Response of four spring-seeded cover crops to residues of selected herbicides

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Yu ◽  
Laura L. Van Eerd ◽  
Ivan O'Halloran ◽  
Peter H. Sikkema ◽  
Darren E. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Light Attenuation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Sorghum Sudangrass

Yu, L., Van Eerd, L. L., O'Halloran, I., Sikkema, P. H. and Robinson, D. E. 2015. Response of four spring-seeded cover crops to residues of selected herbicides. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 303–313. Although herbicide labels provide crop rotation restrictions, information is limited on the influence of herbicide residues on cover crops. Field experiments were conducted in 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 in Ontario, Canada, to characterize the effects of soil residues of selected herbicides on establishment and growth of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), sorghum sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench×Sorghum sudanense (P.) Stapf], and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) spring-seeded cover crops planted 1 yr after application. Imazethapyr (100 and 200 g ha−1) was applied pre-emergence (PRE) to processing peas (Pisum sativum L.), while S-metolachlor/atrazine plus mesotrione (2880+140 and 5760+280 g ha−1) and saflufenacil/dimethenamid-P (735 and 1470 g ha−1) were applied PRE to sweet corn (Zea mays L.). Imazethapyr residues from 200 g ha−1 caused 75 and 48% visible injury in buckwheat and sorghum sudangrass, respectively. Plant light attenuation, shoot dry weight, and nitrate-nitrogen content were reduced up to 82, 64 and 67% in buckwheat, and 40, 11 and 24% in sorghum sudangrass, respectively, by residues from imazethapyr. S-metolachlor/atrazine plus mesotrione residues caused up to 53% visible injury to annual ryegrass and reduced plant light attenuation, shoot dry weight, and nitrate-nitrogen content by as much as 59, 48, and 55%, respectively. There were no observable adverse effects of visible injury, light attenuation, shoot dry weight, and nitrate-nitrogen content on spring wheat regardless of herbicide or rate. These results indicate that buckwheat and sorghum sudangrass should not be grown in the year following imazethapyr, and that annual ryegrass should not be grown in the year after application of S-metolachlor/atrazine plus mesotrione. However, no restrictions are needed for growing spring wheat following these herbicides.

Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum)Cultivar Responses to Trifluralin and Postemergence Herbicides

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 352-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon A. Clay ◽  
Jim F. Gaffney ◽  
Leon J. Wrage
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Wheat Field ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Cultivar Responses ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides

Trifluralin is used for weed control in wheat but may reduce vegetative growth and yield. Postemergence (POST) herbicides may cause additional plant stress to trifluralin-stressed wheat. Field studies at Groton, SD in 1991 and 1992 and at Highmore, SD in 1992 evaluated the effects of 2,4-D-amine, difenzoquat, metsulfuron, and a combination of fenoxaprop-ethyl + 2,4-D-ester + MCPA-ester on hard red spring wheat cultivars ‘2375,’ ‘Prospect,’ and ‘Butte 86’ seeded in areas treated with preplant incorporated trifluralin either in the spring before seeding (0.56 kg ai/ha) or the previous year (1.12 or 2.24 kg ai/ha). Trifluralin applied alone in the spring, and followed by some POST herbicides, reduced shoot dry weight and grain yield. Trifluralin reduced the yield of Prospect the most and the yield of 2375 the least. Yields of trifluralin-treated wheat were reduced 23% by metsulfuron and 14% by fenoxaprop-ethyl + 2,4-D + MCPA compared to yields of wheat treated with only the respective POST herbicide. Yields were not reduced with any trifluralin-POST herbicide combination when trifluralin was applied a year prior to seeding wheat.

Effect of weed management on weeds, and on the nodulation, nitrogenase activity, growth and yield of pea (Pisum sativum)

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Singh ◽  
D. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
N Content ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

Effects of one pre-emergence herbicide (terbutryn/terbuthylazine) and one post-emergence herbicide (bentazone) along with unweeded and hand-weeded controls on weeds and on the nodulation, nitrogenase activity, nitrogen content, growth and yield of pea (Pisum sativum) were studied. Terbutryn/terbuthylazine was applied pre-emergence @ 1.40, 2.80 and 5.60 kg/hawhereas bentazone was sprayed 6 weeks after sowing @ 1.44, 2.88 and 5.76 kg/h. Terbutryn/terbuthylazine controlled all the weeds very effectively, whereas bentazone did not control some weeds such as Polygonum aviculare, Poa annua and Elymus repens. The herbicides decreased the number of nodules, the dry weight of nodules, the nitrogenase activity, the shoot dry weight, the nitrogen content in the straw and seeds, and the seed yield of peas, the effects generally being higher at higher rates of application. The adverse effects of herbicides on these parameters might be due to their effects on plant growth, as both the herbicides are known to adversely affect photosynthesis. Nitrogenase activity did not correlate well with plant-N content or shoot dry weight. However, there was a strong relationship between plant biomass and plant-N content, which suggests that researchers can rely on these parameters for studying the effects of treatments on nitrogen fixation, rather than measuring nitrogenase activity.

