NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR CANADIAN YORKSHIRE SWINE: V. A STUDY OF THE LYSINE AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF FINISHING PIGS WEIGHING FROM 100 TO 200 LB

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Protein Feed

Ninety-six pigs (48 barrows, 48 gilts) were allotted according to sex and previous ration to three linear-programmed finisher rations: (1) 13% protein and 0.55% lysine, (2) 13% protein and 0.67% lysine, and (3) 16% protein and 0.67% lysine. Growth rates, digestibility coefficients for energy and protein, feed consumption, and carcass data were obtained.In terms of growth rates and efficiency of energy utilization 16% protein rations were superior to 13%, but increasing lysine from 0.55 to 0.67% with 13% protein rations was as effective as increasing the protein level. However when cross-sectional area of longissimus dorsi muscle and back fat deposition were considered, increasing the protein level was more effective than extra lysine in promoting a high lean:fat ratio.Evidence of an inverse relationship was observed between rate of gain during the growing period and rate of gain during the finishing period, particularly in barrows.

RELATIONSHIP OF DIETARY PROTEIN LEVELS TO PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS MERIT OF MARKET SWINE

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Young ◽  
R. P. Forshaw ◽  
R. H. Ingram ◽  
G. C. Ashton
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Relationship Of

Three trials, involving 108 Yorkshire SPF pigs, were conducted to study the protein requirements of growing-finishing pigs. The design of each trial was a 3 × 3 × 2 factorial involving three levels of protein in the grower (19.2, 17.4 and 15.5%), three levels of protein in the finisher (17.4, 15.5 and 14.2%) and two sexes (barrows and gilts). The study was considered as one experiment conducted as a randomized complete-block design with five replications. During the growing phase there was a linear increase in growth rate and curvilinear reduction in feed required per kg gain, due to higher dietary protein levels (P = 0.05). During the finishing phase, dietary protein levels did not influence rate of gain but feed required per kg gain increased linearly as protein level in the diet decreased (P = 0.05). Feeding the lowest level of protein throughout resulted in a slower rate of gain and increased the feed required per kg gain. The efficiency of feed utilization was the same for barrows and gilts, although barrows gained faster and consumed more feed per day (P = 0.05) than gilts. There were linear increases in area of Longissimus dorsi muscle due to increased protein level in the finisher diets. An interaction between sex and protein levels (P = 0.05) was observed in the finisher period for total ham weight and weight of ham lean.

PERFORMANCE, CARCASS COMPOSITION, AND FAT COMPOSITION OF BOARS, GILTS, AND BARROWS FED TWO LEVELS OF PROTEIN

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. NEWELL ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Dietary Protein Level

Forty-eight pigs, 16 each of boars, barrows, and gilts, were allotted at an average age of 41 days to two treatment groups based on dietary protein level, either 18% protein throughout or 16% protein in the growing period (start to 50 kg) and 13% protein in the finishing period (50–90 kg). Feed intake during the growing period was influenced by sex with boars eating less (P < 0.05) than barrows. No significant differences in feed intake were observed for the overall experiment but the trend established in the growing period still existed. In the overall experiment sex did not influence rate of gain, which averaged 0.72 kg/day. Higher dietary protein level improved (P < 0.01) gain in comparison with the lower levels. A significant interaction existed between sex and protein, boars responding more to high protein than barrows, and gilts being intermediate. Feed conversion was influenced (P < 0.05) by sex and protein level, boars being superior to barrows or gilts and pigs fed the higher protein diet (3.16 kg feed per kg gain) superior to those fed the lower protein diet (3.36 kg feed per kg gain). Barrows dressed 79.6% and gilts 79.3% both higher (P < 0.01) than boars, which dressed 75.9%. Boars had a grade index of 102.6 and gilts 101.4, both of which were higher (P < 0.01) than barrows with 97.9. Other carcass measurements generally ranked the sexes in order of superiority as boars, gilts, and barrows. Boar carcasses had more muscle and less fat (P < 0.01) than barrows, gilts being intermediate. Dietary protein level did not significantly influence carcass composition. Six muscles were analyzed for protein, fat, and ash. No significant differences between sexes were found, but higher protein level increased (P < 0.05) the percentage protein in the longissimus dorsi muscle. Fatty acid analyses of backfat showed no significant differences except in linoleic and linolenic acids, for which boars and gilts had higher percentages than barrows. Detectable sexual odor on cooking was judged to be present in 56% of boar carcasses. If procedures to eliminate sexual odor can be developed, boars offer promise as market animals, particularly if they are fed relatively high protein diets.

