Investigation of the carbohydrates of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz and Camelina microcarpa Andrz

The aim of the work was to study the monosaccharide composition of WSPS, PS and HC, isolated from the raw materials of Camelina sativa and Camelina microcarpa and to establish the quantitative content of these fractions. Materials and methods. The analysis of the composition of biologically active substances of carbohydrate nature was carried out in herb and seeds of Camelina sativa (variety “Slavutych”) and Camelina microcarpa. Samples of seeds for growing plants were provided by the National Center for Genetic Resources of Plants of Ukraine (The Plant Production Institute ND. V.YA. YURIEVA, NAAS of Ukraine). For the studies, the carbohydrates were separated by the Bailey method into monosaccharide fractions, which were used for TLC and quantification using a modified Dreywood spectrophotometric method with anthrone reagent in concentrated sulfuric acid. Results. The presence of glucose, galactose and arabinose was determined in the hydrolysates of polysaccharide fractions of Camelina sativa of herb and seeds. Galactose, glucose, arabinose and xylose were found in the hydrolysates of polysaccharide fractions of Camelina microcarpa herb and seeds. The highest content of WSPS was determined in the herb of Camelina sativa, and the lowest - in the seeds of Camelina microcarpa. PS in the largest number were also found in the herb, and in the smallest – in the seeds of Camelina sativa. The content of the amount of HC was the highest in the herb of Camelina sativa, and the smallest – in the seeds of Camelina sativa. Conclusions. The presence of 3 monosaccharides in the raw material of Camelina sativa and 4 monosaccharides in the raw material of Camelina microcarpa was established by TLC. The quantitative content of monosaccharide fractions was determined by the spectrophotometric method, which in total predominated in Camelina sativa

LIPIDS, FATTY ACIDS AND PIGMENTS OF LEAVES DICTAMNUS CAUCASICUS FISCH. EX GROSSH. (RU-TACEAE)

Plants of the genus Dictamnus are a source of chemical compounds with different biological activity – alkaloids, bitterness, furocoumarins, saponins, essential oils. In the present work, the qualitative and quantitative composition of components lipids, fatty acids, and pigments isolated from the leaves of Dictamnus caucasicus Fisch. ex Grossh. – is presented for the first time, also of interest for medicine and pharmacology. Plants were selected in the Samara region, on the territory of which D. caucasicus is currently under threat of extinction. Plant extracts were analyzed by high performance thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. Identification of polar lipids was carried out using specific reagents – anthrone reagent, molybdenum blue, Dragendorff’s reagent, 0.2% ninhydrin solution. Neutral lipids were identified using an mixture of standards – triacylglycerol (TAG), oleic acid (FFA), cholesterol (ST), diacyglycerol (DAG). It was shown that the main group of lipids contains carbohydrate fragments – glycolipids as structural components. Among phospholipids, a high content of phosphatidylglycerol was found, and in neutral lipids – free and esterified forms of sterols. Polyunsaturated linolenic acid (C18: 3n3) dominates in the composition of fatty acids, and chlorophyll a dominates in the pigment pool.

EFFECT OF DICLOFENAC SODIUM ON GLYCOGEN CONTENT OF ZEBRA FISH DANIO RERIO

Number of pharmaceuticals are commonly used now-a-days for the treatment of various ailments. Among them, Diclofenac sodium is used to relief pain and joint stiffness but the residual part of it exerts various side effects. It has been shown that the residue of diclofenac reaches in considerably high amounts in aquatic environment which causes toxicity to aquatic animals especially in fishes. Therefore, the aim of this experimental work is to observe the effect of diclofenac sodium in the glycogen content of zebra fish in three different tissues i.e. liver, gills and muscles. LC50 at 24 hours exposure of diclofenac sodium estimated by direct interpolation method was found to be 26.25mg/l. To observe the effect of diclofenac sodium on glycogen content, the fishes were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 served as untreated control. Group 2 was treated with 24hrs LC50 of diclofenac. Group 3 & 4 received 1/5th conc. of 24hrs LC50 for 7 and 15 days respectively. Fishes were sacrificed after lethal and sub lethal exposure. Liver, gills and muscles were separately analysed to study the glycogen content by Anthrone reagent test. It was observed that glycogen content drastically decreased within 24 hours of diclofenac treatment & then gradually increased in 7 & 15 days treatment. Thus, this study indicates that level of glycogen can greatly be altered in response to the toxic effects caused by diclofenac in zebra fish. KEY WORDS: Diclofenac, Zebra fish, glycogen, LC50.

