.5% significantly increased the CP digestibility by 19.7% and 17.1%, respectively (p < 0.05). Furthermore, E-CaOPF 5.0% and E-UCOPF 2.5% improved the NDF digestibility by about 10.9% and 9.90%, respectively (p < 0.05). The urea-containing oil palm frond (E-UOPF 5.0% and E-UCOPF 2.5%) had higher blood urea nitrogen (BUN) than the other groups (p < 0.05). The TVFA of goats fed E-UCOPF 2.5% was approximately 15.8% higher than that of goats provide EOPF (p < 0.05). The mean concentration of C3 increased by 7.90% and 11.61%, respectively, when E-CaOPF 5.0% and E-UCOPF 2.5% were provided instead of EOPF (p < 0.05). The total N intake and absorbed were highest (p < 0.05) when goats offered E-UOPF 5.0% (p < 0.05). The goats fed oil palm frond without additives had the lowest percentage of N-absorption/N intake (p < 0.05). This study clearly shows that the most suitable treatment is E-UCOPF 2.5%, which enhances DMD, nutrient digestibility, TVFAs, and nitrogen balance and has no negative effects on rumen microbes. This indicates that E-UCOPF 2.5% may be utilized as an alternate roughage source in TMR diets, accounting for at least 40% of the OPF. However, several factors still require consideration for urea-Ca(OH)2 treatments to be successful, including other concentrations of urea, moisture content, duration of pre-treatment, and the metabolizable protein system.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN PELEPAH KELAPA SAWIT SEBAGAI BAHAN CAMPURAN TERHADAP SIFAT MEKANIK KUAT TEKAN DAN POROSITAS BATU BATA

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
Seno Aji ◽  
Teguh Satria Mahlindo ◽  
Sari Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Oil Palm Fronds ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
Palm Fronds ◽  
Palm Frond

This study aimed to determine the effect of oil palm fronds addition as a mixture to the mechanical properties of bricks in terms of porosity testing, and compressive strength, and to determine the proper percentage of oil palm frond additions. This research is a type of experiment with a randomized block design (RBD) arranged non-factorial and the data is processed using the SPSS 20 Tukey test program. This study used a brick-shaped sample with a length of 19 cm, a width of 9.5 cm and a height of 4.5 cm. Variations in the composition of the added oil palm fronds are 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Parameter mechanical properties of bricks included porosity, and compressive strength tests. The addition of oil palm fronds with a composition percentage of 0% to 10% affected the mechanical properties of the bricks by reducing porosity and increasing the compressive strength of the bricks. Based on the test results obtained by each of the best test values, namely the minimum porosity value achieved in the percentage of oil palm fronds as much as 10%, which is 18.4%. The optimum compressive strength value is achieved on the percentage of oil palm fronds as much as 10% which is equal to 20.5 N / mm².

scholarly journals Effect of pyrolisis temperature and time on liquid smoke characteristics

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
pp. 02007
Author(s):  
Seri Maulina ◽  
Rizki Amalia ◽  
Ekanzha R Kamny
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Liquid Smoke ◽  
Dominant Component ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Palm Fronds ◽  
Palm Frond

Oil palm frond is a lignocellulose material, by pyrolysis, it will produce liquid smoke which have many advantages because of the compounds, such as acetic acid, carbonyls and phenolics contained in it. The pyrolysis of oil palm fronds in this study carried out at temperatures 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C for 40 minutes, 90 minutes, and 120 minutes. There were 3 parameters observed in this study, they were acetic acid, phenolics and carbonyl contents which were analyzed by GC-MS instrument. The results of the study showed that the different temperatures and times of pyrolysis affected the content of chemical components in liquid smoke and acetic acid was the most dominant component obtained in the liquid smoke. The highest acetic acid content in the liquid smoke obtained was 92,30% at pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C for 120 minutes. Meanwhile, the highest total phenolic content obtained was 7,32% at pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C for 120 minutes and the highest carbonyl content obtained was 32,56% at the pyrolysis temperature of 400 °C for 60 minutes

scholarly journals Utilization of Gamma Irradiated Aspergillus niger to Improve Oil Palm by-Product Digestibility

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teguh Wahyono ◽  
Nana Mulyana ◽  
Putri Amanda ◽  
Siti Nurbayti ◽  
Suharyono Soharyono
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Gamma Irradiated ◽  
Palm Fronds ◽  
By Products ◽  
Palm Frond

