scholarly journals Subtherapeutic use of antibiotics in pork production: Risks and alternatives

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Adjiri-Awere ◽  
Theodore A. Van Lunen
Keyword(s):  
Systems Approach ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Pork Production ◽  
Pork Industry ◽  
Key Words Pig

The purpose of this review is to discuss the issue of subtherapeutic use of antibiotics in pork production and possible alternatives. Specifically, the review describes the potential problem of antibiotic resistance and reviews disease prevention and immune potentiation strategies as alternatives to subtherapeutic antibiotics. In recent years, the use of in-feed subtherapeutic antibiotics by the pork industry for growth promotion and disease prophylaxis has come under increased scrutiny. The potential risk of bacteria acquiring resistance to specific antibiotics and the detrimental effects that this may have on human health has resulted in the banning of certain antibiotics in some European countries. Despite the current interest in the reduction or elimination of subtherapeutic antibiotic use in livestock production, there may be a risk that such a reduction or elimination would have negative effects on animal welfare, nutrient utilization, manure production and economic sustainability. A number of alternatives to subtherapeutic antibiotics appear promising; however, more research is required before they can be considered viable commercial products. Consequently, a systems approach involving nutrition, bacteriology, immunology, pathology and herd management is needed to find a cost-effective and practical way to maximize the efficient production of high-quality pork without the use of subtherapeutic antibiotics. Key words: Pig, pork production, subtherapeutic antibiotics, alternatives

Application of pig growth models in commercial pork production

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. F. M. de Lange ◽  
B. J. Marty ◽  
S. Birkett ◽  
P. Morel ◽  
B. Szkotnicki
Keyword(s):  
Growth Models ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Pork Production ◽  
Key Words Pig ◽  
Finishing Pig ◽  
Alternative Feeding

Pig growth models can be useful tools for identifying optimum management strategies for individual grower-finisher pig units, by integrating knowledge of nutrient utilization for growth and animal-environment interactions into one system. In addition, these models can be used to demonstrate basic principles of nutrient utilization for growth in the pig, to examine “what-if” scenarios, to aid in the development of pig breeding programs and to develop effective research programs. Models used in commercial pork production should represent the biology of growth in the pig and should be flexible, so that they can be focused easily on the needs and special conditions pertaining to particular growing–finishing pig units. For proper application of pig growth models in practice, pig units should be characterized reasonably accurately. This applies in particular to the upper limit to body protein deposition that pigs can achieve under practical conditions, feed intake at various stages of growth and the alternative feeding strategies that can be considered. Some illustrative examples of the commercial application of a pig growth model under Canadian conditions are provided. Key words: Pig, growth, models, application

scholarly journals Impact of the Farm Income Stabilization Insurance Program on Production Decisions in the Quebec Pork Industry: An Empirical and Theoretical Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Baoubadi Atozou ◽  
Kotchikpa Gabriel Lawin
Keyword(s):  
Farm Income ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Production Decisions ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Pork Production ◽  
Pork Industry ◽  
Insurance Program ◽  
Pork Sector

<p class="sar-body"><span lang="EN-CA">The Farm Income Stabilization Insurance Program (ASRA) is an agricultural program implemented in several agricultural sectors in Quebec, including the pork sector. This article aims to empirically assess the effects of this program on production decisions in the pork industry in Quebec using a Vector Error Correction Model (VEC). As variables we used the pig supply, the price of pork, and stabilized income. The dataset contains information about the pork sector which cover the period 1981-2014. The annual average growth rate of the quantity offered in this period is 5.24%. The results suggest that the supply of pork is strongly correlated with lagged values of stabilized income. The results also show that there is only one long-term relationship between the three variables above-mentioned. By contrast, in the short term, an increase of one percentage point of the stabilized income leads to an increase of 0.80 percentage point of pork supply in the next period while an increase of one percentage point of pork price will result to a decrease of 0.47 percentage point of the production. Pork production decisions are dominated in short-term by the presence of ASRA program. This shows evidence that without the ASRA program, pork production would be less. These results confirm some of the criticisms of this program. Thus, through this article we suggest a compensation indicator which internalizes market signals in order to improve pork industry efficiency. Simulations of the compensation indicator were also performed. The adoption of this indicator as a measure of compensation for the ASRA program will generate an efficient production system, reduce the deficit of the program, and improve the competitiveness of pork industry. This indicator can be applied to other agricultural sectors covered by the ASRA program.</span></p>

scholarly journals Productivity and Economic Effects of Antibiotics Used for Growth Promotion in U.S. Pork Production

2003 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gay Y. Miller ◽  
Kenneth A. Algozin ◽  
Paul E. McNamara ◽  
Eric J. Bush
Keyword(s):  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Pork Production ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Health Experts

Public health experts are concerned about the diminishing efficacy of antibiotics. Some have called for a ban on growth-promoting antibiotics in animal agriculture. This study identifies the contribution of growth-promoting antibiotics in the grower/finisher phase of U.S. pork production. With National Animal Health Monitoring System swine data, relationships are estimated between growth-promoting antibiotic use and productivity. Results indicate improvements in average daily gain (0.5%), feed conversion ratio (1.1%), and mortality rate (reduced 0.22 percentage points); these productivity improvements translate into a profitability gain of $0.59 per pig marketed, or an improvement of 9% in net profits associated with growth promotion antibiotics.