Cariogenic Potential of the commonly Prescribed Pediatric Liquid Medicaments in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An in vitro Study

ABSTRACT Aim The aim of this study was to assess the cariogenic potential of the commonly prescribed pediatric liquid medicaments (PLMs) for dental disease in Jazan region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and methods Seven most commonly prescribed PLMs were selected by prior questioning the pediatric dentists as well as general dentists in Jazan region. The endogenous pH and sucrose concentrations of the liquid medicaments were assessed. The endogenous pH was assessed by Hanna pH meter instrument. The sucrose concentration was assessed by anthrone reagent method. Results All the PLM were acidic. The pH of the PLM ranged from 4.22 to 6.10. All the PLM contained sucrose and its concentration ranged from 5.38 to 11.41 gm% in the samples. Conclusion In this study, all the PLM were acidic and contained sucrose. Hence, they have cariogenic potential. Clinical significance Parents and dentists are unaware of the hidden sugars and cariogenicity of these medications. Strict oral hygiene instructions are mandatory for the children taking these medications. The use of PLM should also be minimized and parents should seek early dental treatment to restore child's oral health. How to cite this article Gupta M, Panda S. Cariogenic Potential of the commonly Prescribed Pediatric Liquid Medicaments in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(4):307-311.

Glycogen content is affected differently in acute pulmonary and extra-pulmonary lung injury

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the most severe form of acute lung injury (ALI). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether paraquat-induced acute pulmonary and extra-pulmonary lung injury (ALI-P and ALI-EX, respectively), in rats, affects glycogen content in different tissues. This measurement could indicate performance limitations of tissues, a new biochemical aspect of ARDS. ALI-P and ALI-EX were induced by injection into the trachea (0.5 mg/kg) and intraperitoneally (20 mg/kg) 24 hours prior to tissue collection. The control groups (CTRL) received the same volume of saline. Glycogen content (mg/g tissue) from different tissues was measured using the anthrone reagent. Glycogen content in the heart and kidney was higher in the ALI-EX group than the CTRL-EX group. Glycogen content in the gastrocnemius muscle was lower in the ALI-EX group than the CTRL-EX group. However, there were no significant differences in glycogen content in the diaphragm in the ALI-EX and ALI-P groups or in the gastrocnemius, heart and kidney in the ALI-P group when compared to the respective controls. ALI-EX caused a greater thickening of the alveolar walls, more areas of atelectasis and a greater abundance of inflammatory cells in comparison to ALI-P. These results demonstrate that glycogen content in ALI, induced by an herbicide that is highly toxic to humans and animals, is altered in different tissues depending on the location of the injury.

Determining lactose content of harp seal milk

Lactose levels in harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) milk were estimated using three quantitative techniques (phenol–sulphuric acid, anthrone reagent, and picric acid). Based on its low coefficient of variation, accuracy, and simplicity, the anthrone technique was the preferred method. Lactose content of harp seal milk remained constant throughout lactation at 0.89 ± 0.14 g per 100 g whole milk ([Formula: see text], n = 22). Fat, water, and protein content of our samples were not significantly different from those determined in a previous study. The absence of between-year differences in these constituents further suggests that carbohydrate content also did not change significantly from year to year.

Correction Factor For Anthrone Carbohydrate in Coloured Wastewater Samples

Spectrophotometric determination of total carbohydrate (TCH) in the wastewater samples by anthrone reagent is a simple and rapid method to follow the utilization of substrate, and hence the reduction of BOD5 load during the biological treatment process with chemoheterotrophs. However, for the coloured wastewater samples or treatment plant effluents, a correction factor was found necessary to compensate the colour inferences. Studies were conducted on various waste sulfite liquors (NH3-, Ca-, Mg-, Mixed- and Na-WSL) which provide a wide range of colours from creamy to black. The correction factor was calculated from the deviation of the standard calibration curves of glucose with and without the presence of WSL. These correction factors depended both on the nature and on the amount of WSL present. Within the practical dilution range of various WSL for the determination of TCH (1:1,000 - 4:1,000 v/v), the correction factors varied from 15 to 40%, which is highly significant if the correction was not made. In all WSL samples, the correction factor became more significant at higher concentration of WSL in the solution. Spectrophotometric studies of WSL at various concentrations within the visible range led to the development of the following empirical equation expressing their colour, $$\Lambda = \Lambda _{\rm s}\left( {1 + {[D_{\rm c}/D]}^2} \right)^{{\rm n/2}}$$ where Λ, Λs, Dc, D and n are the maximum transmitted wavelength of WSL solution, the maximum transmitted wavelength of water (solvent), the critical dilution of WSL, the dilution of WSL (reciprocal concentration of colouring materials) and the chromatic index of WSL respectively.