THE ADDITION OF WHOLE SUNFLOWER SEEDS AND SODIUM BICARBONATE TO FAT DEPRESSING DIETS FOR LACTATING COWS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. WHITE ◽  
J. R. INGALLS ◽  
H. R. SHARMA
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Sunflower Seeds ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Molar Percentage ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Physical Form

Twelve Holstein cows, 13–15 wk postpartum, were randomly assigned to four treatments in a Lucas Switchback design with 4-wk periods. Experimental diets were control, 1% NaHCO3, 9% whole sunflower seeds (WSS) and 1% NaHCO3 plus 9% WSS. Diets without WSS were balanced with sunflower meal, sunflower oil and wheat straw. The isonitrogenous, isocaloric total mixed concentrate, corn silage and hay diet was fed in a ratio of 65:28:7, respectively, on a dry matter (DM) basis. The long hay was fed separately. Diets were fed ad libitum once a day aiming for a 5% ort. Total DM intake and milk yield were not different (P > 0.05) among treatments. Milk fat percentage and yield were increased (P < 0.05) by inclusion of WSS in the diet. Treatments had no affect (P > 0.05) on levels of milk protein or lactose. Total volatile fatty acids (VFA), molar percentage of individual VFA, and rumen ammonia levels were unaffected by dietary treatments. Molar percentage of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in milk did not change (P > 0.05) with the inclusion in the diet of NaHCO3 and WSS alone, but when fed in combination there was an increase (P < 0.05) in molar percent of SCFA. Cows consuming WSS had lower levels (P < 0.05) of C18:2 in milk fat than control animals which received the same amount of fat but in a different physical form. Yields of de novo synthesized fatty acids (butyrate to palmitate) during week 4 were increased (P < 0.05) when cows consumed WSS with no treatment effect on yield of octanoic acid. Key words: Dairy cattle, sunflower seed, fat test, fatty acid, bicarbonate

Addition of protected and unprotected fish oil to diets for dairy cows. I. Effects on the yield, composition and taste of milk

2002 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
PIERRE LACASSE ◽  
JOHN J. KENNELLY ◽  
LOUIS DELBECCHI ◽  
CHARAF E. AHNADI
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Long Chain

Thirty Holstein cows in mid-lactation (158±20 DIM) were given a total mixed ration based on grass silage, maize silage and rolled barley. After a preliminary period of 1 week, this diet was supplemented with nothing (control), unprotected fish oil (3.7% of dry matter, DM), or two levels of glutaraldehyde-protected microcapsules of fish oil (1.5% and 3.0% of DM, respectively). Unprotected and protected supplements contained, respectively, 74% and 58% of DM as lipids. Cows given the unprotected supplement reduced their feed intake by >25%. Consequently, these cows lost body weight and produced less milk. DM intake, body weight, and milk yield were unaffected by protected fish oil. Fish oil reduced both milk fat and protein percentages, and decreased the proportion of short-chain fatty acids, stearic, and oleic acids in milk fat. Milk trans C18[ratio ]1 fatty acids increased in cows given both unprotected and protected fish oil. Milk fat content of very-long-chain n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, including C20[ratio ]5 and C22[ratio ]6, increased with fish oil in the diet. Accordingly, the peroxide index increased and a taste panel was able to detect unusual taste in milk from cows consuming the higher level of protected fish oil and disliked the milk from cows given unprotected fish oil. In conclusion, when lactating cows consumed fish oil, milk concentration of long-chain n3 fatty acids increased and mammary de novo synthesis of fatty acids decreased, but milk yield and milk protein content were reduced, and the milk was more susceptible to oxidation and its taste was adversely affected.

PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE ADDITION OF GLUCOGENIC MATERIALS TO THE RATIONS OF LACTATING COWS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 721-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
J. D. ERFLE ◽  
F. D. SAUER
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate

Glutamate, succinate, propylene glycol, or glycerol were added to a basic concentrate at 3.3% of air-dry feed. Each concentrate was fed both ad libitum and in restricted amounts to four cows in early lactation. Dietary intake, milk yield and composition, molar proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids and blood glucose, ketones and plasma free fatty acids were used as criteria of effect of these supplements. Propylene glycol in the diet resulted in a lower intake of concentrate compared with glycerol (11.44 versus 14.30 kg/day) and significantly decreased (P < 0.05) rumen butyrate and plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate. Glutamate supplementation prevented the fall in milk fat content which occurred when the other three supplemented concentrates were fed ad libitum, and this effect may have been related to the constancy in the ratio of acetate to propionate in the rumen fluid.

