Effects of essential oils on proteolytic, deaminative and methanogenic activities of mixed ruminal bacteria

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Chaves ◽  
M. L. He ◽  
W. Z. Yang ◽  
A. N. Hristov ◽  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Methane Concentration ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Ruminal Bacteria ◽  
Methanogenic Activity ◽  
Garlic Oil ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Cinnamon Leaf Oil

The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effects of three essential oils (EO) [cinnamon leaf (250 mg L-1), garlic oil (100 and 250 mg L-1), and juniper berry oil (20 mg L-1)] and two EO compounds (EOC) [anethol (20 mg L-1) and p-cymene (20 mg L-1)] on proteolytic, deaminative and methanogenic activities of mixed ruminal bacteria. Concentrations of total VFA were similar (P > 0.05) among treatments. With the exception of cinnamon and garlic oils, which reduced (P < 0.05) the proportion of propionate, the other EO and EOC had no effect on the proportions of individual VFA, compared with the control. Proteolytic activity of ruminal bacteria was unaffected (P > 0.05) by treatments; however, bacterial deaminative activity and NH3 concentration were increased (P < 0.05) by the addition of EO (except for cinnamon leaf oil and garlic oil at 250 mg L-1) and EOC. Except for anethol, methanogenic activity of ruminal bacteria was reduced (P < 0.05) by EO and EOC, which was reflected by a marked decrease in methane concentration. This study shows that at the concentrations evaluated, anethol, garlic oil (100 mg L-1), juniper berry oil, and p-cymene may not be beneficial to improve efficiency of N utilization in ruminants because they enhance deaminative activity, while cinnamon and garlic oil (250 mg L-1) could be good alternatives to antibiotics because they reduce methanogenic activity of ruminal bacteria. Key words: Essential oil, proteolysis, deamination, methanogenesis, in vitro

scholarly journals 409 Effects of essential oils on in vitro ruminal fermentation using a high-concentrate substrate

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 165-165
Author(s):  
Nadira J Espinoza-Rock ◽  
Andrea O Doblado ◽  
Sebastian E Mejia-Turcios ◽  
Evandro Dias ◽  
Michael Sandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Cinnamic Aldehyde ◽  
Garlic Oil

Abstract A randomized complete block design was used to determine the effects of 4 concentrations of 4 essential oils (EO) on in vitro ruminal fermentation variables. In vitro fermentation consisted of 0.7 g of high concentrate substrate (86.7% DM) and 50 mL of 2:1 buffer:ruminal fluid inoculum incubated for 24 h for each batch (n = 3; separate days) Treatments were arranged as a 4 × 5 factorial. Factors included 4 EO (eugenol, cinnamic aldehyde, anethole, and garlic oil) at 5 concentrations (0, 10, 75, 200, and 400 mg/L of inoculum). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effects of EO, concentration, and their interaction, and random effect of day (block). Batch was considered the experimental unit. There was an interaction (P &lt; 0.001) for total gas production, where a cubic effect (P ≤ 0.041) was observed for eugenol, cinnamic aldehyde, and anethole, and a quadratic effect (P = 0.001) was observed for garlic oil. No interactions (P &gt; 0.05) were observed for in vitro OM digestibility (IVOMD) or CH4 production. There was an effect of EO (P &lt; 0.001) on IVOMD, where eugenol reduced (P ≤ 0.007) digestibility compared with anethole and garlic oil, which promoted the greatest (P ≤ 0.029) IVOMD. Methane production (mmol/g OM fermented) was affected by EO (P &lt; 0.001), where it was decreased (P ≤ 0.001) by garlic oil compared with all other EO. There was an interaction (P &lt; 0.001) for H2S production (µmol/g OM fermented), where it was linearly decreased (P = 0.003) and linearly increased (P &lt; 0.001) as concentrations of eugenol and garlic oil increased, respectively. These EO had contradictory impacts on in vitro ruminal fermentation, thus combining them could potentially improve multiple aspects of in vitro and in vivo fermentation.

scholarly journals Chemical Compositions and In Vitro Antiphytopathogenic Fungi Activities of the Leaf and Cones Essential Oils of Cunninghamia lanceolata From Taiwan

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1934578X2093697
Author(s):  
Kuang-Ping Hsu ◽  
Yu-Chang Su ◽  
Chen-Lung Ho
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cunninghamia Lanceolata ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Active Source ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Type Apparatus

