scholarly journals Proximity of Residence to Irrigation Determines Malaria Risk and Anopheles Abundance at an Irrigated Agroecosystem in Malawi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Mangani ◽  
April N. Frake ◽  
Grivin Chipula ◽  
Wezi Mkwaila ◽  
Tasokwa Kakota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Malaria Risk ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Irrigation Scheme ◽  
Cross Sectional

As countries of sub-Saharan Africa expand irrigation to improve food security and foster economic growth, it is important to quantify the malaria risk associated with this process. Irrigated ecosystems can be associated with increased malaria risk, but this relationship is not fully understood. We studied this relationship at the Bwanje Valley Irrigation Scheme (800 hectares) in Malawi. Household prevalence of malaria and indoor Anopheles density were quantified in two cross-sectional studies in 2016 and 2017 (5,829 residents of 1,091 households). Multilevel logistic regression was used to estimate the association between distance to the irrigation scheme and malaria infection and mosquito density. The prevalence of malaria infection was 50.2% (2,765/5,511) by histidine-rich protein 2–based malaria rapid diagnostic tests and 30.1% (1,626/5,403) by microscopy. Individuals residing in households within 3 km of the scheme had significantly higher prevalence of infection (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.41; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18, 1.68); school-aged children had the highest prevalence among age groups (aOR = 1.34; 95% CI 1.11, 1.63). Individuals who reported bed net use, and households with higher socioeconomic status and higher level of education for household head or spouse, had lower odds of malaria infection. Female Anopheles mosquitoes (2,215 total; Anopheles arabiensis, 90.5%, Anopheles funestus, 9.5%) were significantly more abundant in houses located within 1.5 km of the scheme. Proximity of human dwellings to the irrigation scheme increased malaria risk, but higher household wealth index reduced risk. Therefore, multisectoral approaches that spur economic growth while mitigating increased malaria transmission are needed for people living close to irrigated sites.

scholarly journals The Impact of Household Wealth on Adoption and Compliance to GLOBAL GAP Production Standards: Evidence from Smallholder farmers in Kenya

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Castro N. Gichuki ◽  
Jiqin Han ◽  
Tim Njagi
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Impact

Horticultural production for the export market has been credited for rural community growth and employment in Sub-Saharan Africa. To make the agri-enterprises competitive and profitable, smallholder farmers are now required to invest in food safety and production standards such as GLOBAL Good Agricultural Practices (GLOBAL GAP). Most often, the inability to afford capital has affected compliance with food safety production standards. However, farmers can use household assets to finance the agri enterprise ventures. The purpose of the study is to explore the impact of household wealth on the adoption of food safety certification standards. The study used cross-sectional data collected from 479 smallholder farmers in Kenya. The findings reveal that 49% of the households are categorized as wealthy and 51% as poorly endowed. The empirical findings on the willingness to adopt GLOBAL GAP certification reveal that membership to GLOBAL GAP affiliated farmers groups significantly influence on wealthier farmers to attain GLOBAL GAP certification status. Farmers groups facilitate joint investments that reduce the cost of investing in GLOBAL GAP assets such as grading shed, protective gear, shower rooms, disposal pits, incinerators, hessian coolers, packaging crates, soil testing kits and establishing food traceability systems. In comparison to poor endowed farming households, the well-endowed farmers have a relatively significantly better wealth index, an indication that they can easily raise capital investments to finance GAP certification. Finally, we observe that selling beans to GAP certified buyers significantly enables farmers to comply with the expected certified production standards.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Socioeconomic Factors of Diabetes and High Blood Pressure Among Women in Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-404
Author(s):  
Sanni Yaya ◽  
Ziad El-Khatib ◽  
Bright Opoku Ahinkorah ◽  
Eugene Budu ◽  
Ghose Bishwajit
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Wealth Quintile ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Wealth Status ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background The emerging burden of high blood pressure (HBP) and diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa will create new challenges to health systems in African countries. There is a scarcity of studies that have reported associations of diabetes and HBP with socioeconomic factors on women within the population. We assessed the prevalence and socioeconomic factors of diabetes and high blood pressure among women in Kenya. Methods We analysed cross-sectional data from the 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey. Subjects were women aged 15–49 years. Self-reported status of HBP and diabetes was used to measure the prevalences. The association between educational and wealth index with HBP and diabetes was assessed by multivariable binary logistic regression. Results The prevalences of self-reported HBP and diabetes were 9.4% and 1.3%, respectively. Women with secondary [aOR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.15–2.02] and primary [aOR = 1.48; 95% CI = 1.15–1.92] levels of education were more likely to report having HBP, compared to those with no formal education. However, there was no significant association between educational level and self-reported diabetes. In terms of wealth quintile, we found that women with higher wealth quintile were more likely to report having HBP and diabetes compared to those with poorest wealth quintile. Specifically, the highest odds of self-reported HBP was found among women with richest wealth quintile compared to those with poorest wealth quintile [aOR = 2.22; 95% CI = 1.71–2.88]. Also, women with poorer wealth quintile were more likely to have self-reported diabetes compared to those with poorest wealth quintile [aOR = 1.89; 95% CI = 1.08–2.38]. Conclusion The prevalence of HBP and diabetes was low among women in Kenya. Household wealth status was associated with HBP and diabetes. No causation can be inferred from the data; hence, longitudinal studies focusing on health-related behaviour associated with NCDs are recommended. Proper dissemination of health information regarding the risk factors for HBP and diabetes may prove to be beneficial for NCD prevention programmes.

