PROTEIN LEVELS IN UREA-SUPPLEMENTED STARTER RATIONS FOR YOUNG CALVES

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 817-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. WINTER
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Weight Gains

Holstein bull calves weaned at 5 wk of age were fed a complete calf starter ration with and without supplementation with soybean meal (SBM) or urea to provide the following levels of crude protein: (1) 12.5% (no supplement); (2) 17.5% (1.5% urea); (3) 21.6% (2.7% urea); and 17.9% (soybean meal). Calves fed the low protein starter had significantly poorer weight gains and feed conversion efficiency than those on the SBM starter; while feed intakes were only slightly reduced over the 8-wk experimental period. Calves fed the starters containing 1.5 and 2.7% urea had similar weight gains, feed intakes and feed conversion efficiency and their performance was intermediate between the low protein and SBM starter groups. Nitrogen retention was lowest with the low protein starter, tended to increase with increasing levels of urea and was highest when the starter contained SBM. Dry matter and energy digestibilities were lowest with the low protein starter, but were similar with the urea- and SBM-supplemented starters. There was no apparent advantage in increasing the crude protein content of urea-supplemented starters beyond 17.5%.

Copper sulphate as a growth stimulant for pigs: effect of composition of diet and level of protein

1962 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. M. Lucas ◽  
R. M. Livingstone ◽  
A. W. Boyne
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Low Protein

Thirty six individually-fed pigs were used in a within-litter comparison of the 6 treatments of a 3 × 2 factorial experiment. The pigs were about 9 weeks old at the start and were slaughtered as their individual weights reached about 200 lb.Three types of basal diet were given with and without a supplement of CuSO4.5H2O included at 0·1% (250 p.p.m. added Cu).The diets were based on (1) barley and fish meal, with 17% crude protein for pigs up to 103 lb. live-weight and 15·4 % from then on, (2) maize and soya (extracted soya bean meal), with about the same levels of protein and (3) maize and soya, but with only 13·4% crude protein for pigs up to 103 lb. and 11·9% for pigs of 103 lb. to 200 lb. Daily feed allowances were determined from a fixed scale based on live-weight.Pigs given the high-protein maize-soya diets grew more rapidly, required less feed per lb. gain and had fatter carcasses than those given the barley-fish meal diets. This was probably because of the higher TDN content of the maize-soya mixture.Pigs given the low-protein maize-soya diets grew less rapidly, required more feed per lb. gain and had fatter carcasses with smaller ‘eye’ muscles than those receiving the high-protein maize-soya diets, these being the usual effects of an inadequate supply of total protein or of an essential amino acid.CuSO4.5H2O4 added as 0·1% of each of the three types of diet improved growth rate before 103 lb. live-weight but had no consistent effect on feed conversion efficiency. Between 103 lb. and slaughter the copper sulphate did not affect performance on the barley-fish meal or high-protein maize-soya diet, but in the low-protein maize-soya diet it reduced feed conversion efficiency and rate of gain by 5%. Although this interaction was not statistically significant it agrees with an observation made in Florida and warrants further investigation.

Some effects of dietary penicillin and zinc bacitracin on the performance of bacon pigs

1963 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Holme ◽  
K. L. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Significant Response ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Zinc Bacitracin

SUMMARYThree experiments were carried out to evaluate zinc bacitracin as compared with penicillin, as a feed supplement for bacon pigs. The first experiment compared pig performance on a control diet with performance on the control diet supplemented with penicillin, 5 g./ton, or with zinc bacitracin, 10 g./ton. Experiment 2 compared the control diet with penicillin at 10 g./ton and zinc bacitracin at 10 g./ton with pigs housed in a different piggery. Experiment 3 compared the control diet with penicillin at 10 g./ton and zinc bacitracin at two levels, 10 g./ton and 5 g./ton. In none of the experiments was there any significant response to penicillin in terms of rate of gain, feed conversion efficiency or carcass composition. In the first experiment there was a small but significant improvement in rate of gain up to 100 lb. live-weight and for the whole experimental period by the pigs receiving 10 g./ton of zinc bacitracin. There was no significant response in feed conversion efficiency or carcass measurements. In the other two experiments there was no response to zinc bacitracin. The implications of the results are discussed.

scholarly journals Compensatory growth of Malaysian prawns reared at high densities during the nursery phase

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.L.A. Marques ◽  
J.V. Lombardi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Macrobrachium Rosenbergii ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency

The objective of this work was to verify the occurrence of compensatory growth in Malaysian prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) reared in pens, after being stocked in cages under high densities during nursery phase. The experiment was carried out in 0.5 m² cages and 2-m² pens set in natural bottom pond with 2,400 m². Prawn post-larvae (PL) with an average weight of 0.026 ± 0.012 g (nursery phase) were initially stocked in 16 cages at the densities of 50, 400, 800 and 1,200 PL m-2. Sixty days later, prawns were transferred to 16 growing pens, at the density of 12 prawns m-2. Initial average weight of the prawn in this phase was the final average weight registered in the nursery phase, as follows: 50 PL m-2 = 2.3 ± 0.3 g; 400 PL m-2 = 0.5 ± 0.03 g; 800 PL m-2 = 0.3 ± 0.05 g and 1,200 PL m-2 = 0.1 ± 0.01 g. Commercial rations for prawns (35% crude protein) were given once a day, in the afternoon. After 244 days, survival, average weight and biomass did not differ significantly among prawns with different initial average weight. Relative growth rate was significantly greater in prawns previously stocked at 1,200 PL m-2 and feed conversion efficiency was significantly better for those previously stocked at 400 and 1,200 PL m-2. These results suggest the existence of partial compensatory growth in M. rosenbergii, what can successfully carry on stocking of prawns of this species at high densities in the nursery phase.

A note on the implantation of intensively-fed beef cattle with hexoestrol

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Macdearmid ◽  
T. R. Preston
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Single Implant

SUMMARYIn the first of two experiments, steers which received a single implant of 60 mg hexoestrol grew 24% faster than non-implanted controls and 7% faster than steers given 30 mg. The growth rate of the steers given a single implant of 60 mg did not differ significantly from that of animals implanted twice with 30 mg or 5 times with 15 mg. In the second experiment, steers given 60 mg grew 23% faster than controls and their feed conversion efficiency was 13% better; the hexoestrol treatment resulted in a saving of 131 kg feed per animal. The tenth-rib joints of steers given 60 mg had a higher crude-protein content and lower fat content than those from non-implanted animals.

Growth and carcase quality of lambs fed concentrate rations in a feedlot

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (43) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
B Romberg ◽  
GR Pearce ◽  
DE Tribe
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Initial Weight Loss ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Rumen Ph

Two feedlot experiments were conducted during 1967 and 1968 using crossbred lambs and concentrate rations. In experiment 1, in 1967, seven rations at three crude protein levels (approximately 15, 21, and 29 per cent) and with various constituents were fed to lambs selected at 50 lb bodyweight. Three rations were in both the pelleted and the dry mash form. Growth rate, efficiency of feed conversion, and carcase quality were measured. After an initial period of twelve days, when all lambs lost weight, lambs on the pelleted diets grew faster than those on the mash diets, but there were no differences due to protein level or to the various constituents in the diets. In experiment 2, in 1968, three pelleted diets were compared, two at low and high crude protein from experiment 1 (17 and 31 per cent), and the third at 19 per cent. Four treatments were included within each diet to overcome the initial period of weight loss : a. diet alone, b. diet and 30 per cent hay decreasing to none after 12 days, c. diet with 3 per cent calcium carbonate included throughout the experiment, d. diet with 3 per cent CaCO3 included, plus hay for the first 12 days. Hay overcame the initial weight loss and low rumen pH, but subsequently the lambs fed the lowest protein diet with 3 per cent CaCO3 grew faster and were the most efficient. Dry matter digestibility and nitrogen retention were also compared in a metabolism trial for the three diets in experiment 2.

Protein, fat and carbohydrates in the diets of pigs between 7 and 28 days of age

1979 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Wilson ◽  
Jane Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Weight Gains

ABSTRACTIn two experiments, pigs were weaned at 4 to 5 days of age and offered dry diets based on milk proteins and tallow. Live-weight gains between 7 and 28 days of age were 220 g/day with feed conversion ratios of 0·80 when the optimum diets were given.Expt 1 was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial with eight pigs per treatment. There were two sources of carbohydrate, lactose and wheat starch, two levels of fat, 40 and 250 g/kg and two levels of crude protein, 140 and 250 g/kg of the diet. There was no significant difference in the performance of pigs when they were fed lactose or wheat starch as the source of carbohydrate. However, the feed intake of the pigs and their weight gains and apparent digestibilities of dry matter and nitrogen were lower when the diets contained 250 g fat/kg than when the diets contained 40 g fat/kg.In Expt 2 six diets were fed to 12 pigs each. The diets contained 150, 180, 210, 240, 270 or 300 g/kg of crude protein. Weight gains and nitrogen retention showed a positive correlation (r= 0·997) with the dietary nitrogen intake but there was no statistical increase in these parameters above the 270 g crude protein/kg level. The apparent digestibilities of dry matter and nitrogen showed a similar trend. A value of 141 mg nitrogen/day per kg M0·75was estimated as the metabolic endogenous loss of nitrogen.

scholarly journals Feeding soy or fish meal to Alaskan reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) – effects on animal performance and meat quality

Rangifer ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Finstad ◽  
Eva Wiklund ◽  
Kristy Long ◽  
Phillip J. Rincker ◽  
Alexandra C. M. Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Seward Peninsula

