RAPESEED OILS LOW OR HIGH IN ERUCIC ACID IN MILK REPLACERS FOR LAMBS: THEIR EFFECTS ON GROWTH, DIGESTION, NITROGEN BALANCE AND INTERNAL ORGANS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
D. M. WALKER
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Erucic Acid ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Butter Oil ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Milk Replacers

Unrefined rapeseed (Brassica napus) oils which contained 0.4 (Oro), 16.0 (Bronowski) and 39.3% (Target) erucic acid were compared with butter oil as the sole source of fat in milk replacers for lambs. Lambs were fed 210 kcal gross energy/kg body weight0.73 per day for 2 wk, and then were killed to determine effects of the oils on internal organs. Lamb body weight gains were similar on the Oro and butter oil diets (37 vs. 41 g/kg0.73/day), but were less on the Bronowski and Target oil diets (32 and 19 g/kg0.73/day, respectively). Nutrients in the Oro oil diet were highly digestible, but were less than those in butter oil (94 vs. 99% apparent fat digestibility). Lambs fed the Bronowski and Target oil diets digested only 74 and 82% of the fat. Lambs fed the butter, Oro, Bronowski and Target oil diets retained 72, 62, 57 and 48%, respectively, of the nitrogen consumed. Livers from lambs fed the Target oil diet were pale and showed fatty tissue infiltration. Lambs fed the Bronowski and Target oil diets had enlarged thyroid glands. It was concluded that Oro rapeseed oil could effectively replace all or part of animal fats used in lamb milk replacers.

Choline requirement of the preruminant lamb during the first two or three weeks of life

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 829 ◽  
Author(s):  
SJ Al-Ali ◽  
NM Malouf ◽  
DM Walker
Keyword(s):  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Liver Fat Content ◽  
Butter Oil ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Milk Replacers

Preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 1-2 days at the start of the experiment, were bottle-fed on milk replacers containing casein as the sole source of protein for an experimental period of 15-21 days. Choline-deficient diets were used in experiment 1 to determine the effect on the performance of the lambs of thc dictary protein concentration (10, 15 and 25% protein energy), and in experiment 2 of different sources of fat (butter oil, maize oil or lard), unsupplemented, or with supplements of choline chloride or L-cystine. Supplements of choline chloride decreased liver fat content and decreased urinary creatine excretion, irrespective of dietary protein concentration or source of dietary fat. Ira general, urinary ammonia excretion increased as the sulfur amino acid content of the diets increased, but there were interactions with the source of fat, so that although sulfur intake remained constant ammonia excretion was higher with diets containing lard than with those containing maize oil or butter oil. The effect of the supplements of 1,-cystine on liver fat content and urinary creatine excretion was not significantly different from that of the unsupplemented choline-deficient diets. In experiments 3 and 4 a choline-deficient diet with 25% protein energy and butter oil as the source of fat was supplemented with graded amounts of choline chloride. Energy intake was ad libitum, or restricted to 80% of ad libitum. When the lambs were fed ad libitum there was a significant decrease in liver fat content even with the smallest supplement of choline chloride (c. 9 mg MJ-1 gross energy), but no significant effect when energy intake was restricted. Since liveweight gains and nitrogen balances were unaffected by the presence or absence of the choline supplements it was concluded that in milk replacers containing 25% protein energy from casein, with butter oil as the source of fat, supplementation with choline chloride to provide 9 mg MJ-1 gross energy (233 mg kg-1 dry matter) would be sufficient to prevent the increased deposition of fat in the liver during the 6rst three weeks of life.

