scholarly journals Cranioplasty: Review of materials and techniques

2011 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
pp. 162-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seckin Aydin ◽  
Baris Kucukyuruk ◽  
Bashar Abuzayed ◽  
Sabri Aydin ◽  
Galip Zihni Sanus
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Biomedical Technology ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Ideal

ABSTRACTCranioplasty is the surgical intervention to repair cranial defects. The aim of cranioplasty is not only a cosmetic issue; also, the repair of cranial defects gives relief to psychological drawbacks and increases the social performances. Many different types of materials were used throughout the history of cranioplasty. With the evolving biomedical technology, new materials are available to be used by the surgeons. Although many different materials and techniques had been described, there is still no consensus about the best material, and ongoing researches on both biologic and nonbiologic substitutions continue aiming to develop the ideal reconstruction materials. In this article, the principle materialsand techniques of cranioplasty are reviewed.

Songs with Consequences?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Marie Stirr
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Labor Exchange ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Musical Exchange

This chapter focuses on the pragmatics of dohori singing in rural songfests. With a comparative focus on different types of songfest across Nepal’s rural hill areas, it addresses how songfests frame performances in ways that allow for particular pragmatic effects. These are based on forms of ritualized material and musical exchange that idealize the production of equality, yet often still reproduce inequality. It tells the history of dohori as a means of communication across social divides, often with significant material stakes in binding contests that could end in marriage. It discusses dohori’s historical connections with labor exchange and marriage exchange to show how this practice of singing is grounded in ways of producing equality and hierarchy. It gives examples of how binding dohori contests or song duels have been considered threats to the social order and how their outcomes have been reintegrated, changing aspects of individuals’ lives and social relations.

scholarly journals The state and personality in the works of N.A. Berdyaev

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 02006
Author(s):  
Stepan Yaichny
Keyword(s):  
Social Preferences ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Philosophy ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
European Philosophy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Ideal

This article discusses the basic concepts of Berdyaev’s philosophy, traces the relationship of his philosophical view and political convictions. This relationship is revealed through the concept of personality, which is the central concept of Berdyaev’s philosophy. Through the attitude to the personality, we can reveal the attitude of N. A. Berdyaev to the institution of the state, understand the social preferences of the Russian philosopher, who has come a long way from the representative of Russian Marxism to Russian religious philosophy. Having understood his ideas about the ideal structure of society, we can understand the attitude of N. A. Berdyaev to the Soviet state. The article distinguishes between two different types of relationships: the individual and society - collectivism and communitarianism. Berdyaev’s view is shown in the origins of Russian communism, which, in the opinion of the philosopher, are found not only in Western European philosophy, but also in the historical mentality of Russian people.

Inside the World of the Eunuch

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa S. Dale
Keyword(s):  
Social Bonds ◽  
Collective Responsibility ◽  
Management Style ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Imperial Court ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Constant Source ◽  
The Ideal

This book tells the story of how Chinese palace eunuchs, a complicated and much-maligned group of people, struggled to insert a degree of agency into their lives. During the Qing dynasty, the imperial court was determined to limit the influence of eunuchs by imposing a management style based upon strict rules, corporal punishment, and collective responsibility. Emasculation and employment placed eunuchs at the center of the empire, yet also subjected them to servile status and marginalization by society. Seeking more control over their lives, eunuchs repeatedly tested the boundaries of subservience to the emperor and the imperial court. This portrait of eunuch society reveals that Qing eunuchs operated within two parallel realms, one revolving around the emperor and the court by day and another among the eunuchs themselves by night where they recreated the social bonds (through drinking, gambling, and opium smoking) denied them by their palace service. Emasculation did not produce the ideal servants; rather, eunuchs proved to be a constant source of anxiety and labor challenges for the Qing imperial court. The history of Qing palace eunuchs is defined by a tension between the role eunuchs were meant to play and the life they intended to live.