In this study, antiphytopathogenic fungi activities of the leaf and cones essential oils and its constituents from Cunninghamia lanceolata were evaluated in vitro against 6 plant pathogenic fungi. The main compounds responsible for the antiphytopathogenic fungi activities were isolated and identified. The essential oil from the fresh leaves and cones of C. lanceolata was isolated using hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by GC-FID and GC-MS, respectively. The leaf oil consisted primarily of ferruginol (10%), τ-cadinol (8.2%), and α-cadinol (6.6%); the cones oil’s main constituents were abietadiene (42.5%), abietatriene (13.1%), and α-pinene (9.6%). Comparing the antiphytopathogenic fungi activities of the oils suggested that leaf oil was the most effective one. Further fractionation of the leaf oil produced ferruginol, τ-cadinol, and α-cadinol. The 3 compounds exhibited very strong antiphytopathogenic fungi activities. For the antiphytopathogenic fungi activities of the leaf oil, the active source compounds were determined to be ferruginol, τ-cadinol, and α-cadinol.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Anti-mildew Activities of Essential Oils from Different Parts of Michelia compressa var. formosana

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1501000
Author(s):  
Yu-Chang Su ◽  
Kuang-Ping Hsu ◽  
Eugene I-Chen Wang ◽  
Chen-Lung Ho
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Main Constituent ◽  
Germacrene D ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Essential Oil Yield ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Type Apparatus

In this study, anti-mildew activities of the essential oils of the leaves, wood, twigs, flowers, and their constituents from Michelia compressa var. formosana were evaluated in vitro against 7 mildew fungi. The main compounds responsible for the anti-mildew activities were isolated and identified. The essential oils from the fresh leaves, wood, twigs, and flowers of M. compressa var. formosana were isolated using hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by GC-FID and GC-MS. The essential oil yield from the flowers was the highest, and the oils obtained from the 4 parts of the tree were composed mainly of sesquiterpenoids. The leaf oil consisted primarily of α-cadinol (18.9%) and germacrene D (18.5%); the twig oil's main constituent was α-cadinol (19.1%); the wood oil's major components were α-cadinol (25.7%) and β-eudesmol (20.2%); and the flower oil contained α-cadinol (11.4%). Comparing the anti-mildew activities of the oils suggested that wood oil was the most effective. Further fractionation of the wood oil produced α-cadinol, β-eudesmol, τ-cadinol, and elemol. The 4 compounds exhibit very strong anti-mildew activities, and these in descending order are α-cadinol, elemol, β-eudesmol, and τ-cadinol. For the anti-mildew activities of the wood oil, the active source compounds were determined to be α-cadinol, elemol, β-eudesmol, and τ-cadinol.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF SOURSOP (ANNONA MURICATA L.) ESSENTIAL OILS ON VIABILITY CELLS: AN IN-VITRO STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Friska Ani Rahman ◽  
Qotru Al Naday ◽  
Trianna Wahyu Utami
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Mtt Assay ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Fibroblast Cell ◽  
Purple Colour ◽  
Data Compilation ◽  
Leaf Oil

Background: Development of new preventive agents for dental caries is needed. One of the candidates for preventive agents from natural products is Soursop leaf. The present study aimed to determine the effect of Soursop leaf oil on the cultured epithelial and fibroblast cells.Methods: In this experimental study, Soursop leaf essential oils were provided, and their e?ect was discovered on epithelial and fibroblast cells line using MTT assay. The MTT assay was conducted to measure the activity of enzymes that reduce MTT and switch it to formazan dye creating a purple colour. Using a microplate reader, the optical density was measured at 550 nm and the absorbance value directly represented relative cell numbers.Results: Data compilation and analysis were done using one-way analysis of variance. Soursop leaf essential oils exhibited variable noxious e?ects on cultured cells. The present study shows that epithelial cell death was less than 30% at the concentration 2.5 �l/ml while the percentage of fibroblast cell death was less than 30% at smaller concentrations of 1.25 �l/ml. Through an increase in the concentration of Soursop leaf essential oils, the toxicity of these materials substantially increased (p<0.05)Conclusion: Soursop leaf essential oils at certain concentrations may cause epithelial and fibroblast cell death.

scholarly journals Use of essential oils in combination with fibrolytic enzymes to decrease in vitro ruminal methane production

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
T.C. Nel ◽  
A. Hassen ◽  
A.M. Akanmu ◽  
F.A. Adejoro
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Diallyl Disulfide ◽  
Cinnamon Oil ◽  
Garlic Oil ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility

Exogenous enzymes and essential oils (EOs) have both improved fibre digestion in ruminants, but the effect on ruminal fermentation and methane emission of combining these additives requires further evaluation. Various EOs were used in combination with an enzyme in an in vitro gas production system to measure organic matter digestibility and methane after 48 hours of incubation of Eragrostis curvula. The treatments consisted of T1) unaugmented control; T2) enzyme (cellulose-xylanase mixture, 1:1 w/w, 1.5 mL/g DM); T3) enzyme combined with Next Enhance® (cinnamaldehyde with diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide, 43:3.85 w/wt); T4) enzyme and cinnamon oil; T5) enzyme and garlic oil; and T6) enzyme with cinnamon and garlic oil, 1:1 w/w). At 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours of incubation, gas production was measured, and gas samples were analysed for methane concentration. The inclusion of additives affected cumulative gas production (P <0.05), but only slightly affected methane production (P =0.05) after 48 hours of incubation. The addition of enzymes increased both gas and methane production. T5 and T6 both reduced gas production compared with T2. Combining EOs with an enzyme reduced methane production compared with T2 after 48 hours of incubation. The additives tended to increase in vitro organic matter digestibility (P =0.09), although they showed a tendency towards reduced methane production per unit of organic matter digested (P =0.07). Further studies on these enzyme and EO combinations under different doses and substrates are required to validate their efficacy for ruminant production. Keywords: cinnamon oil, cinnamaldehyde, garlic oil, gas production, glucanase, in vitro digestibility, xylanase

Including essential oils in lactating dairy cow diets: effects on methane emissions

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1215 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Meale ◽  
A. V. Chaves ◽  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
A. D. Iwaasa ◽  
W. Z. Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Sulfur Hexafluoride ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Garlic Oil

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of dietary supplementation of garlic and juniper berry essential oils on methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from lactating dairy cows. Four ruminally cannulated, lactating Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square (21-day period; 11 days of adaptation). Cows were fed a total mixed ration (60 : 40 forage : concentrate ratio) without supplementation (no additive; negative control) or supplemented with monensin (330 mg/day; positive control), garlic oil (5 g/day) or juniper berry oil (2 g/day). Methane and CO2 emissions were measured using the sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique. Dietary supplementation of lactating cows with juniper berry oil or garlic oil did not affect (P > 0.05) CH4 or CO2 production, whether expressed as g/day, g/kg DMI, g/kg milk or as g/kg DMI/BW0.75. At the doses administered in this study, the anti-methanogenic effect of garlic and juniper berry oils previously observed in vitro were not confirmed in vivo.

scholarly journals Chemical Compositions and Biological Activities of Leaf Essential Oils of Twelve Species of Piper from Monteverde, Costa Rica

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 1934578X0800300 ◽  
Author(s):  
William N. Setzer ◽  
Grace Park ◽  
Brittany R. Agius ◽  
Sean L. Stokes ◽  
Tameka M. Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Human Breast Tumor ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Mcf 7

The leaf essential oils of twelve species of Piper (Piperaceae) from Monteverde, Costa Rica ( Piper aequale, Piper amalago, Piper biasperatum, Piper bredemeyeri, Piper dotanum, Piper fimbriulatum, Piper glabrescens, Piper imperiale, Piper lanceifolium, Piper nemorense, Piper oblanceolatum, and Piper sp. A near aereum) have been obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The Piper leaf oils have been screened for antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli; for Artemia salina (brine shrimp) lethality; for in-vitro cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 (human breast tumor) cells; and inhibition of the cysteine protease cruzain. A cluster analysis comparison with previously published Piper leaf oil compositions was carried out in order to discern the differences and similarities between the volatile chemical compositions of Piper species.

scholarly journals Composition, in Vitro Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils from Leaf and Twig Parts of Cupressus Cashmeriana

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1501000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Chang Su ◽  
Kuan-Ping Hsu ◽  
Kuo-Feng Hua ◽  
Chen-Lung Ho
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Nitric Oxide Production ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Antioxidant And Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Type Apparatus