Corrigendum - The endogenous phosphorus excretion of preruminant lambs

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1061
Author(s):  
DM Walker ◽  
SJ Al-Ali
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
Protein Group ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Milk Replacers

Twenty-seven preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 1-2 days at the start of the experiment, were used. Three lambs were sacrificed on day 1 and selected bones taken for analysis. Twenty-four lambs, in groups of three, were bottle-fed on low-phosphorus milk replacers in a 2 x 4 factorial experiment. The sole source of protein in the diets was whole beef blood, supplemented with L-isoleucine and DL-methionine, to supply either 10 or 25% of the total dietary energy as protein. At each protein level the diets were supplemented with CaCO3 to provide four ratios of Ca:P (0.5:1, 1:1, 2:1 and 10:1). The daily intake of gross energy was controlled at 880 kJ-0.73. Faeces and urine were collected separately each day and bulked during the last seven days of the experiment for the estimation of N, Ca and P. Serum Ca and P concentrations were determined at weekly intervals. The lambs were sacrificed at the end of the experimental period of 21 days and selected bones were taken for analysis. The concentrations of bone ash, Ca and P all decreased significantly when compared with values determined at the start of the experiment. The lambs given the high-protein diets showed significantly greater losses of bone ash, Ca and P, and had lower serum P, but higher serum Ca concentrations, than lambs fed on the low-protein milk replacers, irrespective of the dietary Ca:P ratios. Phosphorus excretions during the last seven days of the experiment were as follows: faecal P (day-1); low-protein group (n = 12), 3.1 � 0.5 mg kg-1; high-protein group (n = 11) , 4.1 � 0.5 mg kg-1; all lambs (n = 23), 3.6 � 0.3 mg kg-1. Urinary P (day-1): low-protein group (n = 12), 0.92 � 0.22 mg kg-1; high-protein group (n = 11) , 0.61 � 0.03 mg kg-1; all lambs (n = 23), 0.77 � 0.12 mg kg-1. Faecal and urinary P excretion was unaffected by variation in the dietary Ca:P ratio.

Protein intake and its relationship to urinary calcium excretion in the preruminant lamb

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
DM Walker ◽  
SJ Al-Ali
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Urinary Calcium ◽  
Calcium Excretion ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Milk Replacers ◽  
Ca:P Ratio

Preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 1-2 days at the start of the experiment, were used. Twenty-four lambs were bottle-fed for an experimental period of 21 days in a 4 x 3 factorial experiment (with unequal replications). The sole source of protein in the milk replacers was casein, supplemented with DL-methionine, to supply either 10, 20, 30 or 40% of the total dietary energy as protein. At each protein level there were three levels of Ca to represent 50% (low), 100% (medium) and 200% (high) of the Ca concentration of ewes' milk (taken to be 360 mg MJ-1 gross energy). The Ca:P ratio in all diets was 1.1:l. The daily intake of gross energy was controlled at 1046 kJ kg-0.73. Nitrogen, Ca and P balances were determined during the last seven days of the experiment. There was no significant effect of protein intake, or of Ca intake, on the daily urinary Ca excretion, which was uniformly low (n = 24; mean, 1.67 � 0.25 mg kg-1).

Methionine supplementation of milk proteins for preruminant lambs. I. Effect of protein concentration and source of carbohydrate on nitrogen balance

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 673 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Walker ◽  
RD Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Methionine Supplementation ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Milk Replacers ◽  
Protein Diets

Forty-seven crossbred lambs, aged 2–5 days at the start of the experiment, were used in three experiments. In experiment 1 a supplement of DL-methionine significantly increased the nitrogen balances of lambs given low or medium protein milk replacers based on cows' milk proteins. In experiment 2 the optimum level of supplementation of a low protein diet with DL-methionine was determined. Although the nitrogen balances were significantly increased by the supplement, the actual nitrogen balances at equivalent intakes of gross energy and nitrogen were less than those in experiment 1. The low protein diets in the two experiments differed only in the source of carbohydrate: lactose in cxpcrimcnt 1; lactose + glucose in experiment 2. In the final experiment 24 lambs in a 2 x 2 factorial design were fed on low protein diets containing casein as the source of protein, and lactose or glucose as the sole source of carbohydrate, with or without a supplement of DL-methionine. There was no significant effect of the source of carbohydrate on nitrogen balance.