Protean Masculinity, Hegemonic Masculinity: Soldiers in the Third Reich

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-418
Author(s):  
Thomas Kühne
Keyword(s):  
Social Practice ◽  
Hegemonic Masculinity ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Nazi Germany ◽  
Male Identity ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractHegemonic masculinity in Nazi Germany, as well as in many militarized societies around the globe, meant physical, emotional, and moral “hardness.” The ideal man, embodied by the soldier, was tough and aggressive, in control of his body, mind, and psyche. He did not hesitate to sacrifice life and limb on behalf of the Fatherland, or to subordinate his individuality under the command of a conformist group of comrades. Whereas many scholars have already stressed these features of hegemonic masculinity, this article argues that the act of soldiering provided men with a male identity that was ultimately not defined by the repudiation, but ratherintegration, of what was (and is) often coded as feminine. In the social practice of male interaction, diversity and flexibility were needed, thus allowing for the display of femininely coded behavior like affection, tenderness, empathy, caring, and tolerance toward emotional breakdowns and moments of weakness in their midst. Thanks to its inclusive nature, such “protean” masculinity enabled different types of soldier-men to establish male identities; it also allowed them to switch among different emotional and moral states without losing their manliness. Yet, this was true only if the predominance of hardness was respected. Eventually, protean masculinity integrated diverse men and diverse emotional and moral conditions into a fighting unit, and, in the case of the Third Reich, into a genocidal society.

CULTIVATING PEACE: SOCIAL MOVEMENT PROFESSIONALIZATION AND NGOIZATION IN CROATIA*

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Heideman
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Nongovernmental Organizations ◽  
Social Movement ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Professional Organizations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Levels

Scholars studying social movements and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have noted a rapid expansion in the number of professional organizations dedicated to creating social change. This study uses the case of the peacebuilding sector in Croatia (1991–present) to examine central questions in both fields: where professional organizations come from, what drives professionalization, and what the consequences of professionalization are for the work of social change. I find there are actually many paths to NGO creation, and identify five types of NGOs: transformed, new, bud, seed, and clone. These five types of organizations had different paths for development, have different levels of professionalization, and engage in different types of work based on their location and history. Examining the history of a social change sector shows professionalization to be a nuanced, uneven process that can expand the social change sector even as it transforms the sector's work.

Social Framework of Collective Memory and Cognitive Problems of Historical Knowledge

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8 (106)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Igor Ionov
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Hegemonic Discourse ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cognitive Problems ◽  
The Ideal

The article demonstrates that the cognitive possibilities of historical memory and “living history”, which generates the agenda, questionnaires and source strategies of historians, are closely connected with the social framework of historical memory and, accordingly, with the self-identification of historians. They form cognitive maps that regulate the cognitive activity of a historian. It is shown that the social framework of historical memory within the crisis of globalization is changing rapidly, creating unusual, contradictory and sometimes absurd constellations. This topic is studied in the context of the history of discursive hegemony in historical memory by analyzing the ideas of A. Assmann, J. Laroche, A. Cento Bull and H. L. Hansen, who criticize the current state of historical memory and suggest new versions of it, based on the change of social frameworks and forms of discourse. The project of cosmopolitan memory created by the latter, its advantages and disadvantages are evaluated. The tools of analysis are N. Elias's theory of “civilization process”, G. Bateson's theory of schismogenesis, E. Erikson's theory of self-identification, E. N. Shulga's concept of pre-understanding. It is shown that cosmopolitan memory, while remaining within the framework of hegemonic discourse, reproduces antagonistic forms of memory. The most productive are the approaches of A. Assmann and S. Conrad, who carefully criticize the situation of cosmopolitan memory, seem to be the most productive. Cultural and historiographical processes in Germany, the British Empire and Southeast Asia served as the main material for the study. The works of N. Ferguson, close to the imperial historical school and the neo-Asianism (reorientalism) of Lee Kuan Yew, in which the values of empire, colonialism and traditionalism are defended in opposition to the ideal of human rights, have been analyzed. It is noted that historians strive to distinguish between the universalism of the idea of humanity and cultural pluralism in dialogue about human rights, which prevents criticism of alien or seemingly alien values outside a situation of cooperation and consensus. The ideal of cross historical memory as the historian's optimal cognitive tool is put forward.

Aegean Interactions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christy Constantakopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Regional Identity ◽  
Active Networks ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Cultural Interaction ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Federal Organization ◽  
History Of ◽  
Material Evidence

This book addresses the history of interaction in the Aegean world during the third century BC. The main focus is the island of Delos and its important regional sanctuary. Through a thorough investigation of the Delian epigraphic and material evidence, it explores how and to which degree the islands of the southern Aegean formed active networks of political, religious, and cultural interaction. The book aims to show that this kind of regional interaction in the southern Aegean resulted in the creation of a regional identity, which was expressed, among other things, in the existence of a federal union of the islands, the so-called Islanders’ League. It is structured along the lines of four case studies which explore different types of networks around Delos: the federal organization of islands (Islanders’ League), the participation of Delian and other agents in the processes of monumentalization of the Delian landscape, the network of honours, and the social dynamics of dedication through the record of dedicants in the Delian inventories.

