scholarly journals CNS Genes Implicated in Relapse

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. SART.S1042
Author(s):  
Kara L. Kuntz-Melcavage ◽  
Willard M. Freeman ◽  
Kent E. Vrana
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Addiction Recovery ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Initial Drug

Drug abuse is a condition that impacts not only the individual drug user, but society as a whole. Although prevention of initial drug use is the most effective way to prevent addiction, avoiding relapse is a crucial component of drug addiction recovery. Recent studies suggest that there is a set of genes whose expression is robustly and stably altered following drug use and ensuing abstinence. Such stable changes in gene expression correlate with ultrastructural changes in brain as well as alterations in behavior. As persistent molecular changes, these genes may provide targets for the development of therapeutics. Developing a list of well-characterized candidate genes and examining the effect of manipulating these genes will contribute to the ultimate goal of developing effective treatments to prevent relapse to drug use.

scholarly journals Understanding Substance Abuse and its Correlation with Social Changes in Sikkim: A Sociological Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Peter Rai
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

<p>In contemporary society, the full-fledged impact of modernisation and globalisation which has given the free movement of people, goods and money across the countries of the world can be witnessed. This has also opened the economic opportunities among the individuals and communities in the society, which has become a new way of life. Society has changed over the years and activities of the people have also undergone social change. Even the trend of taking drugs has changed with change in society. Traditionally used drugs have been replaced by modern synthetic drugs. The proliferation of pharmaceutical industries, which manufactures narcotic drugs, has, directly and indirectly, encouraged the use and abuse of drugs due to easy access in the market. The epidemic of illicit drug users in the global society has increased significantly and simultaneously related crimes in society. </p><p>Drug abuse is global phenomena. A drug is a biological substance, synthetic or natural, which is taken primarily for non-dietary needs, and it is a substance, which affects the functioning of the mind and body or both. Globally, according to UNODC estimate, in 2009, between 149 and 272 million people, or 3.3% to 6.1% of the population aged 15-64, had used illicit substance once in the previous year. Cannabis and ATS (Amphetamine-type stimulants) are two important drugs which are commonly used worldwide. Within Asia, ATS ranks as the main drug of abuse in Thailand, Japan, Republic of Korea and the Philippines, and also China, Myanmar and Indonesia are in the second rank (UNODC, 2004). Heroin, cocaine and other drugs kill around 0.2 million people each year and also causes health problems with incurable diseases. The European Monitoring Centre for Drug and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) defines the problem of drug use as, “injecting drug use or long duration regular use of opium, cocaine and amphetamines”. World Health Organisation (WHO), defines drug addiction as a ‘disease,’ and the American Psychiatric Association, define drug abuse as the ‘illicit consumption of any naturally occurring of pharmaceutical substance for the purpose of changing the way, in which a person feels, thinks or behaves, without understanding or taking into consideration the damaging physical and mental side-effects that are caused.'</p>

scholarly journals Drug Addiction in Sikkim: A Sociological Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Injecting Drug Use ◽  
World Health ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
North East India ◽  
North East ◽  
The People ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