Tomato Root Uptake of Carfentrazone

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline M. Crespo ◽  
Andrew W. MacRae ◽  
Cristiane Alves ◽  
Tyler P. Jacoby ◽  
Rick O. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Root Uptake ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Tomato Root ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Injury ◽  
Herbicide Alternatives

Fresh market tomato is an important and valuable crop in Florida, accounting for 630 million dollars farm-gate value, which was 45% of the total value of the U.S. crop in 2010. In order to maintain or increase its productivity, labeled herbicide alternatives to methyl bromide are important to limiting seed production of weeds emerging between the raised plasticulture beds. A study was conducted inside a greenhouse where carfentrazone was applied as a drench at 0.03125×, 0.0625×, 0.125×, 0.25×, 0.5×, 1×, 2×, 4×, and 8× and as a subsurface irrigation at 0.0625×, 0.125×, 0.25×, 0.5×, 1×, 2×, 4×, 8×, and 16× rates. The 1× rate equaled the maximum labeled rate of carfentrazone (35.1 g ai ha−1) that would be applied to an area of 0.360 m2. Both the drench and subsurface trials showed an increase in plant injury and reduced growth as the rate of carfentrazone increased. The drench trial, however, was observed to have higher visible injury and greater growth reduction (based on plant measurement) than the subsurface trial, when comparing similar rates. For the 1× rate of carfentrazone in the drench trial vs. the subsurface trial, injury was 66 and 24.5%, respectively. For the 1× rate the tomato plants had estimated growth, based on the curves fit for the data, of 4.8% vs. 39.9% for the drench and subsurface trials, respectively. The subsurface trial better represents what happens in the field when carfentrazone root uptake injury is observed since it is normally observed to be around 10% or less. This still leaves a level of concern; once a 10% injury level in the subsurface trial was estimated to have reduced tomato growth, fruit weight, and total shoot dry weight by 33, 15, and 9.5%, respectively.

Interaction of Mesorhizobia, Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and different Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotypes for Nitrogen Fixing and Yield Attributing traits

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minakshi Kalkal ◽  
Krishan Kumar ◽  
Radhey Sham Waldia ◽  
Surjit Singh Dudeja
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Uninoculated Control

Twenty genotypes of chickpea were evaluated to study the interaction of chickpea genotypes, mesorhizobial strains and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza for 14 nitrogen fixing and yield attributing traits viz. days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight (g), seed yield per plant (g), number of nodules per plant, nodule weight per plant (g), root dry weight per plant (g), shoot dry weight per plant (g), nitrogen content in shoot (%), nitrogen content in grain (%) and VAM infection(%). The analysis of variance revealed the existence of significant amount of genetic variability in the material for all the traits. All the genotypes were treated with three treatments separately (Mesorhizobium sp. Strain CH 1233 (S1); Mesorhizobium sp. Strain CH 810 (S2); vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) (Glomus fasiculatum) and one set was used as uninoculated control. These were grown separately following randomized block design with three replications in each treatment. Comparative analysis indicated the differences between the treatments and behaviour of the genotypes in different environments. In general S1 and VAM showed beneficial interaction for maximum number of traits for all the genotypes. The effect of VAM was the most apparent among treatments. On overall basis, genotypes viz. HC 3, HC 5, GL 94022, ICC 5003LN, HK 2, GNG 663 and BG 362 were observed to be better performing and responsive to bio inoculants having one or more superior traits. These genotypes performing better for specific traits can be used as parents in hybridization programme for improvement of that particular trait.

scholarly journals Pot-in-pot Production and Cyclic Irrigation Influences Growth and Evapotranspiration of `Okame' Cherry

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 546B-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Ruter
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Production System ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Root:Shoot Ratio ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Ground System