This study was conducted to determine the effect of fermentation using irradiated A. Niger on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of oil palm by-products. Completely randomized design with eight treatments and four replications was applied in this experiment. The treatments were kernel shell (CK), palm frond (PKS), oil palm empty bunches (TKKS), CK+PKS+TKKS (mix), fermented kernel shell (CKF), fermented palm frond (PKSF), fermented oil palm empty bunches (TKKSF) and fermented mix (mixF). The results showed that fermentation process reduced NDF content of PKS and TKKS by 7.42 and 7.09% respectively. Fermentation also decreased ADF content of TKKS by 7.35%. Maximum total gas production (a+b) of TKKS and mix sample decreased after fermentation process (P<0.05) by 52.92 and 35.60% respectively. Total VFA production increased on kernel shell and palm fronds samples after fermentation process (P<0.05) however CO2:CH4 ratio tended to be decrease. The conclusion of this study was the fermentation process by irradiated A. niger improved rumen fermentation characteristics of oil palm by-products, however more appropriate strategy is needed to reduce CH4 emissions.

Pretreatment of Oil Palm Fronds for Improving Hemicelluloses Content for Higher Recovery of Xylose

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Sabrina, M. S. ◽  
Roshanida, A. R. ◽  
Norzita, N.
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Xylanase Activity ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Dilute Acid Pretreatment ◽  
Dilute Acid ◽  
Dilute Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Acid Pretreatment ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Palm Fronds ◽  
Palm Frond

Lignocelluloses material is known as a potential biomass for conversion into value-added product. Utilization of biomass for beneficial products particularly food and health-related, has gained increasing attention among researchers worldwide and the potential usage of the lignocelluloses biomass is much sought after nowadays. An oil palm frond (OPF) has a great potential to be used as a precursor for production of xylose. In order to increase the yield of xylose, pretreatment of lignocelluloses biomass is important as it will for example, enhance the accessibility of enzyme to convert hemicelluloses xylan into xylose. Therefore in this study, OPF was pre-treated using dilute acid hydrolysis (H2SO4), alkali (NaOH), and autohydrolysis methods. The result showed that autohydrolysis gave higher hemicelluloses content which was 27.80±0.35% as compared to alkali and dilute acid pretreatment with 17.51±0.61% and 27.37±1.89%, respectively.  The autohydrolysis pretreated samples were then used for further enzymatic hydrolysis for xylan breakdown into xylose. Recovery of xylose was found to be higher at higher xylanase activity which was16 U.  Reaction time of 48 h with 1% substrate was able to produce up to 0.795 g/L xylose.

Optimization of Oil Palm Fronds Pretreatment Using Ionic Liquid for Levulinic Acid Production

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Aainaa Syahirah Ramli ◽  
Nor Aishah Saidina Amin ◽  
Ismail Ware
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Lignin Degradation ◽  
Process Condition ◽  
Temperature Reaction ◽  
Acid Yield ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Oil Palm Frond ◽  
Palm Fronds ◽  
Palm Frond

The pretreatment of oil palm frond (OPF) has been carried out using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([BMIM]Br) in the presence of aqueous sulphuric acid (H2SO4). The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time and [BMIM]Br loading on lignin degradation were investigated by applying Box Behnken Design of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimized process condition for OPF pretreatment were 123°C, 175 min and 9.9 g of [BMIM]Br loading with an optimum lignin degradation of 88.2%. The experimental results fitted-well with the predicted value with less than 5% error. It was also demonstrated that lignin degradation using recycled [BMIM]Br gave sufficient performance for five successive runs. It was revealed from SEM and XRD analyses, that the pretreated OPF was porous and less crystalline after pretreatment. Consequently, the pretreated OPF renders 25.3% levulinic acid yield in acid hydrolysis compared to 18.2% yield for untreated OPF.

Hydrodynamics of Oil Palm Frond in a Swirling Fluidized Bed Dryer

2011 ◽  
Vol 117-119 ◽  
pp. 1829-1833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Faizal Mohideen ◽  
Shaharin Anwar Sulaiman ◽  
Vijay Raj Raghavan
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Hydrodynamic Behavior ◽  
Industrial Practice ◽  
Minimum Fluidization Velocity ◽  
Cold Flow ◽  
Fluidized Bed Dryer ◽  
Palm Fronds ◽  
Flow Experiments ◽  
Palm Frond

This paper presents the hydrodynamics of chopped oil palm fronds (OPF) from cold flow experiments carried out in a swirling fluidized bed dryer (SFBD). The chopped OPF was 10 – 15 mm in size and falls in between Geldart type B and D. The OPF which consisted of leaves and petiole (stem) were first separated before studied individually due to their different physical characteristics. 2 bed loadings of 120g and 140g were investigated for bed pressure drop, (ΔPb), minimum fluidization velocity (Umf) and minimum swirling velocity (Ums) while regimes of operation were closely observed. The experiments yield that the OPF leaves and petiole have distinct hydrodynamic behavior due to their different bulk densities and voidage, hence suggesting drying should also be conducted separately unlike the current industrial practice. The leaves have lower Umf and Ums compared to the petiole and thus swirling motion was initiated earlier in SFBD when operating with leaves. Both samples however, have limited operating velocities due to elutriation. In conclusion, the SFBD was found to fluidize the chopped OPF well while providing good solid-gas contact which is highly desired for drying.

