GERMINATION OF ALFALFA VARIETIES IN SOLUTIONS OF VARYING OSMOTIC PRESSURE AND RELATIONSHIP TO WINTER HARDINESS

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Heinrichs
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Reliable Method ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Alfalfa Varieties

Two laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the reliability of amount of germination in solutions of varying osmotic pressure, as a means of separating alfalfa varieties into winter-hardiness classes. In one test 23 varieties or strains were studied, and in the other 36. It was found that significant differences exist between certain alfalfa varieties in their ability to germinate in sucrose or sodium chloride solutions of 3, 6, and 9 atmospheres. There is a general tendency for non-hardy varieties to germinate more rapidly and more completely than hardy ones but there are many exceptions to this trend. Germination in solutions of 6 atmospheres osmotic pressure at 5 days gave the best separation of varieties on the basis of their ability to germinate. Germination was generally better in solutions of sucrose at 6 atmospheres osmotic pressure than in solutions of sodium chloride of the same osmotic pressure but several varieties germinated equally well in either solution. The results indicate that germinating alfalfa in sugar or salt solutions is not a reliable method for differentiating alfalfa varieties into winter hardiness classes.

Water Uptake and Embryonic Development in Eggs of Chorthippus Brunneus Thunberg (Saltatoria: Acrididae)

1969 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-333
Author(s):  
F. MORIARTY
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Chloride Solutions ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Further Development

1. The pattern of water absorption by eggs of Chorthippus brunneus varies greatly between individuals. 2. The time at which water is absorbed does not have a close relationship with the stage of embryonic development. 3. Water absorption is not essential for prediapause development. 4. Eggs can only undergo blastokinesis and further development, after diapause is broken, if some water has been absorbed. 5. The rate of water loss or gain varies with the osmotic pressure of sodium chloride solutions. 6. Eggs which have started to absorb water appear to become desiccated more rapidly than eggs which have not.

scholarly journals FREEZING POINTS OF ANTI-COAGULANT SALT SOLUTIONS

1935 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
David I. Hitchcock ◽  
Ruth B. Dougan
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Linear Function ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Biological Fluid ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Freezing Points ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions

By a method involving equilibration of ice and solution, and analysis of the solution, freezing point depressions of solutions of sodium citrate, oxalate, and fluoride have been determined over the range Δ = 0.45 to 0.65°C. Determinations with sodium chloride solutions have confirmed the accuracy of the method. In each case the freezing point depression is given, within 0.002°C., as a linear function of the concentration. By the use of these linear equations it is possible to prepare a solution of any of these four salts isotonic with a given biological fluid of known freezing point, provided the latter falls within the range studied.

scholarly journals STUDIES IN EDEMA

1910 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moyer S. Fleisher ◽  
Leo Loeb
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Uranium Nitrate ◽  
Active Substances

1. In the experiments recorded in this paper the influence of the osmotic pressure of the blood upon absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity becomes apparent. Nephrectomy, removal of the adrenals, and other operations increase the osmotic pressure of the blood and increase the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity. On the other hand, ether narcosis, at the period at which we tested its influence, causes neither an increase of osmotic pressure of the blood nor an increase in the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity. 2. The increased osmotic pressure and increased absorption of fluid in nephrectomized animals is to a great extent not a specific effect of the removal of the kidneys, but approximately the same conditions can be observed after incisions of the skin and muscles. 3. After poisoning with uranium nitrate and in cases of peritonitis, complicating factors come into play, and under such conditions the absorption from the peritoneal cavity is not increased, notwithstanding the higher osmotic pressure of the blood. 4. In conditions in which the osmotic pressure of the blood is very high before the injection of sodium chloride solution into the peritoneal cavity (nephrectomized rabbits or rabbits injected with uranium nitrate three days previously), adrenalin causes no increase, or only a very slight one, in the absorption of peritoneal fluid. On the other hand, one day after the injection of uranium nitrate the osmotic pressure of the blood is only slightly increased before the injection of the sodium chloride solution into the peritoneal cavity, and here adrenalin causes a marked increase in absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity. 5. In animals injected with uranium nitrate the retention of sodium chloride and other osmotically active substances in the blood is not entirely due to interference with the functions of the kidney. This retention may be explained either by an inability of the tissues to bind the sodium chloride and other osmotically active substances or to a diminished permeability of the blood vessels for such substances. 6. While in nephrectornized animals the elimination of sodium chloride from the peritoneal cavity and also from the blood is increased, in animals injected with uranium nitrate such an elimination is diminished. This increase in the sodium chloride content of the peritoneal fluid in animals treated with uranium nitrate is accompanied by a decrease in the diffusion of other osmotically active substances into the peritoneal cavity. 7. While in nephrectomized animals and in animals injected with uranium nitrate one day previously, adrenalin causes a diminution of the fluid retained in the blood-vessels similar to the diminution noted in normal animals, adrenalin no longer exerts such an effect at a later stage of the uranium nitrate poisoning. At this period after the administration of uranium nitrate, the retention of fluid in the blood vessels is apparently equal in experiments with and without the injection of adrenalin, and following the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity, the retention of fluid in the blood vessels in the uranium nitrate animals is increased comparatively to a greater extent than in normal animals. 8. Our experiments show a marked difference in the distribution of fluid and of osmotically active substances in nephrectomized animals and in animals injected with uranium nitrate. This difference may explain the much greater liability to the development of edema in animals injected with uranium nitrate.