ELECTRONIC COMPUTATION OF GROWING AND FINISHING RATIONS FOR PIGS TO MEET U.S. N.R.C. (1959) NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS WITH AND WITHOUT A MARGIN OF SAFETY

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Bowland
Keyword(s):  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Castrate Male ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Gain Energy ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Margin Of Safety ◽  
Breeding Groups

Sixty-four castrate male pigs from four breeding groups were individually fed from 50 pounds to market weight of 195 pounds. From 50 to 110 pounds, comparison was made between linear programmed, least cost rations meeting minimum nutrient requirements and those with a 15 per cent margin of safety for protein, lysine, methionine, calcium, phosphorus, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, vitamins B12, A and D. From 110 to 195 pounds, each group was subdivided to compare rations meeting minimum nutrient requirements with those containing 16 per cent protein and corresponding increases in lysine and methionine.Feed intake was not influenced by ration or breeding. Rate of gain, nitrogen digestibility, and efficiency of feed and digestible energy utilization were improved by the margin of safety in nutrients during the growing period and by the higher protein level in the finishing period. Pigs previously receiving the ration with a margin of safety gained more slowly on the 16 per cent protein finisher than those previously receiving the minimum standard ration. Carcass measurements were not significantly changed by ration although area of longissimus dorsi muscle and total R.O.P. score tended to be increased for pigs finished on the 16 per cent protein ration. Breeding groups varied in rate of gain, energy digestibility, efficiency of feed utilization and carcass measurements. For rate of gain during the growing period there was an interaction between ration and breeding group.

Age, protein level and sex as factors influencing gastrocnemius muscle growth in BALB/c mice from weaning to 50 days of age

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
MaE. López-Oliva ◽  
A. Agis-Torres ◽  
MaT. Unzaga ◽  
E. Muñoz-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Key Words Age

The effects of age, dietary protein level [12% (medium protein) or 20% (high protein)], and sex on muscle growth of female (f) and male (m) BALB/c mice between weaning (21 d) and 50 d of age were studied. Animals were housed individually and feed intake and body weight (BW) were recorded daily. In the total experimental period (29 d), six partial experimental periods were established. At 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 d of age, five mice of each group (MPf, MPm, HPf, HPm) were slaughtered and gastrocnemius muscle growth was studied. Based on BW and muscle weight (MW) measures, values of growth parameters were estimated. Feed consumption rate (FCR) increased in all groups, but it nearly stabilized with age in HP mice. BW, estimated muscle weight (EMW), muscle weight gain (MWG), absolute muscle protein (AMP) and muscle protein gain (MPG) increased in MP and HP mice during the experiment. Relative muscle protein (RMP) increased in MP while it decreased in HP mice with age. Also, absolute and fractional muscle weight growth rates (AWGR and FWGR, respectively) and absolute and fractional muscle protein growth rates (APGR and FPGR, respectively) decreased in all mice tested (age-dependent), except in HPf mice where it remained plateaued in time (age-independent). At 21 d the highest AWGR, FWGR, APGR, and FPGR values were registered in MP mice. Diet and sex influenced the relative allometric proportions of muscle to the organism as a whole. Muscle protein growth of MP mice versus MW growth was enhanced, resulting in an increase of growth coefficients as compared to HP mice. Also, the contribution of muscle protein to carcass protein and the efficiency of protein intake utilization were higher in MP mice than in HP mice, while efficiency of energy intake was similar in both groups. In conclusion, hyperphagia and increased efficiency of protein utilization induced a near-normal muscle growth in MP growing BALB/c mice. Key words: Age, protein level, sex, muscle growth, BALB/c mice

scholarly journals CRUDE PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF GUINEA FOWL KEETS (NUMIDA MELIAGRIS GALEATA, PALLAS) IN THE TROPICS

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 88-94
Author(s):  
M. C. Njike ◽  
A. S. Ahmed ◽  
E. S. Haruna
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Guinea Fowl ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
The Tropics

Guinea fowl of both sexes were fed from 0 to 8 weeks on protein level ranging from 18 to 26% using constant energy concentration of 3000 kilocalories/kg diet. At the end of the experimental period, keats on 24 and 26% protein levels with liveweights of 854 and 867.3g respectively were significantly heavier than keets on the other diets. Keets on these two rations showed no significant differences in the final liveweights, liveweight gains and feed consumption. However, it appeared from the result that feed consumption was related to growth rate. The feed/gain ratio was significantly better for keets that received 24% protein level than for those on 26% protein. But feed/gain ratios generally tended to be inversely related to growth rate. On the basis of this study it is recommended that the diet of guinea fowl keets in the tropics should not contain less than 24% crude protein for optimal results.   

scholarly journals The use of extruded chickpeas in diets for growing-finishing pigs