A FACTORIAL ANALYSIS STUDY ON FACTORS CONTRIBUTION TO FERULIC ACID PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM FROND WASTE

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zulsyazwan Ahmad Khushairi ◽  
Hafizuddin Wan Yussof ◽  
Nurul Atikah Rodzri ◽  
Rozaimi Abu Samah ◽  
Norazwina Zainol
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Ferulic Acid ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Factorial Analysis ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Oil Palm Frond ◽  
Ferulic Acid Production ◽  
Palm Frond

Enzymatic hydrolysis of fibre-pressed oil palm frond (FPOPF) was done using mix culture for the production of ferulic acid. Mix culture was prepared by acclimatizing the soil obtained from palm oil plantation with FPOPF substrate for 30 days. The substrate had a ratio of FPOPF to water of 1:10. Design Expert 7.1 was used to aid the experimental design. A half fractional two-level factorial analysis with five factors was selected for the experimental design resulting in a total of 16 runs. The factors controlled were temperature (A; 26°C and 40°C), pH value (B; 5 and 9), agitation speed (C; 0 and 150 rpm), inoculum percentage (D; 2% and 10%), and response time (E; 1 and 3 days). The result obtained showed that the experimental design model was significant with a coefficient of determination value of 0.8978. Two factors that contributed the most to the process were temperature and pH value. This model was proved to be repeatable with a validation test percentage error at 4.15% to 6.83%.

scholarly journals Monitoring and Characterization of the Spatial Distribution of Rhynchophorus Palmarum in Conventional Oil Palm Planting

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Santos ◽  
Paulo Farias ◽  
Raphael Pinho ◽  
Ricardo Tinôco ◽  
Brenda Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Spherical Model ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Oil Palm Plantation ◽  
The One ◽  
Best Fit

Abstract The aim of this work was to evaluate the spatial and temporal distribution of males and females of R. palmarum using geostatistics as a tool. The experiment was carried out in a commercial oil palm plantation area, in the municipality of Moju (PA), Brazil. Monthly samplings were performed, from June 2013 to May 2014. The sampling of insects was carried out through bucket-type traps with pheromone and food attractant, all georeferenced. Population fluctuation, Pearson correlation and spatial analysis were performed through geostatistics. Among the abiotic factors evaluated, only relative humidity and insolation showed a significant correlation for the insect population. The spherical model was the one that presented the best fit, with ranges for males of 240 to 550 meters and females of 300 to 550 meters. The Kriging maps indicated for both sexes, a moderately pattern of aggregate infestation, located on the edges of the oil palm plantation block, mainly close to the native forest. The results indicate that the traps should be distributed on the edges of the oil palm plantations.

scholarly journals Eco-friendly Board from Oil Palm Frond and Citric Acid

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-75
Author(s):  
Firda Aulya Syamani ◽  
Sasa Sofyan Munawar
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Acid Solution ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Citric Acid Solution ◽  
Oil Palm Fronds ◽  
Oil Palm Frond ◽  
Citric Acid Content ◽  
Palm Fronds ◽  
Palm Frond

The utilization of oil palm fronds as composite board raw material has developed due to the declining wood supply. Currently, citric acid is used as natural adhesive on the wood-based moldings to reduce the use formaldehyde-based resin. Citric acid has carboxylic acid functional group that can react with hydroxyl functional group from cellulose by esterification reaction. This paper explain the production of board from oil palm frond and citric acid, then elaborate their physical and mechanical properties.  Oil palm fronds were processed with ring flaker to produce particles with 1 ~ 5 cm length. The particles were dried until the moisture content reached 6%. Citric acid solution was obtained by stirring 700 g citric acid in 1000 ml water.  Citric acid solution were sprayed onto particles. The weight of citric acid were 10%, 15% and 20% based on oil palm fronds’ dry weight. Boards were produced with density target of 0.6 g/cm3 and pressure at 1N/mm2 for 10 min. The hot pressing temperatures were varied at 140ºC, 160ºC, 180ºC, and 200ºC. Physical and mechanical test were performed according to JIS A 5908-2003. The MOR, MOE, IB and SW values of boards with 15 wt% citric acid content and pressed at 200oC were 5.85 N/mm2, 1067.03  N/mm2, 0.26 N/mm2 and 88.80 N respectively. The optimum condition for board production obtained upon citric acid content and pressing temperature in a range of 15% ~ 20% and 180ºC ~ 200ºC, respectively.

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