Studies of the secretion of milk of low fat content by cows on diets low in hay and high in concentrates: VII. The effect of administration of volatile fatty acids to cows giving normal milk and milk of low fat content

1959 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Balch ◽  
S. J. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Daily Administration ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Sodium Propionate

1. The administration of 0·5–1·5 kg. sodium acetate to cows in which the milk fat percentage had been reduced by diets low in hay and high in concentrates usually brought about an appreciable improvement in fat percentage. The extent of the response varied from slight to complete. The Reichert value of the milk fat fell with diets low in hay, but was raised by administration of acetate.2. The daily administration of 500 g. sodium acetate to cows receiving diets containing normal levels of hay and concentrates according to their milk yields did not affect the milk fat content.3. The daily administration of 414 g. sodium propionate did not restore fat percentages lowered by the diets low in hay. Butyrate appeared, in a test with one cow, to possess the restorative properties of acetate.4. With diets containing either 50 lb. silage as the sole roughage or 60 lb. fodder beet and only 6 lb. hay, fat percentages were the same as with a normal diet containing 16 lb. hay.

Some effects of unsaturated oils given to dairy cows with rations of different roughage content

1971 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. G. Nicholson ◽  
J. D. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Fish Oils ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Dietary Oil ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

SummaryThree experiments were conducted to determine the effect of feeding polyunsaturated fish oils to dairy cows receiving rations of high, medium or low roughage content. In the rumen, the decreases in the proportion of acetic acid and increases in propionic acid induced by the oils became greater as the amount of oil given was increased but the magnitude of the response to any dose depended upon the composition of the basal diet. The effects on volatile fatty acids (VFA) proportions of small amounts of the oils (125–150 ml/day) were greatest with the low-roughage rations. With large doses of oil (375–450 ml/day) the responses were variable but it is concluded that, in general, changes in VFA proportions are least with low-roughage rations.The fat content of milk was more sensitive to dietary oil supplementation than were the rumen VFA proportions. When the unsaturated oils were given there was a decrease in milk fat percentage and an increase in the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the fat; there was also increased incorporation of fatty acids with more than 18 carbon atoms in the milk fat. The metabolism in the rumen tended to become adapted to the feeding of 150 ml/day of oil, the VFA pattern returning during the second and third week of supplementation to that observed before the addition of oil.

scholarly journals Effects of ruminal administration of soy sauce oil on functional fatty acids in the rumen, blood and milk of dairy cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-73
Author(s):  
Daiji Konno ◽  
Masanobu Takahashi ◽  
Ikuo Osaka ◽  
Takenori Orihashi ◽  
Kiyotaka Sakai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Soy Sauce ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acids ◽  
Soybean Processing

Objective: Soy sauce oil, a byproduct of whole soybean processing by the soy sauce industry, was evaluated as a source of linoleic acid for dairy cows for the purpose of manipulating the composition of milk.Methods: Eight dairy Holstein cows fitted with rumen cannulas were used for ruminal administration of soy sauce oil for a 28-day period using a 4×4 Latin square study design with 4 doses (0, 200, 400, and 600 g soy sauce oil/d).Results: Although dry matter intake and milk yield were not affected by soy sauce oil administration, ruminal concentrations of total volatile fatty acids and acetate were decreased, specifically at 600 g/d administration. While milk fat percentage was decreased with administration of soy sauce oil, proportions of linoleic, vaccenic and conjugated linoleic acids in the rumen, blood and milk were increased with increasing soy sauce oil dose.Conclusion: These results suggest that soy sauce oil feeding could be useful for improving milk functionality without adverse effects on animal production performance when fed at less than 400 g/d.

The effects of a series of saturated fatty acids in the diet on milk-fat secretion in the cow

1968 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Steele ◽  
J. H. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Lauric Acid ◽  
Myristic Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Fat Yield

