ELECTRONIC COMPUTATION OF GROWING AND FINISHING RATIONS FOR PIGS TO MEET U.S. N.R.C. (1959) NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS WITH AND WITHOUT A MARGIN OF SAFETY

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Bowland
Keyword(s):  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Castrate Male ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Gain Energy ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Margin Of Safety ◽  
Breeding Groups

Sixty-four castrate male pigs from four breeding groups were individually fed from 50 pounds to market weight of 195 pounds. From 50 to 110 pounds, comparison was made between linear programmed, least cost rations meeting minimum nutrient requirements and those with a 15 per cent margin of safety for protein, lysine, methionine, calcium, phosphorus, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, vitamins B12, A and D. From 110 to 195 pounds, each group was subdivided to compare rations meeting minimum nutrient requirements with those containing 16 per cent protein and corresponding increases in lysine and methionine.Feed intake was not influenced by ration or breeding. Rate of gain, nitrogen digestibility, and efficiency of feed and digestible energy utilization were improved by the margin of safety in nutrients during the growing period and by the higher protein level in the finishing period. Pigs previously receiving the ration with a margin of safety gained more slowly on the 16 per cent protein finisher than those previously receiving the minimum standard ration. Carcass measurements were not significantly changed by ration although area of longissimus dorsi muscle and total R.O.P. score tended to be increased for pigs finished on the 16 per cent protein ration. Breeding groups varied in rate of gain, energy digestibility, efficiency of feed utilization and carcass measurements. For rate of gain during the growing period there was an interaction between ration and breeding group.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF SOURCE AND LEVEL OF ENERGY AND LEVEL OF PROTEIN INTAKE ON SOW PERFORMANCE DURING GROWTH, GESTATION, AND LACTATION: I. GAIN, ENERGY REQUIREMENTS, AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Bowland
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Gain Energy ◽  
Nutritional Effects ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

From an average initial weight of 44 lb to the end of the second lactation, 60 sows (littermates from 12 litters) were fed two levels and two sources of energy and two levels of protein in 5 ration groups. To 215 lb liveweight a restriction of energy, with or without protein restriction, resulted in slower gains, improved efficiency of energy (total digestible nutrients or apparent digestible energy) utilization and lower backfat thickness. Sows fed rations formulated to meet U.S. N.R.C. nutrient requirements, and allowed no access to pasture, performed similarly during two gestation and lactation cycles when they were fed ad libitum during growth and 6 lb per day during gestation or when they were restricted in feed intake by 20% during growth and 8% during gestation. During lactation all sows were fed at an energy level based on the number of suckling pigs. The addition of 20% extra protein to the ration of sows fed at a restricted level, full-feeding sows during gestation that had been restricted during growth, or the addition of 15% stabilized tallow to supply 20% of the energy in the rations during growth and reproduction had no significant effect on conception rates, number, or weight of pigs born alive or weaned. Sows fed the ration containing tallow at an intake to equalize energy consumption with sows full-fed the control ration were heavier at the end of the experiment than the other sows.Within lots, there were significant positive correlations between weight gain during the first gestation and loss during the first lactation, gain during the first and second gestation, gain during gestation and litter birth weight as well as litter weaning weight, litter birth weight and litter weaning weight, and number of pigs born alive following each gestation. Between lots, which gives an indication of nutritional effects, gain in weight during gestation was negatively correlated (r = −.73) with the number of pigs born alive.

NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR CANADIAN YORKSHIRE SWINE: I. A STUDY OF THE U.S. N.R.C. (1953) STANDARDS

1957 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Bell ◽  
J. P. Bowland ◽  
C. D. T. Cameron ◽  
E. W. Crampton ◽  
R. B. Carson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Development ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
University Of British Columbia ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
University Of Manitoba

A co-operative nutrition project involving eight institutions across Canada was undertaken in order to test some of the swine feeding standards in the 1953 revision of "Nutrient Requirements for Swine". Four stations (University of British Columbia, University of Alberta, University of Manitoba, and the Experimental Farm, Nappan, N.S.) conducted swine feeding trials. Four rations were fed at each station: A—a centrally formulated barley ration based on the N.R.C. requirements for protein, Ca, P, vitamins A and D; B—a formula chosen by the co-operator; C—a ration based on the standards but employing barley plus oats as the basal grains, all ingredients being from local supplies; D—similar to ration C, but with barley plus wheat as the basal grains.All feeds were analysed for crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, ash, energy, Ca, P, weight/quart, riboflavin, niacin, choline and pantothenic acid. Carcasses were graded according to commercial grades and scored in detail according to Canadian Advanced Registry standards.Approximately normal gains and feed efficiencies were obtained during the growing period (40–110 lb.) despite riboflavin, T.D.N. and pantothenic acid levels below the standards. Similar results occurred in the finishing period (110–200 lb.) but carcass quality proved to be unsatisfactory. It is suggested that the gains during the finishing period represented too much fattening in relation to skeletal and muscle development.

NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR CANADIAN YORKSHIRE SWINE: V. A STUDY OF THE LYSINE AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF FINISHING PIGS WEIGHING FROM 100 TO 200 LB

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Protein Feed

Ninety-six pigs (48 barrows, 48 gilts) were allotted according to sex and previous ration to three linear-programmed finisher rations: (1) 13% protein and 0.55% lysine, (2) 13% protein and 0.67% lysine, and (3) 16% protein and 0.67% lysine. Growth rates, digestibility coefficients for energy and protein, feed consumption, and carcass data were obtained.In terms of growth rates and efficiency of energy utilization 16% protein rations were superior to 13%, but increasing lysine from 0.55 to 0.67% with 13% protein rations was as effective as increasing the protein level. However when cross-sectional area of longissimus dorsi muscle and back fat deposition were considered, increasing the protein level was more effective than extra lysine in promoting a high lean:fat ratio.Evidence of an inverse relationship was observed between rate of gain during the growing period and rate of gain during the finishing period, particularly in barrows.

B-COMPLEX VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION OF PIG RATIONS BASED ON BARLEY GROWN ON GREY WOODED SOILS

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. D. Owen ◽  
A. Reddon ◽  
F. Whiting
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Peace River ◽  
River Region ◽  
B Vitamin

Ninety-two sows and two hundred and sixteen pigs were employed in four gestation-lactation and three growing-finishing experiments to determine the adequacy of barley grown on the Grey Wooded soils of the Peace River region in northwestern Canada, as a source of riboflavin, pantothenic and nicotinic acid in swine rations. Vitamin B12 was assessed as a dietary essential in the all-plant rations. In the gestation-lactation experiments sow gains during gestation were greater in the B-vitamin supplemented lot and a trend toward heavier weaning weights of pigs was evident. Vitamin supplementation increased the level of vitamin B12 in sow’s milk collected 1 week post-partum and of both riboflavin and pantothenic acid collected 1 week and 6 weeks post-partum. Nicotinic acid content of sows’ milk was unaffected by supplementation. There was a highly significant decrease in riboflavin level in both control and supplemented lots between 1 and 6 weeks following parturition. The decrease was greatest in the unsupplemented lot.B-vitamin supplementation did not affect growing period gains or pig carcass quality in the growing-finishing experiments. However, certain significant growth responses were noted in the finishing period.The data indicate that the basal rations employed contained adequate riboflavin, pantothenic and nicotinic acid to support normal gestation, lactation and growth in Yorkshire swine.

PERFORMANCE, CARCASS COMPOSITION, AND FAT COMPOSITION OF BOARS, GILTS, AND BARROWS FED TWO LEVELS OF PROTEIN

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. NEWELL ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Dietary Protein Level

Forty-eight pigs, 16 each of boars, barrows, and gilts, were allotted at an average age of 41 days to two treatment groups based on dietary protein level, either 18% protein throughout or 16% protein in the growing period (start to 50 kg) and 13% protein in the finishing period (50–90 kg). Feed intake during the growing period was influenced by sex with boars eating less (P < 0.05) than barrows. No significant differences in feed intake were observed for the overall experiment but the trend established in the growing period still existed. In the overall experiment sex did not influence rate of gain, which averaged 0.72 kg/day. Higher dietary protein level improved (P < 0.01) gain in comparison with the lower levels. A significant interaction existed between sex and protein, boars responding more to high protein than barrows, and gilts being intermediate. Feed conversion was influenced (P < 0.05) by sex and protein level, boars being superior to barrows or gilts and pigs fed the higher protein diet (3.16 kg feed per kg gain) superior to those fed the lower protein diet (3.36 kg feed per kg gain). Barrows dressed 79.6% and gilts 79.3% both higher (P < 0.01) than boars, which dressed 75.9%. Boars had a grade index of 102.6 and gilts 101.4, both of which were higher (P < 0.01) than barrows with 97.9. Other carcass measurements generally ranked the sexes in order of superiority as boars, gilts, and barrows. Boar carcasses had more muscle and less fat (P < 0.01) than barrows, gilts being intermediate. Dietary protein level did not significantly influence carcass composition. Six muscles were analyzed for protein, fat, and ash. No significant differences between sexes were found, but higher protein level increased (P < 0.05) the percentage protein in the longissimus dorsi muscle. Fatty acid analyses of backfat showed no significant differences except in linoleic and linolenic acids, for which boars and gilts had higher percentages than barrows. Detectable sexual odor on cooking was judged to be present in 56% of boar carcasses. If procedures to eliminate sexual odor can be developed, boars offer promise as market animals, particularly if they are fed relatively high protein diets.