scholarly journals Social practices of the «high society» lifestyle in the work of O. Makovei «Biography of Osyp Yurii Fedkovych-Hordynskyi»

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (50) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
Kateryna Valiavska
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Life Style ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Behavioral Norms ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Ideal

The work of O.Makovei «Biography of Osyp Yurii Fedkovych-Hordynskyi» is analyzed in the article. The goal of the article is to find in the text representations of social practices, which were peculiar for the high society lifestyle in the medium of the educated middle class – intelligentsia – in the Duchy of Bukovyna throughout the 19th.century. In the discourse of the author’s biographical work and in used memories of Fedkovych’ contemporaries it is stressed that noble standards of living were the ideal of the social life in Bykovyna and Chernivtsi, herewith negative connotations were present in such statements. The lifestyle of Y.Fedkovych’s parents suited this definition, while the poet in his conscious age tried to oppose to such a lifestyle. That is why his behavior in front of the audience was characterized by displays of protest against following elite standards of living in the society. Probably, his demonstrational wearing of rustic (Hutsul) clothing was also connected with his goal. Despite the fact that his participation in social practices of the high society lifestyle allowed Fedkovych to gain support of his writing talent in the 1860s, in the 1870-1880ss he was demonstratively violating accepted behavioral norms, which were generalized as the rules of common courtesy. Furthermore, he tried to stress that he is equal with villagers, he called himself Hutsul. But O.Makovei found out that Hutsuls still considered Fedkovych to be a stranger – «lord in disguise», «German». While analyzing life and works of Y. Fedkovych, O.Makovei described poet’s social surrounding – intelligentsia- and its peculiar social practices such as following the common courtesy rules in self-representation (manners, clothes, communication), different types of intelligentsia leisure (clubs, salons parties, theatre) and cooperation. Keywords: social practices, life style of the high society, Y.Fedkovych, O. Makovei, intelligentsia, middle class, Bukovyna, Chernivtsi.

scholarly journals The Lutheran Church in Rodowo as a Place of the Spiritual Meeting of Three Social Strata

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 109-136
Author(s):  
Piotr Birecki
Keyword(s):  
Religious Life ◽  
Protestant Church ◽  
Lutheran Church ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Louis Xvi ◽  
Charles Le Brun ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Ideal

The article presents the hitherto unknown decoration of the furnishing of a little Protestant church in Rodowo in Ducal Prussia, founded by the local aristocratic family ofthe Schack von Wittenaus. After firstly providing an overview of the complicated confessional history of the region, the church, and its patrons, the second part of this article presents the emblematic decoration of church benches based on the “Four Elements,” with models for tapestries designed by Charles Le Brun and published in Paris in 1668 (and later in Germany). The original emblems, with descriptions by Charles Perrault, refer to King Louis XVI as the ideal ruler, but in Rodowo they emphasize the position of the Prussian nobility as the most important social group in the country. The second part of the article presents four unknown easel paintings on the church walls, with a symbolic presentation of Lutheran piety connected with Pietism in Ducal Prussia. The entire artistic ensemble in the church refers to the role of noblemen as leaders in the social and religious life of Ducal Prussia.

The Social Origins and Provenance of the English Bishops during the Reign of Edward II

1959 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 51-79
Author(s):  
K. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Early Career ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Origins ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Edward Ii ◽  
The Social ◽  
Complete Study ◽  
History Of

During the last twenty or twenty-five years medieval historians have been much interested in the composition of the English episcopate. A number of studies of it have been published on periods ranging from the eleventh to the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. A further paper might well seem superfluous. My reason for offering one is that most previous writers have concentrated on analysing the professional circles from which the bishops were drawn, and suggesting the influences which their early careers as royal clerks, university masters and students, secular or regular clergy, may have had on their later work as bishops. They have shown comparatively little interest in their social background and provenance, except for those bishops who belonged to magnate families. Some years ago, when working on the political activities of Edward II's bishops, it seemed to me that social origins, family connexions and provenance might in a number of cases have had at least as much influence on a bishop's attitude to politics as his early career. I there fore collected information about the origins and provenance of these bishops. I now think that a rather more careful and complete study of this subject might throw further light not only on the political history of the reign, but on other problems connected with the character and work of the English episcopate. There is a general impression that in England in the later middle ages the bishops' ties with their dioceses were becoming less close, and that they were normally spending less time in diocesan work than their predecessors in the thirteenth century.

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