Adaptive Immune System in Fish

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adef Othan Kordon ◽  
Lesya Pinchuk ◽  
Attila Karsi
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Cellular Cytotoxicity ◽  
Th Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune

The immune system of all jawed vertebrates is composed of two major subsystems, the innate (non-specific) and adaptive (specific) immune system. The innate immune system is the first to respond to infectious agents; however, it does not provide longlasting protection. The adaptive immune system is activated later and responds to pathogens with specificity and memory. The main components of the adaptive immune system, including T cell receptors (TCRs), major histocompatibility complex (MHC), immunoglobulins (Igs), and recombination-activating gene (RAG) arose in the first jawed fish (cartilaginous and teleost fish). This review explores and discusses components of the adaptive immune system in teleost fish and recent developments in comparative immunology. Similar to mammals, the adaptive immune system in teleost fish is divided into two components: cellular-mediated responses and humoralmediated responses. T cells, the principal elements of cellular-mediated adaptive immune responses, differentiate into effector helper T (Th) cells or effector cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). The central elements involved in the differentiation of Th subsets in mammals, cytokines and master transcription factors, have also been identified in teleost fish. In addition, each subset of Th cells, defined with a particular cytokine to control the immune responses, has been described in teleost fish. Similarly, to mammals, CTLs contribute to cellular cytotoxicity in teleost fish. B cells act as a central player in humoral-mediated adaptive immunity by producing opsonizing, neutralizing and complement-binding antibodies and inducing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Three classes of antibodies named IgM, IgD, and IgT/Z have been characterized in teleost fish. The presence of an adaptive immune system and consequent immune memory in teleost fish allows vaccination, the most appropriate method for disease control in aquaculture. Immunological studies in fish provide a comprehensive assessment of the fish immune system, which is crucial for understanding the evolution of the mammalian immune system.

scholarly journals The PD-L1/PD-1 Axis Blocks Neutrophil Cytotoxicity in Cancer

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1510
Author(s):  
Olga Yajuk ◽  
Maya Baron ◽  
Sapir Toker ◽  
Tamir Zelter ◽  
Tanya Fainsod-Levi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune

The PD-L1/PD-1 axis mediates immune tolerance and promotes tumor growth and progression via the inhibition of anti-tumor immunity. Blocking the interaction between PD-L1 and PD-1 was clinically shown to be beneficial in maintaining the anti-tumor functions of the adaptive immune system. Still, the consequences of blocking the PD-L1/PD-1 axis on innate immune responses remain largely unexplored. In this context, neutrophils were shown to consist of distinct subpopulations, which possess either pro- or anti-tumor properties. PD-L1-expressing neutrophils are considered pro-tumor as they are able to suppress cytotoxic T cells and are propagated with disease progression. That said, we found that PD-L1 expression is not limited to tumor promoting neutrophils, but is also evident in anti-tumor neutrophils. We show that neutrophil cytotoxicity is effectively and efficiently blocked by tumor cell-expressed PD-1. Furthermore, the blocking of either neutrophil PD-L1 or tumor cell PD-1 maintains neutrophil cytotoxicity. Importantly, we show that tumor cell PD-1 blocks neutrophil cytotoxicity and promotes tumor growth via a mechanism independent of adaptive immunity. Taken together, these findings highlight the therapeutic potential of enhancing anti-tumor innate immune responses via blocking of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis.

scholarly journals T Cells Limit Accumulation of Aggregate Pathology Following Intrastriatal Injection of α-Synuclein Fibrils

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Sonia George ◽  
Trevor Tyson ◽  
Nolwen L. Rey ◽  
Rachael Sheridan ◽  
Wouter Peelaerts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Proteinase K ◽  
T And B Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Immunocompromised Mice ◽  
The Impact

Background: α-Synuclein (α-syn) is the predominant protein in Lewy-body inclusions, which are pathological hallmarks of α- synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Other hallmarks include activation of microglia, elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as the activation of T and B cells. These immune changes point towards a dysregulation of both the innate and the adaptive immune system. T cells have been shown to recognize epitopes derived from α-syn and altered populations of T cells have been found in PD and MSA patients, providing evidence that these cells can be key to the pathogenesis of the disease. Objective To study the role of the adaptive immune system with respect to α-syn pathology. Methods: We injected human α-syn preformed fibrils (PFFs) into the striatum of immunocompromised mice (NSG) and assessed accumulation of phosphorylated α-syn pathology, proteinase K-resistant α-syn pathology and microgliosis in the striatum, substantia nigra and frontal cortex. We also assessed the impact of adoptive transfer of naïve T and B cells into PFF-injected immunocompromised mice. Results: Compared to wildtype mice, NSG mice had an 8-fold increase in phosphorylated α-syn pathology in the substantia nigra. Reconstituting the T cell population decreased the accumulation of phosphorylated α-syn pathology and resulted in persistent microgliosis in the striatum when compared to non-transplanted mice. Conclusion: Our work provides evidence that T cells play a role in the pathogenesis of experimental α-synucleinopathy.