<p><em>In contemporary society, the full-fledged impact of modernization and globalization, which has led to free movement of people, goods and money across the countries of the world, can be witnessed. This has also opened the economic opportunities among the individuals and the communities in the society, which has become the new of life. Society has changed over the years and activities of the people have undergone changes. Even the substances used for inebriation have changed corresponding with the dynamics of society. Traditionally used drugs, marijuana and cannabis, have been replaced by modern synthetic drugs. The proliferation of pharmaceutical industries, which manufactures narcotic drugs, has directly and indirectly encouraged the use and the abuse of the drugs due to the easy access in the market. The epidemic of illicit drug users in the global society has increased significantly and simultaneously drug use associated crimes as well in the society.</em></p><p><em>A drug is a biological substance, synthetic or natural, that is taken primarily for non-dietary needs, and it is a substance, which affects the functioning of mind and body or both. Globally according to UNODC estimate, in 2009 between, 149 and 272 people or 3.3% to 6.1% of the population aged 15-64 has used illicit substance once in previous year. Cannabis and Amphetamine Type Stimulants [ATS] are two important drugs which are commonly used world-wide.(World Drug Report,2010;pg.123) Within Asia, ATS ranks as the main drug abuse in Thailand, Japan, Republic of Korea, Philippines and also China, Myanmar and Indonesia are in the second rank according to United Nations of Development Countries   [UNODC] in 2004.  Heroin, Cocaine and other drugs kill around 0.2 million people each year and causes health problems with incurable diseases. (Changing Drug abuse patterns and law enforcement strategies;pg.-134)  The European-Monitoring Center for Drug and Drug Addiction [EMCDDA] defines the problem of Drug use as injecting drug use as ‘injecting drug use or long duration regular use of opium, cocaine and amphetamines.’ World Health Organization [WHO] defines Drug Addiction as a ‘disease’  and the American Psychiatric Association defines drug abuse as the ‘illicit consumption of any naturally occurring of pharmaceutical substance for the purpose of changing the way, in which a person feels, thinks or behaves without understanding or taking into consideration the damaging physical and mental side effects that are caused.(World Drug Report,2012;pg.125-126).</em></p><p><em>Drug Abuse is a global phenomena and it is also abused in India. India is a diverse nation and is like many other nations afflicted by drug abuse and drug addiction among the youths in the society. Drugs like opium and cannabis were traditionally used by the people, which are taken as a pain reliever by the people. ‘Ganja was consumed to worship Hindu God, Lord Shiva, during the festival of ‘Shivratri’ in India.(B. Sundas, 2011;pg.50). According to a nation-wide survey spread over 13 states by a NGO, in collaboration with the Ministry of Women and Child Development found that 32.1% children below the age of 18had tasted bhang, ganja, heroin or other forms of narcotics. (P. Mehta, 2011) In 2008, 5.3 million Indians aged 12 and older had abused cocaine in any form and 1.1 million had abused LSD at least once in the year. In 2008,453,000 Indians aged 12 and older had abused Heroin at least once in the year. In 2008,25.8 million Indians aged 12 and older had abused marijuana at least once in the year. In 2008,850,000 Indians aged 12 and older had abused methamphetamine at least once in the year.(Ibid,pg. 34-40).</em></p><p><em>Northeast has been challenged by serious problem of Drug use by the youth. Nagaland and Manipur are the two states in Manipur are the two states in North-East India, which has the highest prevalence of Intravenous Drugs (IDUs). Even cultivation of opium is done in Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh, and supplied to other parts of India. These are the easy routes of drug trafficking across the common borders of Myanmar and the three North-eastern States of India (Manipur, Mizoram and Nagaland). There is illicit cultivation of opium and cannabis, the heroin and the amphetamines, and the pharmaceuticals are used as illicit drugs and trafficked in the North-east India. (Drug used in Northeastern States, India;pg.xiv).</em></p>

scholarly journals Substance abuse, drug addiction and the role of primary health care amid the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 6175
Author(s):  
Mustafa Elsaied Esmail ◽  
Majed Diaa Mosly ◽  
Abdulaziz Abdullah Alghamdi ◽  
Alalaa Hussain Hakami ◽  
Ahmed Ali Majrashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Substance Addiction ◽  
Clinical Complications ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

The definition of substance abuse is the use of certain types of drugs such as alcohol, cannabis, hash, cocaine and others that have serious side effects and clinical complications. There is a significant difference between substance abuse and the term addiction. The significant difference between substance abuse and addiction is that drug addiction or substance addiction is classified as a chronic disease controlling the physical and mental ability of the individual to unpleasant force to use specific drugs such as cocaine or else. The literature has a positive correlation between the COVID-19 pandemic and illegal drug abuse in substance abuse or addiction. COVID-19 caused emotional emptiness for many people around the world, in addition to anxiety and depression. The particular group of people started addicting to specific drugs to induce temporary happiness due to the unpleasant events they had from the pandemic. This article aimed to review the challenges of substance abuse and drug abuse in the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of public health in addition to primary care facilities against this phenomenon. To our knowledge, this is the first review providing a complex review about this issue since the beginning of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Drug Addiction: Current Trends and Management

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyotika Singh ◽  
Pradeep Kumar Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
National Level ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
The Family ◽  
Area Of Concern ◽  
The Impact

Drug addiction has become a worldwide problem and the leading cause of death. The global problem of addiction and drug abuse is responsible for millions of deaths and millions of new cases of HIV every year. In recent years, India is seeing a rising trend in drug addiction. The most common use of drug in India is alcohol, followed by cannabis and opiates. Drug use, whether licit or illicit, causes serious health problems in individuals. The National level survey conducted on drug use in India indicated that prevalence of drug abuse among males in the general population is significant. Drug abuse among women exists. Despite the fact that more men use drugs than women, the impact of drug use tends to be greater on women, because women lack access to care for drug dependence. Economic burden, disturbed family environment, violence, and psychological problems are other consequences of drug abuse in the family. Adolescent drug abuse is another major area of concern because more than half of the person’s with substance use disorder are introduced to drugs before the age of 15 years. At present, there exists a significant gap in service delivery. The current paper highlights the causes of drug abuse, and describes the treatment and prevention of drug abuse and addiction for proper management of the problem.

