SOIL CHEMICAL CRITERIA FOR IRRIGATION SUITABILITY CLASSIFICATION OF BROWN SOLONETZIC SOILS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. BENNETT
Keyword(s):  
Selectivity Coefficient ◽  
Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Statistical Relationship ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Irrigation Suitability ◽  
Saturation Extract ◽  
Solonetzic Soil ◽  
Southern Alberta

A good statistical relationship was obtained between the exchangeable-sodium ratio and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) in Brown Solonetzic and associated soils in southern Alberta. Reliable estimates of the exchangeable-sodium status of these sulfate-rich soils may be anticipated when SAR values are less than 20. Prediction of the exchangeable-sodium status of soils on the basis of SAR values is preferable for both Solonetzic soil and irrigation suitability classification. A saturation extract SAR value of five in the B horizon generally corresponds to an exchangeable calcium to sodium ratio of 10. Saturation extract SAR values of five and 12 are recommended as revised soil chemical criteria for Brown Solonetzic soil and irrigation suitability classification, respectively. Key words: Solonetzic soils, exchangeable cations, sodium adsorption ratio, selectivity coefficient, irrigation suitability

AN INVESTIGATION ON THE DEPENDENCE OF THE GAPON COEFFICIENT ON EXCHANGEABLE SODIUM BY THREE LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 813-820
Author(s):  
V. P. EVANGELOU ◽  
F. J. COALE
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Selectivity Coefficient ◽  
Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Linear Transformations ◽  
Laboratory Staff ◽  
Soil Systems ◽  
Exchange Adsorption ◽  
Exchange Selectivity

Based on theorical considerations of ideal exchangers, the traditional Gapon exchange selectivity coefficient (KG) is generally not expected to remain constant for exchangeable sodium ratio (ESR) greater than 0.20. Therefore, the ESR-SAR (SAR=sodium adsorption ratio) relationship is only expected to be linear and predictable for this limited range of exchange sites. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that for some soils and/or clay minerals, which are considered nonideal exchangers, the KG may remain constant for ESR values greater than 0.20. This information is important for the reclamation of sodic soil systems with ESR > 0.2 to near Na+ saturation. Experimental data in the literature is most often limited in the ESR range of 0 – 1. Experimental Na+-Ca2+ exchange data for each of a number of soils and clay minerals were plotted according to three linear transformations of the Gapon expression in order to determine if a particular soil or clay mineral exhibits a constant Gapon exchange selectivity coefficient (KG) for ESR values significantly greater than 0.20. The three linear transformations are represented by plots of (1) 1/ExNa vs. 1/SAR, (2) ExNa vs. ExNa/SAR and (3) SAR/ExNa vs. SAR (ExNa = exchangeable Na). From the three plots employed, the ExNa vs. ExNa/SAR and the SAR/ExNa vs. SAR were shown to be the most applicable in predicting a constant KG for ESR values greater than 0.20. It is also shown that some generally low CEC materials may exhibit a constant KG for ESR values significantly greater than 0.20. These data also infer that for a particular soil the linearity of the widely used ESR-SAR relationship introduced by the U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff may not be limited to an ESR value of 0.20. Key words: Exchangeable sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio, thermodynamics of cation exchange, adsorption maxima, ion affinity constants.

Effect of sulphur inoculated with Thiobacillus on saline soils amendment and growth of cowpea and yam bean legumes

2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. P. STAMFORD ◽  
A. D. S. FREITAS ◽  
D. S. FERRAZ ◽  
C. E. R. S. SANTOS
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Elemental Sulphur ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Saturation Extract ◽  
Tropical Legumes ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid

A greenhouse experiment was carried out from January–May 2001, to evaluate the effects of elemental sulphur inoculated with Thiobacillus, compared with gypsum, in the amendment of two saline sodic soils (Neosol Fluvic Salic sodic) from the Brazilian semi-arid region, and on growth of the tropical legumes cowpea and yam bean, inoculated with specific rhizobia strains. The treatments consisted of sulphur rates (0·6, 1·2 and 1·8 t/ha) and gypsum (1·8 and 3·6 t/ha), and irrigation water containing the salts NaHCO3, MgCl2, CaCl2, NaCl and KCl, with electrical conductivity 0·2 dS/m at 25 °C. There was a treatment with no sulphur or gypsum applied. The correctives increased Na+ and electrical conductivity on leached solution, and decreased soil pH and exchangeable cations, especially Na+. Sulphur inoculated with Thiobacillus was more efficient than gypsum, reducing soil-exchangeable sodium. Sulphur with Thiobacillus in Soil 1 reduced pH (8·2 to 4·7) and electrical conductivity of the soil saturation extract (15·3 to 1·7 mS/cm) to values below those used for classification as saline and sodic soil. The growth of the tropical legumes cowpea and yam bean was increased by rhizobia inoculation when soil ameliorants were used, especially sulphur in combination with Thiobacillus.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXCHANGEABLE SODIUM AND SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO IN A SOLONETZIC SOIL ASSOCIATION