SummaryThe effects of the isocaloric replacement of part of the dietary concentrate mixture by 5% lauric acid (99% pure) or by 10% of myristic (95% pure), palmitic (96% pure) or stearic (94% pure) on the yield and composition of milk fat was investigated in 2 feeding experiments with a total of 10 cows in mid-lactation. The concentrate mixtures were given with a high-roughage diet that supplied 9·1 or 7·7 kg hay/day in expts 1 and 2, respectively.In expt 1 the inclusion of myristic acid in the diet decreased the yields of milk and solids-not-fat (SNF), but increased the percentage of fat in the milk without altering the fat yield. When stearic or palmitic acid was included in the diet there was an increase in milk fat yield; palmitic acid caused the greater increase. In expt 2 the inclusion of lauric acid in the diet did not appear to affect the yields of milk or SNF but it caused large reductions in the percentage of fat in the milk and in the yield of fat.In expt 1 the inclusion of myristic acid increased the yields and percentages of 14:0, 14:1 and 16:1 in the milk fat and decreased the yields and percentages of the short-chain fatty acids (4:0–8:0), 16:0, 18:0 and 18:1. When palmitic acid was included in the diet there were increases in the yields and percentages of 16:0 and 16:1 in the milk fat and decreases in the yields and percentages of 10:0, 12:0, 14:0, 18:0 and 18:1. The inclusion of stearic acid in the diet increased the yields and percentages of 18:0 and 18:1 in the milk fat and decreased the yields and percentages of 12:0 and 16:0. In expt 2 the inclusion of lauric acid in the diet increased the yield and percentage of 12:0, and in 1 cow the content of 14:0 in the milk fat; there were reductions in the yields and percentages of all the other fatty acids in the milk fat. There was no evidence of any marked elongation of the carbon chains of 12:0 and 14:0 in the mammary gland to form 16:0 or 18:0.In expt 1 the incorporation of myristic acid in the diet decreased the concentration of total steam-volatile fatty acids in rumen liquor. The inclusion of either myristic, palmitic or stearic acid in the diet had little effect on the relative proportions of the individual volatile acids in the rumen liquor. In expt 2 the addition of lauric acid to the diet reduced the acetic acid:propionic acid ratio in the rumen liquor.

Identification of the conjugated linoleic acid isomer that inhibits milk fat synthesis

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (1) ◽  
pp. R179-R184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lance H. Baumgard ◽  
Benjamin A. Corl ◽  
Debra A. Dwyer ◽  
A. Saebø ◽  
Dale E. Bauman
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomer ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Fat Synthesis ◽  
Milk Fat Synthesis

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are octadecadienoic fatty acids that have profound effects on lipid metabolism. Our previous work showed that CLA (mixture of isomers) markedly reduced milk fat synthesis. In this study, our objective was to evaluate the effects of specific CLA isomers. Multiparous Holstein cows were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design, and treatments were 4-day abomasal infusions of 1) skim milk (control), 2) 9,11 CLA supplement, and 3) 10,12 CLA supplement. CLA supplements provided 10 g/day of the specific CLA isomer ( cis-9, trans-11 or trans-10, cis-12). Treatments had no effect on intake, milk yield, or milk protein yield. Only the 10,12 CLA supplement affected milk fat, causing a 42 and 44% reduction in milk fat percentage and yield, respectively. Milk fat composition revealed that de novo synthesized fatty acids were extensively reduced. Increases in ratios of C14:0 to C14:1 and C18:0to C18:1 indicated the 10,12 CLA supplement also altered Δ9-desaturase. Treatments had minimal effects on plasma concentrations of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, insulin, or insulin-like growth factor-I. Overall, results demonstrate that trans-10, cis-12 CLA is the isomer responsible for inhibition of milk fat synthesis.

scholarly journals Identification of the Potential Role of the Rumen Microbiome in Milk Protein and Fat Synthesis in Dairy Cows Using Metagenomic Sequencing

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1247
Author(s):  
Xin Wu ◽  
Shuai Huang ◽  
Jinfeng Huang ◽  
Peng Peng ◽  
Yanan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Prevotella Species

The rumen contains abundant microorganisms that aid in the digestion of lignocellulosic feed and are associated with host phenotype traits. Cows with extremely high milk protein and fat percentages (HPF; n = 3) and low milk protein and fat percentages (LPF; n = 3) were selected from 4000 lactating Holstein cows under the same nutritional and management conditions. We found that the total concentration of volatile fatty acids, acetate, butyrate, and propionate in the rumen fluid was significantly higher in the HPF group than in the LPF group. Moreover, we identified 38 most abundant species displaying differential richness between the two groups, in which Prevotella accounted for 68.8% of the species, with the highest abundance in the HPF group. Functional annotation based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome (KEGG), evolutionary genealogy of genes: Non-supervised Orthologous Groups (eggNOG), and Carbohydrate-Active enzymes (CAZy) databases showed that the significantly more abundant species in the HPF group are enriched in carbohydrate, amino acid, pyruvate, insulin, and lipid metabolism and transportation. Furthermore, Spearman’s rank correlation analysis revealed that specific microbial taxa (mainly the Prevotella species and Neocallimastix californiae) are positively correlated with total volatile fatty acids (VFA). Collectively, we found that the HPF group was enriched with several Prevotella species related to the total VFA, acetate, and amino acid synthesis. Thereby, these fulfilled the host’s needs for energy, fat, and rumen microbial protein, which can be used for increased biosynthesis of milk fat and milk protein. Our findings provide novel information for elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of the rumen in the formation of milk composition.

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