Milk replacers containing isolated groundnut protein for preruminant lambs: the effect of protein concentration and energy intake on the requirement for lysine

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
DD Phillips ◽  
DM Walker
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Energy Estimates ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Milk Replacers

Preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 2-5 days at the start of the experiment, were fed on milk replacers that contained groundnut protein isolate as the sole source of protein, supplemented with graded levels of L-lysine hydrochloride. A series of 6x 6 change-over designs with 4-day dietary periods was used in experiments 1 and 2, and a conventional 14-day nitrogen balance in experiment 3. Estimates were made of the minimum intake of lysine coincident with the maximum animal response (MIMR)-measured as maximum nitrogen balance (NB) or minimum plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentration. In experiment 1 three diets with different protein concentrations (0.11, 0.18 and 0.25 of total energy as protein) were compared at a controlled intake of gross energy (0.88 MJ/day per kg0.73). At each protein concentration the response to six graded levels of L-lysine hydrochloride was measured. In experiment 2 a diet of constant protein energy concentration (0.25) was offered at three different intakes of energy (0.63, 0.88 and 1.13 MJ/day per kg0 73). At each level of energy intake the response to six graded levels of L-lysine hydrochloride was measured. In experiment 3 a milk replacer containing 0.25 protein energy was offered at a constant intake of 0.88 MJ gross energy/day per kg0 73 and, as in the previous experiments, the response to SIX graded levels of L-lysine hydrochloride was measured. The MIMR for lysine (expressed as a percentage of dietary protein) decreased curvilinearly with an increase in protein concentration, but was unaffected by an increase in the intake of energy. Estimates based on PUN were similar to those based on NB, but the errors associated with the estimates were greater at the lowest protein concentration in experiment 1 and at the lowest intake of energy in experiment 2. Estimates of MIMR in experiments 1 and 3 were in close agreement.

The endogenous phosphorus excretion of preruminant lambs

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1061
Author(s):  
DM Walker ◽  
SJ Al-Ali
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
Protein Group ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Milk Replacers

Twenty-seven preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 1-2 days at the start of the experiment, were used. Three lambs were sacrificed on day 1 and selected bones taken for analysis. Twenty-four lambs, in groups of three, were bottle-fed on low-phosphorus milk replacers in a 2 x 4 factorial experiment. The sole source of protein in the diets was whole beef blood, supplemented with L-isoleucine and DL-methionine, to supply either 10 or 25% of the total dietary energy as protein. At each protein level the diets were supplemented with CaCO3 to provide four ratios of Ca:P (0.5:1, 1:1, 2:1 and 10:1). The daily intake of gross energy was controlled at 880 kJ-0.73. Faeces and urine were collected separately each day and bulked during the last seven days of the experiment for the estimation of N, Ca and P. Serum Ca and P concentrations were determined at weekly intervals. The lambs were sacrificed at the end of the experimental period of 21 days and selected bones were taken for analysis. The concentrations of bone ash, Ca and P all decreased significantly when compared with values determined at the start of the experiment. The lambs given the high-protein diets showed significantly greater losses of bone ash, Ca and P, and had lower serum P, but higher serum Ca concentrations, than lambs fed on the low-protein milk replacers, irrespective of the dietary Ca:P ratios. Phosphorus excretions during the last seven days of the experiment were as follows: faecal P (day-1); low-protein group (n = 12), 3.1 � 0.5 mg kg-1; high-protein group (n = 11) , 4.1 � 0.5 mg kg-1; all lambs (n = 23), 3.6 � 0.3 mg kg-1. Urinary P (day-1): low-protein group (n = 12), 0.92 � 0.22 mg kg-1; high-protein group (n = 11) , 0.61 � 0.03 mg kg-1; all lambs (n = 23), 0.77 � 0.12 mg kg-1. Faecal and urinary P excretion was unaffected by variation in the dietary Ca:P ratio.

