scholarly journals MEASUREMENT OF THE POLYSACCHARIDE CONTENT OF SOILS

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Acton ◽  
E. A. Paul ◽  
D. A. Rennie
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Acid Fraction ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Polysaccharide Content ◽  
Soluble Base ◽  
Anthrone Reagent ◽  
Soil Carbohydrate ◽  
Soil Carbohydrates

The polysaccharide content of two soils, measured by precipitating and weighing the microbial gums from the fulvic acid fraction of soil organic matter, and by colorimetric analyses using anthrone, was increased appreciably during the incubation of samples with straw. Applications of nitrogen and phosphorus altered only slightly the amount of polysaccharides present. The polysaccharide content of the amended soils increased rapidly during the first week of incubation and then levelled off.Peptization of the soil with dilute alkali prior to acid hydrolysis substantially increased the carbohydrates measured with anthrone. The anthrone reagent which measures primarily hexoses indicated a soil carbohydrate content of 10–15 per cent occurring in a range of Saskatchewan soils. Thirty-five per cent more carbohydrate carbon was found using the less specific phenol-sulphuric acid reagent.The acetone precipitated fraction from the fulvic acids accounted for only 10 per cent of the soil carbohydrates and contained a large proportion of ash and other non-carbohydrate materials. The total acid-soluble base-soluble fraction, fulvic acids, contained 15–25 per cent; the remainder was distributed in the alkali insoluble humin — 55–70 per cent and the humic acid fraction 4–12 per cent.

scholarly journals Advances in Circular Bioeconomy Technologies: From Agricultural Wastewater to Value-Added Resources

Environments ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Nidhi Mehta ◽  
Kinjal J Shah ◽  
Yu-I Lin ◽  
Yongjun Sun ◽  
Shu-Yuan Pan
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Piggery Wastewater ◽  
Agricultural Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Electrokinetic Separation

This review systematically outlines the recent advances in the application of circular bioeconomy technologies for converting agricultural wastewater to value-added resources. The properties and applications of the value-added products from agricultural wastewater are first summarized. Various types of agricultural wastewater, such as piggery wastewater and digestate from anaerobic digestion, are focused on. Next, different types of circular technologies for recovery of humic substances (e.g., humin, humic acids and fulvic acids) and nutrients (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus) from agricultural wastewater are reviewed and discussed. Advanced technologies, such as chemical precipitation, membrane separation and electrokinetic separation, are evaluated. The environmental benefits of the circular technologies compared to conventional wastewater treatment processes are also addressed. Lastly, the perspectives and prospects of the circular technologies for agricultural wastewater are provided.

scholarly journals Induction of Protease Activity in Vibrio anguillarum by Gastrointestinal Mucus

1999 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 3555-3560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Denkin ◽  
David R. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Protease Activity ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Vibrio Anguillarum ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Luria Bertani ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Aqueous Fraction ◽  
Chloroform Methanol ◽  
In Cells

ABSTRACT The effect of gastrointestinal mucus on protease activity inVibrio anguillarum was investigated. Protease activity was measured by using an azocasein hydrolysis assay. Cells grown to stationary phase in mucus (200 μg of mucus protein/ml) exhibited ninefold-greater protease activity than cells grown in Luria-Bertani broth plus 2% NaCl (LB20). Protease induction was examined with cells grown in LB20 and resuspended in mucus, LB20, nine-salts solution (NSS [a carbon-, nitrogen-, and phosphorus-free salt solution]), or marine minimal medium (3M) (∼109 CFU/ml). Induction of protease activity occurred 60 to 90 min after addition of mucus and was ≥70-fold greater than protease activity measured in cells incubated in either LB20 or 3M. Mucus was fractionated into aqueous and chloroform-methanol-soluble fractions. The aqueous fraction supported growth of V. anguillarum cells, but did not induce protease activity. The chloroform-methanol-soluble fraction did not support growth, nor did it induce protease activity. When the two fractions were mixed, protease activity was induced. The chloroform-methanol-soluble fraction did not induce protease activity in cells growing in LB20. EDTA (50 mM) inhibited the protease induced by mucus. Upon addition of divalent cations, Mg2+ (100 mM) was more effective than equimolar amounts of either Ca2+ or Zn2+ in restoring activity, suggesting that the mucus-inducible protease was a magnesium-dependent metalloprotease. AnempA mutant strain of V. anguillarum did not exhibit protease activity after exposure to mucus, but did grow in mucus. Southern analysis and PCR amplification confirmed that V. anguillarum M93 contained empA. These data demonstrate that the empA metalloprotease of V. anguillarum is specifically induced by gastrointestinal mucus.