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. A. HARRON ◽  
G. R. WEBSTER ◽  
R. R. CAIRNS
Keyword(s):  
Regression Line ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Exchangeable Cation ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Soil Association ◽  
Solonetzic Soil

The relationship between the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and exchangeable sodium ratio (ESR) in a Solonetzic soil association of the Black soil zone of East-Central Alberta was examined. Highly significant correlations between ESR and SAR were determined for the A and B horizons of this soil association, although the regression equations were different for each horizon. The slope of the regression line indicated that Na was adsorbed three times more strongly, relative to Ca, in the B horizon than in the A horizon. The difference in adsorption was attributed to differences in soil properties, particularly clay and organic matter content, between the two horizons. Equations to calculate exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) from SAR were also determined for the two horizons studied. To relate the soluble Na levels to exchangeable Na in the Duagh-Malmo soil association, appropriate equations should be used for each horizon. Also, data showed that an SAR of 3 in the B horizon corresponds to an exchangeable Ca:Na ratio of 10 that is used to differentiate Solonetzic from Chernozemic soils in the Canadian Classification System. Key words: Solonetzic soil association, soluble-exchangeable cation ratios

Parataxonomic classification of ornithoid eggshell fragments from the Oldman Formation (Judith River Group; Upper Cretaceous), southern Alberta

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 1655-1667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darla K. Zelenitsky ◽  
L. V. Hills ◽  
Philip J. Currie
Keyword(s):  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Shell Thickness ◽  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Theropod Dinosaur ◽  
Surface Sculpture ◽  
External Zone ◽  
Theropod Dinosaurs ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
The Family

Examination of a large number of eggshell fragments collected from the Oldman Formation of southern Alberta reveals a greater ootaxonomic diversity than is known from complete eggs or clutches. Three new oogenera and oospecies of the ornithoid-ratite morphotype and one of the ornithoid-prismatic morphotype are established, based on the eggshell fragments. Porituberoolithus warnerensis oogen. et oosp. nov. and Continuoolithus canadensis oogen. et oosp. nov. have a microstructure similar to that of elongatoolithid eggs of theropod dinosaurs. Tristraguloolithus cracioides oogen. et oosp. nov. and Dispersituberoolithus exilis oogen. et oosp. nov. possess an external zone and thus have a microstructure like modern avian eggshell. Tristraguloolithus has a shell thickness, microstructure, and surface sculpture similar to those of recent bird eggshell of the family Cracidae (order Galliformes). Dispersituberoolithus exhibits the primitive or normal eggshell condition of some recent neognathous avian taxa. The ootaxa described indicate a diversity of both avian and theropod dinosaur egg layers within Devil's Coulee and Knight's Ranch, southern Alberta, during the Late Cretaceous.

scholarly journals Reclamation of a Saline-Sodic Soil by Use of Molasses and Distillery Slops

1969 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-217
Author(s):  
Raúl Pérez Escolar
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Soil Reclamation ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Action Effect ◽  
Saturation Extract ◽  
Heavy Clay

Data are presented on a laboratory study conducted to determine the effects of the use of blackstrap molasses and rum distillery slops on the reclamation of a highly saline-alkali heavy clay soil of southwestern Puerto Rico. The study revealed that even the lowest levels of distillery slops and diluted molasses, around 2.3 acre-inch, were sufficient to lower the conductivity of the soil-saturation extract from 67 mmhos/cm. to less than 3, and the exchangeable sodium percentage from 43 to less than 1 percent. It is believed that most of the Ca and Mg found in leachates of columns treated with the most slops or molasses may be attributed to the production of organic acids during the decomposition of slops and molasses. These organic acids rendered soluble the soil-free CaCO3 and MgCO3, widening the Ca and Mg:Na ratio to substitute the sodium by a mass action effect. Subjecting the soil to a dry period in between, the 6 and 7 acre-feet of water did not alter the movement of water and resulted in a complete soil reclamation.