A study was conducted with Prunus × incamp `Okame' to evaluate the effects of a pot-in-pot production system compared to a conventional above-ground system and cyclic irrigation on plant growth and water loss. Plants were grown in #7 (26-L) containers with a 8:1 pinebark:sand (v/v) substrate. Cyclic irrigation provided the same total volume of water, but was applied one, three, or four times per day. Final plant height and stem diameter, shoot and root dry weight, total biomass, and root:shoot ratio were all increased for plants grown pot-in-pot compared to above-ground. Multiple irrigation cycles increased stem diameter, shoot dry weight, and total biomass, compared to a single irrigation application. Multiple irrigation cycles decreased the root:shoot ratio. Evapotranspiration was influenced by production system, irrigation, and date. Amount of water lost as leachate was influenced by irrigation and date. Cyclic irrigation resulted in a two-fold decrease in leachate volume. Soluble salts and nitrate-nitrogen in the leachate were influenced by an interaction between production system, irrigation, and date.

Physiological Response of Rice (Oryza sativa) to Fenoxaprop

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 459-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derrick M. Oosterhuis ◽  
Stan D. Wullschleger ◽  
Ron E. Hampton ◽  
Rosalind A. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Direct Contact ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Leaf Elongation ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Spray Droplets

Growth chamber experiments were conducted to elucidate the morphological and physiological responses of rice to postemergence application of fenoxaprop. Two rice cultivars, ‘Newbonnet’ and ‘Mars’, and barnyardgrass were treated with 0.17 kg ai ha−1fenoxaprop at the five-leaf stage. Within 2 days of fenoxaprop application, rice cultivars developed a white chlorotic band across leaves that were in direct contact with spray droplets. Leaf elongation rates for the two rice cultivars were inhibited by 40% after 4 days and by over 50% after 14 days. Inhibition of leaf elongation by fenoxaprop contributed to an overall decrease in leaf area and shoot dry weight. Net photosynthesis was reduced by 35% in fenoxaprop-treated plants 11 days after application, although stomatal conductance was not affected. Nitrogen fertilization prior to fenoxaprop application increased foliar injury of both rice cultivars. Visible injury symptoms showed the following order of susceptibility to foliar-applied fenoxaprop: barnyardgrass > Mars rice > Newbonnet rice.

Response of Four Market Classes of Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to Foramsulfuron, Isoxaflutole, and Isoxaflutole plus Atrazine Applied in Previous Years

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 558-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren E. Robinson ◽  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Peter H. Sikkema
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Navy Bean ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
White Bean

Three field trials were established from 2001 to 2003 in Ontario to determine the effect of foramsulfuron POST (35 and 70 g ai/ha), isoxaflutole PRE (105 and 210 g ai/ha), and isoxaflutole plus atrazine PRE (105 + 1063 and 210 + 2126 g ai/ha) applied in the previous years to field corn on cranberry, black, kidney, and white (navy) bean. Foramsulfuron residues did not cause visible injury, or reductions in shoot dry weight or yield of dry bean 1 yr after application in corn. In contrast, visual injury across the four market classes varied from 4 to 37% 1 yr after application of isoxaflutole, and from 30 to 54% 1 yr after application of isoxaflutole plus atrazine. Isoxaflutole residues reduced shoot dry weight and yield as much as 81 and 44% in cranberry, 52 and 39% in black, 53 and 19% in kidney, and 42 and 19% in white bean, respectively. Isoxaflutole plus atrazine residues reduced shoot dry weight and yield as much as 87 and 64% in cranberry, 75 and 61% in black, 71 and 46% in kidney, and 65 and 33% in white navy bean, respectively. Injury was not detected regardless of market classes 2 yr after application of isoxaflutole alone or in tank mix with atrazine. Based on these results, it is recommended that none of the market classes of dry bean tested in this study should be grown 1 year after an application of isoxaflutole or isoxaflutole plus atrazine. A recropping interval of 2 years is currently recommended following applications of isoxaflutole or isoxaflutole plus atrazine for these market classes of dry bean.

scholarly journals Competitiveness of Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation strain for soybean nodule occupancy  

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragana Miljakovic ◽  
Jelena Marinković ◽  
Maja Ignjatov ◽  
Dragana Milosević ◽  
Zorica Nikolić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Japonicum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Nodule Occupancy ◽  
Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Soybean Nodule ◽  
Commercial Inoculant ◽  
Selection For