Milk replacers containing soybean protein isolates or concentrates: nitrogen digestibility and utilization by preruminant lambs

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 801
Author(s):  
NM Malouf ◽  
DM Walker
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Protein Isolates ◽  
Soybean Protein Isolates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Milk Replacers

Preruminant male crossbred lambs, aged 2-5 days at the start of the experiment, were given milk replacers containing between 0.25 and 0.29 of the total energy as protein. A comparison of milk replacers containing either soybean isolates or concentrates as the sole source of protein showed that, while the apparent digestibilities of dry matter and nitrogen were significantly higher for diets containing isolates, the efficiencies of retention of the apparently digested nitrogen were significantly higher for the concentrate diets. The net result was no significant difference in nitrogen balance between the diets. The milk replacers were accepted readily by the lambs, and intakes of gross energy of up to three times the maintenance requirement were attained without difficulty. Nitrogen balances of lambs given a milk replacer based on a soybean concentrate were not significantly improved by supplementation of the diet with lysine, in addition to methionine. Similarly, the nitrogen balances of lambs given a soybean isolate-based milk replacer, plus methionine, were unaffected when one of five supplementary amino acids (Lys, Thr, Val, Isol, Leu) was omitted in turn from the diet.

scholarly journals Effects of Defatted Rice Bran Inclusion Level on Nutrient Digestibility and Growth Performance of Different Body Weight Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1374
Author(s):  
Bingbing Huang ◽  
Huangwei Shi ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
Zhiqian Lyu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Defatted Rice Bran ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Stage 1

This study was conducted to determine the effects of low-protein diet prepared with different levels of defatted rice bran (DFRB) and weight stages on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of growing–finishing pigs. The animal experiment included three stages. A total of 240 growing pigs with an initial body weight of 28.06 ± 8.56 kg for stage 1 were allocated to five diets including one control group and four DFRB diets supplemented with 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% DFRB, respectively. The 192 crossbred pigs with initial body weights of 55.03 ± 7.31 kg and 74.55 ± 9.10 kg were selected for stage 2 and stage 3, respectively. Pigs were allocated to four diets including one control group and three DFRB diets supplemented with 10%, 15% and 20% DFRB, respectively. The results showed that with the increase in DFEB intake, the gain: feed was linearly increased (p < 0.05), and the average daily feed intake tended to linearly decrease (p = 0.06) in stage 1. Except for the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of acid detergent fiber (ADF) in stage 3, levels of DFRB had significant effects on the ATTD of gross energy (GE), dry matter (DM), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and ADF in three weight stages. In stage 1, with the increase in levels of DFRB, the ATTD of NDF and hemicellulose were firstly increased and then decreased (p < 0.01). In stage 2, with the increasing levels of DFRB, the ATTD of DM, ash and cellulose were firstly increased and then decreased (p < 0.01). In stage 3, the ATTD of GE, DM, ash, NDF and hemicellulose decreased linearly with the increase in levels of DFRB (p < 0.01). Collectively, DFRB could be used as a replacement for corns and soybean meal, and weight stage is important to consider when adjusting the additive proportion.

DIGESTION OF NUTRIENTS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE OF PIGS FED DIETS CONTAINING RAW AND AUTOCLAVED FABA BEANS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. IVAN ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Intestinal Uptake ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Faba Beans

Four castrated pigs, each fitted with a re-entrant cannula in the terminal ileum, were used to study digestion in the small intestine. A nitrogen-free diet was used for the estimation of metabolic nitrogen and amino acids. Faba beans, as the sole source of dietary protein, were used raw or after autoclaving for 30 or 60 min. The four diets were fed to the pigs in a 4 × 4 latin square experiment. The pigs were fed each diet for 6 days prior to a 24-hr collection of total ileal contents. Autoclaving of faba beans had no significant effect on digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, nitrogen and individual amino acids except arginine, which was significantly increased. The intestinal uptake of arginine was the highest and of cystine the lowest in all faba bean diets. It was concluded that autoclaving faba beans had no beneficial effect on the digestion of nutrients in the small intestine of the pig.

Cadmium in the dredge oyster Ostrea lutaria—Dependence on age, body weight and distribution in internal organs

1989 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 463-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell D. Frew ◽  
Keith A. Hunter ◽  
Richard Beyer
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Internal Organs
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