BIOSYNTHESIS OF NUCLEOTIDES IN WHEAT: III. PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES FROM P32-LABELLED PHOSPHATE

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Robern ◽  
D. Wang ◽  
E. R. Waygood
Keyword(s):  
Perchloric Acid ◽  
Chromatographic Analysis ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Acid Fraction ◽  
Pyrimidine Nucleotides ◽  
Free Nucleotides ◽  
Wheat Embryos ◽  
Purine And Pyrimidine Nucleotides

Phosphate labelled with P32 was fed to viable wheat embryos with and without 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide (AICA). The cold perchloric acid fraction was treated with Norit A; the adsorbed nucleotides were eluted by pyridine–alcohol and subjected to chromatographic analysis for identification. Approximately 30% of the label in the soluble fraction was incorporated into identifiable purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. AICA had no effect on the amount of incorporation. This study shows the existence of a pool of free nucleotides in wheat embryos.

scholarly journals Studies on bound trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline in sandal (Santalum album L.)

1970 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramadasan Kuttan ◽  
A. N. Radhakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Bound State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Santalum Album ◽  
Acid Fraction ◽  
Santalum Album L ◽  
Soluble Fractions

1. trans-4-Hydroxy-l-proline was found to occur in the bound state in the leaves of sandal (Santalum album L.), in which large amounts of free cis-4-hydroxy-l-proline are also present. 2. Bound trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline was present, associated mainly with a `wall' fraction and a `soluble' fraction roughly in equal proportions. 3. Bound proline is present only in small amounts in the `soluble' fraction but is mostly associated with the `wall' fraction and the other sedimented fractions. 4. In the free amino acid fraction more than 98% of the hydroxyproline had the cis-configuration, whereas in the `wall' and `soluble' fractions more than 90% of the bound hydroxyproline was in the trans-configuration. 5. Various extraction procedures indicated heterogeneity of the hydroxyproline-containing components. Hot 5% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid extracts about 25% of hydroxyproline and m-NaOH extracts an additional 25%. 6. Incorporation of [14C]proline into the bound hydroxyproline was demonstrated. The hydroxyproline component of the `soluble' fraction does not appear to be the precursor of that of the `wall' fraction.

scholarly journals The Uptake of Orthophosphate and Its Incorporation into Organic Phosphates Along Roots of Pinus Radiata

1969 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Phosphate Uptake ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Acid Fraction ◽  
Erroneous Interpretation ◽  
Automatic Scanning ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
High Phosphate

An automatic scanning-recording method showed that relative incorporation of [32P]orthophosphate along sterile pine roots into both the nucleic acid fraction and the phospholipid-phosphoprotein fraction was usually much greater in the apical 1-and 2-cm segments than in the remainder of the root. Relative incorporation into phosphate fractions was modified considerably by the phosphate uptake and phosphate status at different parts of the root_ Relative incorporation into the readily acid-soluble fraction was greatest at sites of greatest phosphate uptake along the root, and was less with phosphate-deficient plants than with high-phosphate plants. Description of root behaviour as an average of the entire root is inadequate and is likely to lead to erroneous interpretation of nutrient uptake and use by roots_

Microbial use of podzol Bh fulvic acids

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 677-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Mathur
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Phenol Oxidase ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Iron Complex ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Before And After

A Trichoderma viride, a Penicillium frequentons, and an Aspergillus fumigatus were isolated from fulvic acid enrichment cultures. These and a white rot fungus, Poria subacida 17780, were tested for their ability to decompose fulvic acids (FA) in liquid cultures. All of the organisms tested were totally inhibited by the presence of FA at 1% concentration. The soil isolates brought about transformation of the FA to humic acids. In 48 h, the Poria subacida used 66% of the FA (0.05%) present as the sole source of carbon in static replacement culture, and up to 45% in 24 days in a static culture. Loss of FA was measured by photometry and confirmed by determination of the carbon content of FA precipitated as iron complex before and after attack. Phenol oxidase of the Poria subacida apparently had no role in degradation of the FA but could darken the color of a well-aerated medium through oxidative transformation of FA products.Preliminary studies with cell-free preparations of the P. subacida indicated that the breakdown is initiated by an enzyme present in particulate fraction of the cells and this activity is extended or facilitated by a factor present in the soluble fraction of the cells. FA-cleaving enzymes(s) may thus be available for use in controlled FA degradation studies aimed at characterizing soil humus.