Review of the impact Covid-19 has on the Psychosocial factors affecting Well-Being

2021 ◽  
pp. 3404-3408
Author(s):  
Sheila Menon FBSCH ◽  
Vidya Bhagat
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Factors ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the psychosocial factors that effect people globally. Particularly affected are children, students and health workers and the common symptoms identified are stress, anxiety disorders, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. In addition, the various security measures implemented to ensure public safety have adversely affected relationships between people. This study directs public awareness to the value of psychotherapeutic support. Tele-therapy can be offered easily to people both at home or in the workplace, providing both cost effective and time sensitive solutions during times of crisis. The current review article provides an overview of the importance of maintaining psychological well-being during a pandemic and the identifies the role that empathetic communication has on wellbeing. The literature review was completed using electronic databases such as PubMed, Medline, and Scopus databases using the keywords covid-19, affected groups, affected relationships, psychology and its technological interventions, negative effects of pandemic so on.

Intelligent Rotary Steerable System, Coupled with an Instrumented Bit, Delivers Section Plan in Deepwater GOM Project

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Snyder ◽  
Graeme Salmon
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Polycrystalline Diamond ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Directional Drilling ◽  
Steering Control ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Drilling Performance ◽  
Downhole Tool

Abstract The challenging offshore drilling environment has increased the need for cost-effective operations to deliver accurate well placement, high borehole quality, and shoe-to-shoe drilling performance. As well construction complexity continues to develop, the need for an improved systems approach to delivering integrated performance is critical. Complex bottom hole assemblies (BHA) used in deepwater operations will include additional sensors and capabilities than in the past. These BHAs consist of multiple cutting structures (bit/reamer), gamma, resistivity, density, porosity, sonic, formation pressure testing/sampling capabilities, as well as drilling dynamics systems and onboard diagnostic sensors. Rock cutting structure design primarily relied on data capture at the surface. An instrumented sensor package within the drill bit provides dynamic measurements allowing for better understanding of BHA performance, creating a more efficient system for all drilling conditions. The addition of intelligent systems that monitor and control these complex BHAs, makes it possible to implement autonomous steering of directional drilling assemblies in the offshore environment. In the Deepwater Gulf of Mexico (GOM), this case study documents the introduction of a new automated drilling service and Intelligent Rotary Steerable System (iRSS) with an instrumented bit. Utilizing these complex BHAs, the system can provide real-time (RT) steering decisions automatically given the downhole tool configuration, planned well path, and RT sensor information received. The 6-3/4-inch nominal diameter system, coupled with the instrumented bit, successfully completed the first 5,400-foot (1,650m) section while enlarging the 8-1/2-inch (216mm) borehole to 9-7/8 inches (250mm). The system delivered a high-quality wellbore with low tortuosity and minimal vibration, while keeping to the planned well path. The system achieved all performance objectives and captured dynamic drilling responses for use in an additional applications. This fast sampling iRSS maintains continuous and faster steering control at high rates of penetration (ROP) providing accurate well path directional control. The system-matched polycrystalline diamond (PDC) bit is engineered to deliver greater side cutting efficiency with enhanced cutting structure improving the iRSS performance. Included within the bit is an instrumentation package that tracks drilling dynamics at the bit. The bit dynamics data is then used to improve bit designs and optimize drilling parameters.