SALT ACCUMULATION IN A GLACIAL TILL SOIL IN THE PRESENCE OF SALINE GROUNDWATER AT SHALLOW DEPTHS

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. van Schaik ◽  
R. A. Milne
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Glacial Till ◽  
Salt Accumulation ◽  
Saline Groundwater ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Saturation Extract ◽  
Tile Drains ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Water Tables ◽  
Fallow Soil

Considerable salt accumulation occurred in a grass-covered soil in southern Alberta where the saline groundwater was maintained at a depth of 3 feet. The SAR values of the saturation extract increased significantly under grass, and indications are that this increase was mainly due to precipitation of calcium. A fallow soil did not show a significant salt accumulation above the water table.It is suggested that a leaching program is necessary to maintain low salinity where shallow water tables are present and shallow tile drains are used.

HALOMORPHISM OF SOME CLAY SOILS IN MANITOBA

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-115
Author(s):  
W. A. Ehrlich ◽  
R. E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Exchangeable Calcium ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Exchangeable Magnesium ◽  
Soluble Calcium

The analysis of the principal horizons of 11 halomorphic profiles was undertaken in an attempt to ascertain, chiefly, the kind and quantity of soluble salts and exchangeable cations assumed to be the main causative agents in the formation of solonetzic soils in Manitoba. The results showed that water-soluble sodium was equal to or greater in quantity than water-soluble calcium or water-soluble magnesium; that exchangeable calcium followed closely by exchangeable magnesium dominated the exchange complexes; and that exchangeable sodium in excess of 15 per cent of the exchangeable cations was found only in some horizons of the Solonchak, Solonetz and Solodized-Solonetz soils in the Chesterfield Association.

The stability of soils used for cropping in northern Victoria and southern New South Wales

Soil Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 615 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Vance ◽  
B. M. McKenzie ◽  
J. M. Tisdall
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Mechanical Dispersion ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Dispersion Test ◽  
The Stability

Three hundred and six soil samples were classified for sodicity on the basis of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and for spontaneous or mechanical dispersion on the basis of a dispersion test (Emerson 1991). Each sample was analysed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), concentrations of exchangeable and soluble cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+), and concentration of organic carbon (OC). These variables were used to explain the sodicity and dispersive classifications of the 306 samples. Concentrations of exchangeable and soluble Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+ along with EC and total cation concentration (TCC) significantly affected the sodicity and dispersion classification of the soil. A sodic soil was expected to disperse spontaneously, a non-sodic soil was not expected to disperse spontaneously. From this hypothesis the expected and observed dispersion class was compared with sodicity class. The expected result corresponded to the observed result 77% of the time and the hypothesis was accepted (P < 0.001).

Effects of high pH solutions with large monovalent cation concentrations on cation exchange properties

Soil Research ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 229 ◽  
Author(s):  
RE Liefering ◽  
CDA Mclay
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Negative Charge ◽  
Monovalent Cation ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
High Ph ◽  
Exchange Properties

Disposal of strongly alkaline industrial liquid wastes, which contain large monovalent cation concentrations, by means of land treatment systems is becoming increasingly common. This study investigated the effects of solutions with large monovalent cation concentrations and high pH on cation exchange properties in four New Zealand soils with different clay mineralogies. The soils were shaken with a range of concentrations (0–0.3 M) of NaOH, KOH, NaCl, and KCl. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+) were measured following shaking and washing procedures. Although the hydroxide solutions dissolved significant amounts of organic matter from all soils, there was still a net increase in CEC measured at all hydroxide concentrations. The magnitude of the CEC increase was dependent on hydroxide concentration. The increase in CEC is attributed to newly generated negative charge on surfaces which possess variable charge (i.e. pH dependent) characteristics such as edge sites of clay minerals, sesquioxides, and the undissolved organic matter remaining in the soil. In contrast to hydroxide solutions, no increase in CEC was measured in chloride-treated samples. Increases in the concentration of all treatment solutions resulted in increases in the exchangeable ion concentration of the index cation used in the treatment solution (either Na+ or K+) and decreases in concentration of the other three exchangeable cations. In general, higher exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) values were measured in samples treated with NaOH than samples treated with NaCl at all concentrations. Similarly, higher exchangeable potassium percentage (EPP) was measured in samples treated with KOH than samples treated with KCl at all concentrations. The higher ESP and EPP values recorded when hydroxide solutions were used as treatments are attributed to the newly generated negative charges being counter-balanced by the monovalent index cation present in the treatment solution. It is suggested that existing equations commonly used to predict ESP and EPP values are unsuccessful for accurately predicting changes when soils are treated with hydroxide solutions, due to their inability to account for the newly generated exchange sites. The equations did, however, adequately predict the effects of both chloride solutions on ESP and EPP.

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