Fourteen reindeer (8 steers and 6 females) were used to compare the effects of two different reindeer diets (a feed mix based on barley, brome hay and soybean meal (SBM) or fishmeal (WFM) as protein source) on animal growth performance, feed conversion efficiency and ultimate meat quality. Samples from free-ranging reindeer (n=4; 2 steers and 2 females) on the Seward Peninsula were included to provide comparisons with the traditional reindeer meat produced in Alaska. No significant difference was observed in overall weight gain between the WFM and SBM animals or between females and steers; however, the feed conversion efficiency was significantly higher for the reindeer fed the WFM mix. Carcass dressing percentage from the SBM group was higher compared with the WFM animals. No differences were found in live weight, carcass characteristics, meat pH, temperature decline, shear force, meat color or cooking loss when comparing the treatment groups. The meat samples (M. longissimus) from the free-range group had the highest amount of omega-3 fatty acids and also the highest amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Meat from the animals fed SBM was significantly higher in triglyceride content and lower in phospholipid content compared with the two other groups. No significant differences were found when the trained panel compared the sensory attributes of the meat. Off-flavor attributes related to “wild’ or “gamey” flavor was reported by consumers for samples from the WFM and free-range reindeer (15 and 24 per cent of the consumers, respectively). No “fish-related” flavor was reported. In conclusion, no negative effects in either animal performance or meat quality characteristics by using fish meal as opposed to soybean meal as a protein supplement in a milled reindeer diet were found.Abstract in Swedish / Sammandrag:Utfordring av ren med soja- eller fiskmjøl – effekter på tillväxt, foderutnyttjande och köttkvalitet I vår undersökning ingick 14 renar (8 kastrerade sarvar (härkar)och 6 vajor) för att jämföra effekter av två olika renfoder (baserade på korn, hö och soja- (SBM) eller fiskmjöl (WFM) som proteintillskott) med avseende på tillväxt, foderutnyttjande och köttkvalitet. Köttprover från naturbetande renar (n=4; 2 härkar och 2 vajor) från Seward Peninsula inkluderades i studien för att representera kvaliteten på traditionellt producerat renkött från Alaska. Inga signifikanta skillnader i tillväxt observerades, varken mellan SBM- och WFM-grupperna eller mellan härkar och vajor. Foderutnyttjandet var dock signifikant bättre hos WFM-renarna. Slaktutbytet var högst för renarna i SBM-gruppen, däremot rapporterades inga skillnader i levandevikt, slaktkroppsegenskaper, pH-värde och temperatur i ytterfilén, skärmotstånd, färg eller vattenhållande förmåga i köttet när de tre grupperna av renar jämfördes (SBM, WFM och naturbetande djur). Köttet från de naturbetande renarna hade det signifikant högsta innehållet av både omega-3-fettsyror och av fleromättade fettsyror. Kött från SBM-renarna hade det högsta innehållet av triglycerider och det lägsta innehållet av fosfolipider jämfört med de andra två grupperna. Den tränade smakpanelen kunde inte hitta några skillnader i sensoriska egenskaper hos köttet från renarna i de tre olika grupperna. I en konsumentundersökning rapporterades kommentarer om olika ”vilt-relaterade” bismaker i kött från naturbetande renar (24% av konsumenterna) och från WFM-gruppen (15% av konsumenterna), men inga ”fisk-liknande” bismaker i köttet kunde påvisas. Att byta ut sojamjöl mot fiskmjöl som proteintillskott i renfoder hade inga negativa effekter på renarnas tillväxt, foderutnyttjande eller på renköttets kvalitet.

The early weaning of pigs VII. The effect of level and source of protein in the diet of pigs weaned at 10 lb. live weight on subsequent performance and carcass quality

1961 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Blair
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
And Performance

1. Dry-meal diets based on whitefish meal or soyabean oil meal, balanced in respect of minerals, and containing 28, 23 or 18% crude protein were given to pigs from 10 to 25 lb., and similar diets containing 18% crude protein were given from 25 to 40 lb. From 40 to 100 lb. and from 100 lb. to bacon weight all pigs were given the same diets with 16% crude protein and 14% crude protein, respectively.2. From 10 to 25 lb. live weight the results showed that:(a) With diets based on whitefish meal there was an improvement in growth rate of 11% (P < 0·05) and an improvement in feed conversion efficiency of 14% (P < 0·001) when the level of crude protein was increased from 18% to 23%. Growth rate and feed conversion efficiency were not improved further by increasing the level of crude protein from 23 to 28%.(b) With diets based on soyabean oil meal, feed conversion efficiency and growth rate were not improved by increasing the protein in the diet from 18 to 23%, and performance was similar to that on the 18% protein diet based on whitefish meal. Pigs fed on the soyabean diet containing 28% protein were unthrifty and grew very slowly; some showed gastric ulceration.(c) Consumption of the diets containing 18% crude protein was 8% higher (P < 0·05) than consumption of the other diets.(d) Apparent digestibility of the dry matter of the diets, as measured by the chromic oxide marker method, rose as the pigs grew older, and apparent digestibility of the dry matter and crude protein of the diets based on soyabean oil meal was consistently lower than when whitefish meal was the main supplementary source of protein.

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