Anaerobic digestion for sustainable development: a natural approach

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.J. Gijzen
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Anaerobic Reactors ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Pre Treatment

After the discovery of methane gas by Alessandro Volta in 1776, it took about 100 years before anaerobic processes for the treatment of wastewater and sludges were introduced. The development of high rate anaerobic digesters for the treatment of sewage and industrial wastewater took until the nineteen-seventies and for solid waste even till the nineteen-eighties. All digesters have in common that they apply natural anaerobic consortia of microorganisms for degradation and transformation processes. In view of this, it could be rewarding to evaluate the efficiency of natural ecosystems for their possible application. Examples of high rate anaerobic natural systems include the forestomach of ruminants and the hindgut of certain insects, such as termites and cockroaches. These “natural reactors” exhibit volumetric methane production rates as high as 35 l/l.d. The development of anaerobic reactors based on such natural anaerobic systems could produce eco-technologies for the effective management of a wide variety of solid wastes and industrial wastewater. Important limitations of anaerobic treatment of domestic sewage relate to the absence of nutrient and pathogen removal. A combination of anaerobic pre-treatment followed by photosynthetic post-treatment is proposed for the effective recovery of energy and nutrients from sewage. This eco-technology approach is based on the recognition that the main nutrient assimilating capacity is housed in photosynthetic plants. The proposed anaerobic-photosynthetic process is energy efficient, cost effective and applicable under a wide variety of rural and urban conditions. In conclusion: a natural systems approach towards waste management could generate affordable eco-technologies for effective treatment and resource recovery.

scholarly journals Draft Genome Sequence of Plant Growth-Promoting Drought-Tolerant Bacillus sp. Strain CMAA 1363 Isolated from the Brazilian Caatinga Biome

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Nessner Kavamura ◽  
Suikinai Nobre Santos ◽  
Rodrigo Gouvêa Taketani ◽  
Rafael Leandro Figueiredo Vasconcellos ◽  
Itamar Soares Melo
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Genomic Features ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Caatinga Biome ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Traits

ABSTRACT The strain of Bacillus sp. CMAA 1363 was isolated from the Brazilian Caatinga biome and showed plant growth-promoting traits and ability to promote maize growth under drought stress. Sequencing revealed genes involved in stress response and plant growth promotion. These genomic features might aid in the protection of plants against the negative effects imposed by drought.

scholarly journals Efficient Production of Acetic Acid from Nipa (Nypa fruticans) Sap by Moorella thermoacetica (f. Clostridium thermoaceticum)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dung Van Nguyen ◽  
Pinthep Sethapokin ◽  
Harifara Rabemanolontsoa ◽  
Eiji Minami ◽  
Haruo Kawamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Acid Fermentation ◽  
Acid Yield ◽  
Moorella Thermoacetica ◽  
Nypa Fruticans ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

To valorize the underutilized nipa sap composed mainly of sucrose, glucose and fructose, acetic acid fermentation by Moorella thermoacetica was explored. Given that M. thermoacetica cannot directly metabolize sucrose, we evaluated various catalysts for the hydrolysis of this material. Oxalic acid and invertase exhibited high levels of activity towards the hydrolysis of the sucrose in nipa sap to glucose and fructose. Although these two methods consumed similar levels of energy for the hydrolysis of sucrose, oxalic acid was found to be more cost-effective. Nipa saps hydrolyzed by these two catalysts were also fermented by M. thermoacetica. The results revealed that the two hydrolyzed sap mixtures gave 10.0 g/L of acetic acid from the 10.2 g/L of substrate sugars in nipa sap. Notably, the results showed that the oxalic acid catalyst was also fermented to acetic acid, which avoided the need to remove the catalyst from the product stream. Taken together, these results show that oxalic acid hydrolysis is superior to enzymatic hydrolysis for the pretreatment of nipa sap. The acetic acid yield achieved in this study corresponds to a conversion efficiency of 98%, which is about 3.6 times higher than that achieved using the traditional methods. The process developed in this study therefore has high potential as a green biorefinery process for the efficient conversion of sucrose-containing nipa sap to bio-derived acetic acid.

scholarly journals Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals: A Sustainable Green Solution for Clean Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 10348
Author(s):  
S. M. Omar Faruque Babu ◽  
M. Belal Hossain ◽  
M. Safiur Rahman ◽  
Moshiur Rahman ◽  
A. S. Shafiuddin Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Body ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Clean Environment ◽  
Green Solution

Contamination of aquatic ecosystems by various sources has become a major worry all over the world. Pollutants can enter the human body through the food chain from aquatic and soil habitats. These pollutants can cause various chronic diseases in humans and mortality if they collect in the body over an extended period. Although the phytoremediation technique cannot completely remove harmful materials, it is an environmentally benign, cost-effective, and natural process that has no negative effects on the environment. The main types of phytoremediation, their mechanisms, and strategies to raise the remediation rate and the use of genetically altered plants, phytoremediation plant prospects, economics, and usable plants are reviewed in this review. Several factors influence the phytoremediation process, including types of contaminants, pollutant characteristics, and plant species selection, climate considerations, flooding and aging, the effect of salt, soil parameters, and redox potential. Phytoremediation’s environmental and economic efficiency, use, and relevance are depicted in our work. Multiple recent breakthroughs in phytoremediation technologies are also mentioned in this review.

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