The chemical composition and in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils isolated from the leaf and twig of Cupressus cashmeriana have been investigated. The essential oils were isolated using hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by GC–FID and GC–MS, respectively. The leaf oil mainly consisted of α-pinene (21.8%), epizonarene (8.0%), sabinene (7.9%), limonene (7.6%), γ-terpinene (7.0%), and allo-aromadendrene (7.0%); the twig oil was mostly carvacrol methyl ether (35.4%), manool (16.1%), carvacrol (14.2%), and (2 Z,6 E)-farnesol (6.9%). Twig oil, but not leaf oil, was able to reduce nitric oxide production by lipopolysaccharide-activated murine macrophages RAW 264.7 without reducing the cell viability. In addition, twig oil showed better antioxidant and antimicrobial activities than leaf oil. The major ingredient of the twig oil that was responsible for the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities was carvacrol.

scholarly journals Characterization of Ecklonia cava Alginate Films Containing Cinnamon Essential Oils

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 3545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su-Kyoung Baek ◽  
Sujin Kim ◽  
Kyung Song
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Ecklonia Cava ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Biodegradable Films ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Cinnamon Leaf Oil

In this study, Ecklonia cava alginate (ECA) was used as a base material for biodegradable films. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) was used as a cross-linking agent, and various concentrations (0%, 0.4%, 0.7%, and 1.0%) of cinnamon leaf oil (CLO) or cinnamon bark oil (CBO) were incorporated to prepare active films. The ECA film containing 3% CaCl2 had a tensile strength (TS) of 17.82 MPa and an elongation at break (E) of 10.36%, which were higher than those of the film without CaCl2. As the content of essential oils (EOs) increased, TS decreased and E increased. Addition of CLO or CBO also provided antioxidant and antimicrobial activities to the ECA films. The antioxidant activity of the ECA film with CBO was higher than that of the film containing CLO. In particular, the scavenging activities of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radicals in the ECA film containing 1% CBO were 50.45% and 99.37%, respectively. In contrast, the antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes were superior in the ECA films with CLO. These results suggest that ECA films containing CLO or CBO can be applied as new active packaging materials.

scholarly journals Effect of Supplying Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Essential Oils to Feedlot Lambs on in vitro Ruminal Fermentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Rodrigues Cavalheiro Junior ◽  
Camila Cano Serafim ◽  
Erica Regina Rodrigues ◽  
Geisi Loures Guerra ◽  
João Pedro Monteiro do Carmo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Garlic Oil ◽  
Carbohydrate Degradation ◽  
Colonization Time ◽  
Rosemary Essential Oil

The aim of this trial was to evaluate the ruminal degradation kinetics of carbohydrates in diets with different roughage:concentrate ratios and dosages of garlic and rosemary essential oils, in order to find the most suitable dosage to supply feedlot lambs. Three roughage:concentrate ratios (50:50, 40:60, and 20:80) and six dosages of garlic and rosemary essential oils (0.0, 0.10, 0.25, 1.0, 1.50, and 2.0 g L−1) were tested. Kinetic parameters for carbohydrate breakdown were estimated using a semi-automated in vitro gas production technique. Ruminal degradation parameters were subjected to variance analysis and then regression analysis at a 5% significance level. There was no interaction between the roughage:concentrate ratios and the dosage of rosemary essential oil. The roughage:concentrate ratios in diets with rosemary oil affected the non-fiber carbohydrate degradation rate (Kdnfc), colonization time (L), gas volume and breakdown rate from the degradation of fiber carbohydrates (Vfc and Kdfc, respectively), and final gas volume of both fiber and non-fiber carbohydrates (Vfinal). Rosemary dosages affected Vnfc and Vfc, which presented a quadratic response with a peak at 0.71 g L−1 and a nip at 1.17 g L−1, respectively. Bacterial colonization time was quadratic, reaching a maximum value at 1.18 g L−1. Vfinal showed a decreasing linear trend, such that each gram of rosemary essential oil added to the diet could reduce gas production by 30.312 mL. Therefore, rosemary essential oil has an effect on carbohydrate degradation kinetics. There was no interaction between roughage:concentrate ratios and different garlic oil dosages, except for colonization time. Roughage:concentrate ratios with garlic oil had affected the Vnfc, Kdnfc, and L. Garlic oil dosages affected Vfc and Vfinal in a quadratic manner, with the lowest values of gas production at 1.35 and 1.54 g L−1, respectively. L was affected by the garlic oil dosage and roughage:concentrate ratios in a decreasing linear trend for a 50:50 ratio and quadratic response for a 40:60 ratio, peaking at 0.14 g L−1. Based on these in vitro results, a ruminal content of 1.0 g L−1 is recommended for both rosemary and garlic essential oils.

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