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 334-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Christodoulou ◽  
Bampidis VA ◽  
E. Sossidou ◽  
J. Ambrosiadis ◽  
B. Hučko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Practical Method ◽  
Heat Processing ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Total Replacement ◽  
Alternative Protein ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The effect of partial and total replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with extruded chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) and partial replacement of SBM with raw chickpeas on pig growth and carcass characteristics was determined in a 17 week experiment. Sixty growing-finishing pigs were allocated to five dietary treatments: CKP0, ECKP100, ECKP200, ECKP300 and CKP100 of 12 animals each, and received a diet ad libitum. The diet for CKP0 treatment had no chickpeas (control), while those for treatments ECKP100, ECKP200 and ECKP300 included 100, 200 and 300 kg/t of extruded (at 120&deg;C for 20 s) chickpeas, respectively, and for treatment CKP100 it included 100 kg/t of raw chickpeas. Body weight (BW) gain linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) with the inclusion of increasing levels of extruded chickpeas during the growing period. However, in both the growing and finishing period, there were no differences between extruded chickpea inclusion treatments in final BW, BW gain, daily feed consumption (DFC), FCR, and carcass yield traits. Partial replacement of SBM with raw chickpeas negatively affected (P &lt; 0.05) BW gain and DFC during the finishing period. Extrusion offers a practical method for the heat processing of chickpeas for use in pig diets. Thus, extruded chickpeas can be used as an alternative protein source to SBM at inclusion levels up to 300 kg/t of diet. &nbsp; &nbsp;

A Technique for Measuring the Cross-Sectional Axes of the Longissimus Dorsi Muscle and Fat Depth in Lambs1,2

1960 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 803-809
Author(s):  
D. J. Matthews ◽  
R. A. Merkel ◽  
J. D. Wheat ◽  
R. F. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Dorsi Muscle ◽  
The Cross

scholarly journals 14 Challenges and opportunities for formulating low-protein diets for maintaining growth and N-retention of weanling and growing-finishing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 16-17
Author(s):  
John K Htoo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Insufficient Amount ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Crystalline Amino Acids

Abstract For more than two decades, numerous studies have been conducted evaluating the effects of lowering CP level in pig diets. It is now accepted that lowering dietary CP level and adding crystalline amino acids (CAA) improves N utilization and consequently reduces N excretion. Increased availability of CAA such as Lys, Thr, Met, Trp, Val (Ile, Arg and His) allows nutritionists to further reduce dietary CP level while meeting pigs’ AA requirements more closely. However, pig performance was sometimes compromised when the dietary CP level was reduced more than 4 percentage units and adding high inclusion levels of CAA. An increase in backfat thickness was also sometimes reported when feeding finishing pigs with low CP diets. The potential reasons for such inconsistent results are due to the deficiency of the next limiting AA (typically Val and Ile), inaccurate feed mixing and insufficient amount of non-essential AA (NEAA) in the low CP diets. Formulating low CP diets on similar energy content as for the high CP diets on ME basis sometimes led to a greater backfat thickness in finishing pigs which was mainly due to increased energy utilization of pigs fed low CP diets coupled with the excess energy being stored as carcass fat. Based on the results of these experiments, optimal growth performance, carcass quality and N retention of pigs can be maintained when low CP diets are balanced for adequate levels of both essential AA and NEAA on the standardized ileal digestible basis combined with formulating on NE basis. Research suggests that keeping a maximum total Lys:CP ratio of 7.4% could overcome deficiency of NEAA in the low CP diets. Based on published N-balance studies, 1 percent unit dietary CP reduction results on average 9% reduction in N excretion in pigs which is an effective approach to become more sustainable pork production.

scholarly journals ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AMONG OLDER PARTICIPANTS FROM THE MULTICENTER AIDS COHORT STUDY (MACS)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S549-S549
Author(s):  
Jennifer A Schrack ◽  
Todd T Brown ◽  
Joseph B Margolick
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Hiv Viral Load ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
And Function ◽  
Lower Physical Activity

Abstract Energy utilization becomes more inefficient with age and is linked to low physical activity and functional decline. Persons aging with HIV exhibit accelerated functional decline, but the effect of chronic HIV infection on energy utilization and free-living physical activity remains unclear. We investigated cross-sectional associations between age and: resting metabolic rate, peak walking energy (VO2), and 7-day physical activity by accelerometry in 100 men in the MACS (age: 60.8+/-6.8 years, 35% black, 46.1% HIV+, 94% virally suppressed). In multivariable regression models adjusted for age, BMI, race, chronic conditions, and HIV viral load, HIV+ men had a higher resting metabolic rate (β=103.2 kcals/day, p=0.03) and lower peak walking VO2 (β=-1.8 ml/kg/min, p&lt;0.02) than HIV- men. Moreover, HIV+ men demonstrated lower physical activity, overall and by time of day (p&lt;0.05). These results suggest that energy utilization differs by HIV serostatus, which may contribute to lower physical activity and function with aging.

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