GROWTH AND CARCASS COMPOSITION OF PIGS FED DIETS THAT CONTAINED RAPESEED OIL, SOYBEAN OIL OR TALLOW DURING THE GROWING PERIOD

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 671-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. McDONALD ◽  
R. M. G. HAMILTON
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Growing Period

Sixteen barrows and 16 gilts in experiment 1 were fed diets that contained 10% by weight cornstarch, tallow, soybean oil (SBO) or rapeseed oil (RSO) and 20% protein (N × 6.25) from 8 to 23 kg and 18% protein from 23 to 45 kg liveweight. In experiment 2, 32 barrows received the same diets except that the SBO treatment was replaced by 10% cornstarch diets containing 19% protein from 8 to 23 kg and 16% protein from 23 to 45 kg. All pigs were fed a commercial diet that contained 15% protein from 45 to 90 kg liveweight. Source or substitution of fat for cornstarch had no significant effect on weight gain during the growing (8–45 kg) or subsequent finishing (45–90 kg) periods, on the carcass measurements obtained after slaughter at 90 kg liveweight, on average daily feed intake, efficiency of feed utilization or of energy utilization; however, the number of degrees of freedom (df = 7) were small for the latter three parameters. Level and source of dietary fat did affect the fatty acid composition, as determined by gas–liquid chromatography, of the backfat at 45 and 90 kg. The ratios of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids were significantly higher at 45 kg in the fat from pigs fed the tallow or RSO diets than those fed the cornstarch diets. A similar trend remained at 90 kg. The backfat of pigs fed the RSO diet contained 7.6 and 7.8% of erucic and eicosenoic acids, respectively, at 45 kg and still 2.3 to 3.7% of the total at 90 kg, even though the diet fed between 45 and 90 kg liveweight did not contain these fatty acids.

scholarly journals A survey of current levels of trace minerals and vitamins used in commercial diets by the Brazilian pork industry—a comparative study

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danyel Bueno Dalto ◽  
Caio Abércio da Silva
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Trace Minerals ◽  
Pork Industry ◽  
The North ◽  
Commercial Diets ◽  
Margin Of Safety ◽  
Iron Manganese

Abstract This study identified the levels of trace minerals and vitamins used in commercial diets by the Brazilian pork industry and compared these levels against the Brazilian reference tables and those from the North American pork industry. Animal feed companies (n = 15) and cooperatives/agro-industries (n = 15) from the Brazilian pork sector participated in this study. Levels of vitamin A, D, E, and K, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid, vitamin B12, choline, vitamin C, cobalt, copper, chromium, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium, and zinc were collected. Data were compiled by feeding phase to determine descriptive statistics. Ratios were calculated comparing the observed levels to those from the Brazilian reference tables and those from the North American pork industry. Average levels of trace minerals and vitamins used by the Brazilian pork industry were between 40% and 240% higher than the recommendations of the Brazilian reference tables. Compared to the North American pork industry, Brazilian levels for trace minerals were overall higher but for water-soluble vitamins they were significantly lower. Large between-companies variations were observed for most of the studied nutrients, especially for water-soluble vitamins. In conclusion, the Brazilian pork industry adds a significant margin of safety for trace minerals and vitamins supplementation. The large between-companies variations, especially for water-soluble vitamins, reflect the limited knowledge available on precise levels of supplementation for trace nutrients for pigs.

NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR CANADIAN YORKSHIRE SWINE: III. A STUDY OF THE U.S. N.R.C (1959) NUTRIENT STANDARDS FOR SWINE BY LINEAR PROGRAMMING

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Linear Programming Methods ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Significant Superiority

Pigs were individually fed rations electronically formulated by linear programming methods, with 14 nutrients under experimental control in least-cost rations. The test periods involved three successive phases between weights of 50–200 pounds with ration changes at 100 and 150 pounds. The criteria included weight gains, feed consumption, digestibility or energy and protein, and carcass measurements at 200 pounds.Five grower rations were fed to the pigs between 50–100 pound weights: 1) a control: 2) a ration with nutrient specifications equal to the minimum requirements; 3) as 2), plus 25 p.p.m. aureomycin; 4) a ration having levels of 12 nutrients increased by 15 per cent over the minimum requirements; 5) as 4) plus 25 p.p.m. aureomycin.Four finisher rations were tested, involving the four possible combinations of digestible energy (DE) and protein levels as specified for ’meat’ and ’bacon’ type pigs at 100- and 150-pound weights.The results obtained in the growing period indicated significant superiority of rations with augmented nutrient levels. By comparing the nutrient contents of the various rations it was concluded that rations based on minimum requirements were adequate in methionine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, calcium and vitamin B12. On indirect evidence it was considered improbable that vitamins A and D, zinc or phosphorus NRC specifications were too low. The failure of the ’minimum standards’ ration appeared to involve protein, lysine and/or tryptophan levels. All pigs, however, utilized their DE more efficiently than NRC standards imply. The question of an optimum DCP:DE ratio is discussed. The antibiotic had no significant effect on gains or feed efficiency but, even though discontinued at 100-pound weight, aureomycin influenced carcass quality.The finishing period results favored higher protein levels and lower DE levels from the standpoint of carcass quality but gains equal to NRC standards were possible with less DE and, in the 150–200 pound weight range, with lower DCP:DE ratios than specified for bacon pigs.

scholarly journals Energy utilization and growth performance of broilers receiving diets supplemented with enzymes containing carbohydrase or phytase activity individually or in combination

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 682-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluyinka A. Olukosi ◽  
Aaron J. Cowieson ◽  
Olayiwola Adeola
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Highly Correlated

Energy utilization in broilers as influenced by supplementation of enzymes containing phytase or carbohydrase activities was investigated. Day-old male broilers (480) were allocated to four slaughter groups, thirty broilers in the initial slaughter group and 150 broilers in each of the final slaughter groups on days 7, 14 and 21. Broilers in each of the final slaughter groups were allocated to five treatments in a randomized complete block design, each treatment had six replicate cages of five broilers per replicate cage. The diets were maize–soyabean based with wheat as a source of NSP. The treatments were: (1) positive control that met nutrient requirements of the day-old broiler chick; (2) negative control (NC) deficient in metabolizable energy and P; (3) NC plus phytase added at 1000 FTU/kg; (4) NC plus cocktail of xylanase, amylase and protease (XAP); and (5) NC plus phytase and XAP. Gain and gain:food were depressed (P < 0·05) in the NC diet. Phytase improved (P < 0·05) gain at all ages and gain:food at days 0–14 and days 0–21. There was improvement (P < 0·01) in net energy for production, energy retained as fat and protein from days 0 to 14 and from days 0 to 21 in phytase-supplemented diet compared with the NC diet. Net energy for production was more highly correlated with performance criteria than metabolizable energy and may be a more sensitive energy utilization response criterion to use in evaluating broiler response to enzyme supplementation.

SUPPLEMENTAL FAT AS AN ENERGY SOURCE IN THE DIETS OF SWINE AND RATS: I. FOOD AND ENERGY UTILIZATION

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Kuryvial ◽  
J. P. Bowland ◽  
R. T. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Castrate Male ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Supplemental Fat

Experiments with castrate male Landrace × Lacombe – Yorkshire and Yorkshire × Lacombe – Yorkshire pigs, weighing 15 to 195 pounds, and with weanling male rats, were designed to study the value of stabilized tallow as an energy source. A 3 × 3 factorial design was used with rations containing 0, 15 and 30 per cent supplemental fat (gross energy levels of 4.0, 4.8 and 5.4 kcal./gm. of ration) and 14, 18 and 22 per cent protein.The addition of 15 or 30 per cent supplemental fat to the rations of pigs decreased feed consumption, increased average daily gain, and improved efficiency of digestible energy and feed utilization. Generally the higher levels of protein in the ration resulted in increased feed consumption, increased rate of gain, and improved efficiency of digestible energy and feed utilization as compared to the lower level of protein. The results from the rat experiment were similar, except that fat levels in the rations did not influence rate of gain or efficiency of digestible energy utilization.Carcasses of pigs receiving supplemental fat in their rations had an increased thickness of backfat and higher dressing percentage. As protein levels in the rations increased, average backfat thickness decreased and area of loin muscle increased. Several significant interactions occurred which were associated with breeding or with replicate differences.

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