Understanding addiction: Conventional rewards and lack of control

1996 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clark McCauley
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Lack Of Control

AbstractThe conflict between drug and conventional rewards leads to a paradox: Sanctions against drug use decrease access to conventional rewards and push drug users toward drug abuse, whereas increased access to the rewards of family, friends, and work may help reduce drug abuse. Lack of control is not specific to drug addiction and is unlikely to yield to a shift in bookkeeping.

Prevention of drug addiction

2018 ◽  
pp. 327-336
Author(s):  
Olive Mukamana ◽  
Patricia Conrod
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Developmentally Appropriate ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Problematic Drug ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Environmental Level

Drug addiction adversely affects individual and public health, and generates societal costs that are considerable worldwide. The current chapter reviews the risk factors for drug addiction both at the individual and environmental level, and it briefly describes the burden of disease associated with problematic drug use, particularly among young people. Prevention strategies are reviewed in three categories: universal interventions in which drug supply control policies, psychosocial and educational interventions are directed at the general population; interventions targeting high-risk populations; and brief interventions for those already experiencing problematic drug use. We also provide examples of effective interventions in each category and make recommendations for research and practice based on the available evidence. Finally, a comprehensive and developmentally appropriate approach to prevention is proposed as a promising strategy to integrate effective interventions that target the multiple factors implicated in the development of drug addiction.

scholarly journals SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF DRUG ADDICTION IN UKRAINE AND IMPACT OF IT ON HEALTH OF HUMAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 752-759
Author(s):  
S.I. Rudavka
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Drug Addicts ◽  
Technical Schools ◽  
The Individual

The main factor of the disease of the psyche and the entire human body, which leads to the degradation of the individual, to complete disability and premature death, is the use of drugs. The purpose of the work is to consider the state of drug addiction in Ukraine, impact of it on human health, to determine socio-economic losses from drug use and to outline measures to prevent and combat drug addiction. According to information sources, in Ukraine consumption of drugs are from 1 to 1.5 million people, their number annually increases by 8-10%. This trend is one of the highest in the world. About 1,000 people in the country every year die from drug addiction, and 120,000 people die from drug addiction and related illnesses. 74% of drug addicts do not work or study anywhere. Among drug addicted 2% - students of technical schools and vocational schools, 0.4% - students of higher educational institutions. 70% of drug addicts in Ukraine are young people aged over 25 years. 73% of drug users are urban residents. Drug addicted patients spent significant funds on the purchase drugs and drug addiction dispensaries of the country - on their examination and treatment. So, in order to prevent and prohibition the use drugs by citizens of Ukraine it is necessary in each administrative- territorial region of the country inform the population, especially young people, about the dangers of drug use, and for state authorities need to ensure prevented illicit circulation and distribution the drags in the country.

scholarly journals Sustained Remission from Drug Addiction among the Attendees of the Meetings of Anonymous Addicts and Rehabilitation Centers in Mashhad, Iran, During 2017

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Aramideh ◽  
Faezeh Sahbaeiroy
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Drug Withdrawal ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Sustained Remission ◽  
Rehabilitation Center ◽  
Addiction Recovery ◽  
Rehabilitation Centers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Recovery Program

Background: Addiction is one of the most complex diseases of the century that for it's treatment various methods have been proposed. In this regard, one of the non-pharmacological methods with a profound effect on drug withdrawal involves the participation of addicted individuals in a 12-step anonymous addiction recovery program. The purpose of this study was to compare the sustained remission from drug addiction among individuals taking part in an anonymous recovery program and those attending a rehabilitation center for drug withdrawal. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 300 participants (150 individuals of the anonymous recovery program and 150 patients of the rehabilitation center) in Mashhad, Iran, using a random sampling technique. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of two parts, namely demographic information and information related to sustained remission from drug addiction in the attendees of the two groups. Results: The obtained results indicated that there was a significant difference between the two groups in term of withdrawal from drug abuse  (χ2 = 0.08; P < 0.001). Addiction resumption occurred in 40.7, 48.4, and 10.9% of cases in the first, second, and third months, respectively. Regarding addiction relapses, 42% and 70% of patients in the rehabilitation and anonymous groups failed to accomplish the recovery, respectively. Regarding sustained remission from drug addiction among the investigated subjects, 40% of the cases in the anonymous addict group and 51.6% of individuals in the rehabilitation canter could persistently withdraw from drug abuse for more than  6 and 3 months, respectively.  Accordingly, there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of sustained remission from drug addiction (χ2 = 0.08; P < 0.001). Conclusion: On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concluded that attendance to anonymous addict meetings can be a useful strategy to continue the addiction withdrawal after the detoxification period.

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