scholarly journals The neuropeptide receptor NMUR-1 regulates the specificity of C. elegans innate immunity against pathogen infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Wibisono ◽  
Shawndra Wibisono ◽  
Jan Watteyne ◽  
Chia-Hui Chen ◽  
Durai Sellegounder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Genes ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Functional Assays

A key question in current immunology is how the innate immune system generates high levels of specificity. Like most invertebrates, Caenorhabditis elegans does not have an adaptive immune system and relies solely on innate immunity to defend itself against pathogen attacks, yet it can still differentiate different pathogens and launch distinct innate immune responses. Here, we have found that functional loss of NMUR-1, a neuronal GPCR homologous to mammalian receptors for the neuropeptide neuromedin U, has diverse effects on C. elegans survival against various bacterial pathogens. Transcriptomic analyses and functional assays revealed that NMUR-1 modulates C. elegans transcription activity by regulating the expression of transcription factors, which, in turn, controls the expression of distinct immune genes in response to different pathogens. Our study has uncovered a molecular basis for the specificity of C. elegans innate immunity that could provide mechanistic insights into understanding the specificity of vertebrate innate immunity.

Impact of gut microbiota on immune system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhad Riazi-Rad ◽  
Ava Behrouzi ◽  
Hoora Mazaheri ◽  
Asal Katebi ◽  
Soheila Ajdary
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Physiological Homeostasis ◽  
Environmental Antigens

AbstractThe commensal microflora collection known as microbiota has an essential role in maintaining the host's physiological homeostasis. The microbiota has a vital role in induction and regulation of local and systemic immune responses. On the other hand, the immune system involves maintaining microbiota compositions. Optimal microbiota-immune system cross-talk is essential for protective responses to pathogens and immune tolerance to self and harmless environmental antigens. Any change in this symbiotic relationship may cause susceptibility to diseases. The association of various cancers and auto-immune diseases with microbiota has been proven. Here we review the interaction of immune responses to gut microbiota, focusing on innate and adaptive immune system and disease susceptibility.

scholarly journals Optimizing Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy: Tackling the Complexity of Different Arms of the Immune System

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilse Van Brussel ◽  
Zwi N. Berneman ◽  
Nathalie Cools
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
And Function

Earlier investigations have revealed a surprising complexity and variety in the range of interaction between cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. Our understanding of the specialized roles of dendritic cell (DC) subsets in innate and adaptive immune responses has been significantly advanced over the years. Because of their immunoregulatory capacities and because very small numbers of activated DC are highly efficient at generating immune responses against antigens, DCs have been vigorously used in clinical trials in order to elicit or amplify immune responses against cancer and chronic infectious diseases. A better insight in DC immunobiology and function has stimulated many new ideas regarding the potential ways forward to improve DC therapy in a more fundamental way. Here, we discuss the continuous search for optimal in vitro conditions in order to generate clinical-grade DC with a potent immunogenic potential. For this, we explore the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying adequate immune responses and focus on most favourable DC culture regimens and activation stimuli in humans. We envisage that by combining each of the features outlined in the current paper into a unified strategy, DC-based vaccines may advance to a higher level of effectiveness.

scholarly journals Role of T Lymphocytes in Type 2 Diabetes and Diabetes-Associated Inflammation

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Xia ◽  
Xiaoquan Rao ◽  
Jixin Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Metabolic Inflammation ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Although a critical role of adaptive immune system has been confirmed in driving local and systemic inflammation in type 2 diabetes and promoting insulin resistance, the underlying mechanism is not completely understood. Inflammatory regulation has been focused on innate immunity especially macrophage for a long time, while increasing evidence suggests T cells are crucial for the development of metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance since 2009. There was growing evidence supporting the critical implication of T cells in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. We will discuss the available effect of T cells subsets in adaptive immune system associated with the procession of T2DM, which may unveil several potential strategies that could provide successful therapies in the future.

scholarly journals Optimal evolutionary decision-making to store immune memory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oskar H Schnaack ◽  
Armita Nourmohammad
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Cell Fate Decisions ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Immune Receptors

The adaptive immune system in vertebrates consists of highly diverse immune receptors to mount specific responses against a multitude of pathogens. A central feature of the adaptive immune system is the ability to form a memory to act more efficiently in future encounters with similar pathogens. However, memory formation especially in B-cells is one of the least understood cell fate decisions in the immune system. Here, we present a framework to characterize optimal strategies to store memory in order to maximize the utility of immune response to counter evolving pathogens throughout an organism’s lifetime. To do so, we have incorporated the kinetics and energetics of memory response as ingredients of non-equilibrium decision-making between an adaptive exploration to mount a specific and novel response or exploitation of existing memory that can be activated rapidly yet with a reduced specificity against evolved pathogens. To achieve a long-term benefit for the host, we show that memory generation should be actively regulated and dependent on immune receptors’ affinity, with a preference for cross-reactive receptors with a moderate affinity against pathogens as opposed to high affinity receptors— a recipe that is consistent with recent experimental findings [1, 2]. Moreover, we show that the specificity of memory should depend on the organism’s lifespan, and shorter-lived organisms with fewer pathogenic encounters throughout their lifetime should store more cross-reactive memory. Overall, our framework provides a baseline to gauge the efficacy of immune memory formation in light of an organism’s coevolutionary history with pathogens.

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