The utilization of glucose in the brain and other organs of the cat

1964 ◽  
Vol 160 (978) ◽  
pp. 124-136 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Acid Fraction ◽  
Fresh Tissue ◽  
The Brain

After subcutaneous injection of [ 14 C]glucose in the cat the total 14 C content per gram fresh tissue was relatively high in liver, kidney, blood and brain: lower values were obtained in heart, spleen, lung, skeletal mucle and spinal cord. In all organs examined more than 95 % of the radioactivity present at 22 min after injection was contained in the acid-soluble fraction of the tissue: proteins, lipids and nucleic acids together accounted for only 0.2 to 5 % of the radioactivity. In most organs the 14 C in the acid-soluble fraction was present mainly as [ 14 C]glucose, but in nervous tissues a large part (48 to 74 %) of the 14 C was contained in the free amino acid fraction. The incorporation of 14 C from [ 14 C]glucose into amino acids (counts min -1 g fresh tissue -1 ) in vivo was highest in the cerebral cortex and decreased in the order cerebral cortex > cerebellum > pons and medulla > spinal cord: the incorporation into amino acids was several times greater in the brain than in other organs examined. Values obtained for the heart were intermediate between those for brain and other organs. About 80 % of the 14 C incorporated into amino acids of the cerebral cortex was combined in glutamic and aspartic acids. In liver, spleen, muscle, lung and blood the basic and neutral amino acids accounted for a relatively larger proportion of the radioactivity of the amino acid fraction. The 14 C contained in tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates accounted for 20 to 32 % of the radioactivity of the acid-soluble fraction in different parts of the brain.

The Effect of Benzene on Bluegill Olfactory Lamellae

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 574-575
Author(s):  
D.R. Mattie ◽  
J.W. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Sublethal Concentration ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Aquatic Biota ◽  
Normal Surface ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer

Jet fuels such as JP-4 can be introduced into the environment and come in contact with aquatic biota in several ways. Studies in this laboratory have demonstrated JP-4 toxicity to fish. Benzene is the major constituent of the water soluble fraction of JP-4. The normal surface morphology of bluegill olfactory lamellae was examined in conjunction with electrophysiology experiments. There was no information regarding the ultrastructural and physiological responses of the olfactory epithelium of bluegills to acute benzene exposure.The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of benzene on the surface morphology of the nasal rosettes of the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Bluegills were exposed to a sublethal concentration of 7.7±0.2ppm (+S.E.M.) benzene for five, ten or fourteen days. Nasal rosettes were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 2.0% paraformaldehyde in 0.1M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 1.25mM calcium chloride. Specimens were processed for scanning electron microscopy.

Studies on the Characterization of Factor VIII and a Co-factor VIII

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (02) ◽  
pp. 328-338
Author(s):  
M. M. P Paulssen ◽  
H. L. M. A Vandenbussche-Scheffers ◽  
P. B Spaan ◽  
T de Jong ◽  
M. C Planje
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
The Body ◽  
Haemophilia A ◽  
Von Willebrand's Disease ◽  
Von Willebrand’S Disease ◽  
Polysaccharide Content ◽  
Plasma Factor ◽  
Two Factors

SummaryFactor VIII occurs in the body in two different forms. In lymph factor VIII is bound to chylomicra. In plasma, factor VIII is bound to a protein.After delipidation of chylomicra we obtained a glycoprotein with a high polysaccharide content and a molecular weight of approx. 160,000.In plasma, factor VIII is attached to a protein which is present in normal concentrations in plasma of patients with haemophilia A and in serum (co-factor VIII).This factor is deficient in both the plasma and the serum of patients with von Willebrand’s disease.The binding between factor VIII and co-factor VIII is reversible.Some properties of these two factors are described.

Plasminogen Activator and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Associated with Granulomatous Inflammation: A Study with Murine Leprosy

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (03) ◽  
pp. 243-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Izaki ◽  
T Hibino ◽  
Y Isozaki ◽  
P S Hsu ◽  
M Izaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Proteinase Inhibitors ◽  
Granulomatous Inflammation ◽  
Serine Proteinase ◽  
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Weakly Alkaline ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Type Plasminogen Activator

SummaryPlasminogen activator that is associated with the development of hypersensitivity granulomas (gPA) was partially purified from a saline soluble fraction of murine lepromas elicited in “resistant” mice, C57BL/6N. The gPA was shown to consist of two subspecies (23,000 and 48,000 in molecular weight) with essentially identical enzymologic properties. The gPA was found to be a relatively heat stable weakly alkaline serine proteinase with trypsin-like characteristics in the specificity for synthetic substrates and proteinase inhibitors. It showed a high affinity for H- D-Ile-Pro-Arg-pNA (Km = 1.4 × 10-4 M) H-D-Val-Leu-Lys- pNA (Km = 5.2 × 10-4 M), and L-pyroGlu-Gly-Arg-pNA (Km = 9.3 × 10-4 M). The gPA did not demonstrate antigenic cross reaction with urokinase-type or tissue-type plasminogen activator.Two distinct enzymatic regulators of the gPA were also demonstrated in the saline soluble fraction of the hypersensitivity granulomas. The gPA and its regulation are assumed to be correlated with macrophage activation in the hypersensitivity granulomas

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