scholarly journals Investigations dealing with the phenomena of “clot” formations. Part IV.—The diphasic erosive action of salts on the cholate gel

1916 ◽  
Vol 89 (617) ◽  
pp. 361-372 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
The Other ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Antagonistic Action ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Sodium Salts ◽  
Marine Plants ◽  
Magnesium Salts ◽  
The One

In the last communication† of this series, attention was called to the fact that the cholate gel is eroded when immersed in solutions of sodium chloride and other chlorides, and that this erosive action can be “antagonised” by addition to the chloride solutions of relatively small amounts of calcium chloride. The analogy between this action and the biological “antagonistic” action of calcium towards sodium and other salts was also commented upon and illustrated by examples from the researches of Loeb, Osterhout and other investigators. In addition, however, to the antagonism between calcium salts on the one hand and sodium, potassium and magnesium salts on the other hand, Loeb has shown in the case of Fundulus that there is evidence of antagonism between potassium and sodium salts, that is to say that the toxic action of one salt can be rendered more or less innocuous by the addition of the other. Osterhout has shown that certain marine plants will retain their vital activities for a longer period in a solution which contains, in addition to sodium and calcium salts, also potassium and magnesium salts, and has formulated the conception of “balanced” salt solutions as necessities for the maintenance of the maximal activities of plants.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL OBSTRUCTION OF THE JEJUNUM

1925 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 707-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Haden ◽  
Thomas G. Orr
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Cent Sodium

Chemical changes are reported occurring in the blood of animals with obstruction of the jejunum, in which distilled water or sodium chloride solutions were introduced directly into the lumen of the intestine below the point of obstruction. Distilled water given daily from the beginning of the obstruction, had no influence on the development or course of the toxemia. 1 and 2 per cent salt solutions prevented a toxemia in uncomplicated cases. One animal so treated lived 30 days. Distilled water, given after the onset of toxemia, did not alter the progress or outcome of the toxemia. 10 per cent sodium chloride solution, administered after the onset of toxemia, controlled it in most cases for a long period. Hydrochloric acid had no effect on the course of the toxemia.

Factors Affecting Seed Germination of Feather Fingergrass (Chloris virgata)

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nimesha Fernando ◽  
Talia Humphries ◽  
Singarayer K. Florentine ◽  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The World ◽  
Chloris Virgata

Laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the effect of several environmental factors on seed germination of feather fingergrass, one of the most significant emerging weeds in warm regions of the world. Seed germination occurred over a broad range of temperatures (17/7, 25/10, and 30/20 C), but germination being highest at alternating temperatures of 30/20 C under both 12 h light/12 h dark and 24 h dark conditions. Although seed germination was favored by light, some seeds were capable of germinating in the dark. Increasing salt stress decreased seed germination until complete inhibition was reached at 250-mM sodium chloride. Germination decreased from 64 to 0.7% as osmotic potential decreased from 0 to −0.4 MPa, and was completely inhibited at −0.6 MPa. Higher seed germination (> 73%) was observed in the range of pH 6.4 to 8 than the other tested pH levels. Heat shock had a significant effect on seed germination. Germination of seeds placed at 130 C for 5 min was completely inhibited for both dry and presoaked seeds. The results of this study will help to develop protocols for managing feather fingergrass, and to thus avoid its establishment as a troublesome weed in economically important cropping regions.

scholarly journals STUDIES IN EDEMA

1909 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 480-488
Author(s):  
Moyer S. Fleisher ◽  
Leo Loeb
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intestinal Fluid ◽  
Endothelial Lining ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions

1. Animals in which experimental myocarditis has been produced and winch are infused with sodium chloride solutions show a marked decrease in the amount of the secretion of urine. This decrease is even more pronounced than that produced when calcium chloride is added to sodium chloride solution. The intestinal fluid which is markedly decreased, and the peritoneal transudate which is increased by calcium chloride are, on the other hand, not markedly influenced by myocarditic lesions. We may, therefore, conclude that calcium chloride does not exert its specific effect on the quantity of peritoneal fluid through a lowering of blood pressure. 2. Each of the three factors, namely, calcium chloride, adrenalin and myocarditic lesions affects the elimination of fluid through the kidneys, through the mucosa of the small intestine and through the endothelial lining of the peritoneal cavity in a specific way. The conditions influencing the elimination of fluids through these three surfaces seem, therefore, to be different in each case and characteristic for the cells lining these surfaces.

Research of the Reasons of Frost Destruction of Road Concrete

2020 ◽  
Vol 864 ◽  
pp. 175-179
Author(s):  
Serhij Tolmachov
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Linear Thermal Expansion ◽  
Simultaneous Action ◽  
Hydraulic Pressure ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Concrete Failure ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
The Difference

The article analyzes the causes of the destruction of road concrete in the winter. The basic theories of concrete failure during freezing are presented. Hypothesis of R. Collins according to which the destruction occurs as a result of the pressure of ice, which is formed when water freezes onto the pore walls. The hydraulic pressure hypothesis of T. Powers, according to which the main cause of concrete destruction during cyclic freezing and thawing, is the hydraulic pressure that creates water in the pores and capillaries of concrete under the action of ice. The hypothesis of thermal destruction of concrete due to the difference in the coefficients of linear thermal expansion of its components. In winter, sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions are most often used to combat ice on the surface of road surfaces. Therefore, an important consequence of this may be osmotic pressure. To calculate the osmotic pressure, the Vant-Hoff formula for true solutions was used. The maximum values of the osmotic pressure were determined at temperatures of 255...293 K. The critical concentrations of sodium chloride solutions at which concrete was destroyed were calculated. It was established that at the initial stage of freezing-thawing of concrete with the simultaneous action of an aqueous NaCl solution, the structure of concrete is densified and its strength is increased.

scholarly journals OSMOTIC ACTIVITY OF TISSUES DURING FETAL AND POSTNATAL GROWTH

1954 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene L. Opie
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Mature Animal ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Osmotic Activity

The osmotic pressure maintained by liver tissue of the white rat preceding birth is less than that of the maternal blood serum and shortly after birth approximates this level. Following birth osmotic pressure of liver tissue, continuing to increase, reaches after about 60 to 90 days the level found in the liver of mature animals and is then isotonic with solutions of sodium chloride with concentration slightly more than twice that isotonic with blood serum. Osmotic pressure maintained by kidney tissue pursues with growth a similar course but at a lower level and about 35 to 60 days after birth reaches that found in the mature animal being represented by isotonicity with a concentration of sodium chloride slightly less than twice that isotonic with blood serum. The tissues of the whole fetus are isotonic with sodium chloride solutions less concentrated than that isotonic with the maternal blood serum.

Reabsorptive response of renal tubules to elevated sodium and chloride concentrations in plasma

1960 ◽  
Vol 199 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Bresler
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽  
Glomerular Filtrate ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Sustained and relatively constant levels of hypernatremia and hyperchloremia were obtained by infusing dogs with 150 ml of 5% or 10% sodium chloride solutions for 30 minutes and following this with infusions of 0.85% sodium chloride at the rate of 5 ml/min. Inulin clearances and serum and urinary sodium and chloride values were determined during a number of periods when plasma sodium and chloride were at normal or near normal values and compared with similar determinations made after hypertonic saline infusions when plasma sodium and chloride were at high but relatively steady levels. For any given rate of glomerular filtration more sodium chloride was reabsorbed at high plasma salt levels than at normal or near normal levels. Moreover, the rate of reabsorption increases as plasma sodium and chloride increase. The enhanced tubular reabsorptive activity toward sodium chloride at a time when a large surfeit of salt exists appears paradoxical when viewed as a consequence of active transport processes. On the other hand, these results are precisely what would be predicted if passive reabsorption of glomerular filtrate occurred in an area of the tubule freely permeable to salt as well as water.

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