The competitiveness of Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation strain against indigenous rhizobia was examined in a soil pot experiment. The effect of inoculation strain was evaluated under different soil conditions: with or without previously grown soybean and applied commercial inoculant. Molecular identification of inoculation strain and investigated rhizobial isolates, obtained from nodules representing inoculated treatments, was performed based on 16S rDNA and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) sequencing. Inoculation strain showed a significant effect on the investigated parameters in both soils. Higher nodule occupancy (45% vs. 18%), nodule number (111% vs. 5%), nodule dry weight (49% vs. 9%), shoot length (15% vs. 7%), root length (31% vs. 13%), shoot dry weight (34% vs. 11%), shoot nitrogen content (27% vs. 2%), and nodule nitrogen content (9% vs. 5%) was detected in soil without previously grown soybean and applied commercial inoculant. Soil had a significant effect on the shoot, root and nodule nitrogen content, while interaction of experimental factors significantly altered dry weight and nitrogen content of shoots, roots and nodules, as well as number of nodules. Nodulation parameters were significantly related with shoot dry weight, shoot and nodule nitrogen content. Symbiotic performance of inoculation strains in the field could be improved through co-selection for their competitiveness and effectiveness.  

Tolerance of Processing Tomato to Thifensulfuron-Methyl

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 669-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Darren E. Robinson ◽  
Allan S. Hamill ◽  
Stephen Bowley ◽  
Peter H. Sikkema
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Processing Tomato ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Initial Results

Limited information exists on the tolerance of processing tomato to postemergence (POST) application of thifensulfuron-methyl. The tolerance of 13 processing tomato varieties, ‘CC337’, ‘H9144’, ‘H9314’, ‘H9478’, ‘H9492’, ‘H9553’, ‘H9909’, ‘N1069’, ‘N1082’, ‘N1480E’, ‘N1480L’, ‘N1522’, and ‘PETO696’, to POST applications of thifensulfuron-methyl at the maximum use rate (6 g ai/ha) and twice the maximum use rate (12 g/ha) for soybean was evaluated at two Ontario locations in 2001 and 2002. At 7 days after treatment (DAT), thifensulfuron applied POST caused 0.2 to 1% visible injury to CC337, H9144, N1082, N1522, and PETO696 at the high rate. H9553, H9909, N1069, and N1480E were the most sensitive to POST thifensulfuron-methyl, with visible injury ranging from 1 to 6% at the high rate. There was no visible injury to H9314, H9478, H9492, or N1480L at either application rate of thifensulfuron-methyl. By 28 DAT, no visible injury was noted to any variety, except for H9909, N1069, and N1480L, which showed minimal (<2%) visible injury. There were no adverse effects on shoot dry weight and marketable yield for any variety at either rate. Although thifensulfuron-methyl applied POST caused minimal and transient injury to the varieties tested, more tolerance trials with other fresh and processing tomato varieties are required to confirm these initial results.

scholarly journals Response of Dry Bean to Sulfentrazone Plus Imazethapyr

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Christy Shropshire ◽  
Peter H. Sikkema
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
White Bean

Field studies were conducted in 2010 and 2011 at the Huron Research Station, Exeter, Ontario and from 2009 to 2011 at the University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, Ontario to evaluate the sensitivity of four market classes of dry bean to sulfentrazone applied preemergence at 105, 140, and 280 g ai/ha alone and in combination with imazethapyr at 37.5 g ai/ha. At 1 week after emergence (WAE), sulfentrazone alone or in combination with imazethapyr at all doses evaluated caused no significant visible injury in dry bean. At 2 WAE, sulfentrazone alone caused 1–11, 1–11, 1–5, and 3–19% visible injury, and sulfentrazone + imazethapyr caused 3–11, 2–10, 2–5, and 4–20% visible injury in black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean, respectively. At 4 WAE, sulfentrazone alone caused 1–7, 1–7, 0–4, and 1–16% visible injury and sulfentrazone + imazethapyr caused 1–8, 1–5, 1–3, and 2–14% visible injury in black, cranberry, kidney, and white bean, respectively. Sulfentrazone PRE caused slightly greater injury in black and white bean compared to cranberry and kidney bean. Generally, crop injury with sulfentrazone at rates up to 140 g ai/ha alone and in combination with imazethapyr at 37.5 g ai/ha was minimal with no adverse effect on plant height, shoot dry weight, seed moisture content, and yield. Based on these results, there is potential for preemergence application of sulfentrazone at rates up to 140 g ai/ha alone or in combination with imazethapyr at 37.5 g ai/ha in black, cranberry, kidney and white bean.

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