scholarly journals Dynamic Role of Mother Empowerment in reducing malnutrition among children: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-146
Author(s):  
Mariam Abbas Soharwardi ◽  
Tusawar Iftikhar Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sub Saharan

In Sub-Saharan Africa, two out of five children are malnourished and malnutrition causes almost half of the child deaths (45%). Mothers are the primary caretaker of children's health, but unfortunately, most of the mothers, are not empowered in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study examined the role of mother’s empowerment in the reduction of malnutrition (stunting, wasting, and underweight) among children under five years of age in twenty-two Sub-Saharan African countries. Cross-sectional data from the most recent Demographic Health Survey (2011-2016) of twenty-two countries are used to analyze the relationship between mother's empowerment and child malnutrition through the binary logistic regression analysis. Results show that the countries with low empowerment, the prevalence of malnutrition is high. Mother empowerment is found to be a statistically significant predictor in reducing malnutrition. Mother’s education, body mass index, and age at first birth proved to be a strong predictor for reducing malnutrition. Household wealth index and household locality also have a statistically significant impact on the reduction of malnutrition. At the household level, malnutrition of children can be minimized by empowering boosting their self-esteem, self-confidence, economic resources, social resources, awareness and decision making.

scholarly journals Count Models Analysis of Factors Associated with Under-Five Mortality in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 2333794X2198953
Author(s):  
Berhanu Teshome Woldeamanuel ◽  
Merga Abdissa Aga
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
First Birth ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Female Household Head

Background. Under-five mortality has continued a key challenge to public health in Ethiopia, and other sub-Saharan Africa countries. The threat of under-five mortality is incessant and more studies are needed to generate new scientific evidence. This study aimed to model the number of under-five deaths a mother has experienced in her lifetime and factors associated with it in Ethiopia. Method. A retrospective cross-sectional study based on data obtained from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), 2016 was used. The response variable was the total number of under-five children died per mother in her lifetime. Variables such as maternal socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, health, and environmental factors were considered as risk factors of under-five mortality. Hurdle negative binomial (HNB) regression analysis was employed to determine the factors associated with under-five mortality. Results. The data showed that 27.2% (95%CI: 0263, 0.282) of women experienced under-five deaths. The study revealed the age of mother at first birth, the age of mother at the time of under-five mortality occurred, number of household members, household access to electricity, region, educational level of the mother, sex of household head, wealth index, mother residing with husband/partner at the time of under-five mortality occurred as factors associated with under-five mortality. Age of mother at first birth 18 to 24 (IRR = .663; 95%CI: 0.587, 0.749), 25 or higher years old (IRR = 0.424; 95%CI: 0.306, 0.588), access to electricity (IRR = 0.758; 95%CI: 0.588, 0.976), primary education level of the mother (IRR = 0.715; 95%CI: 0.584, 0.875) and the richer wealth index (IRR = 0.785; 95%CI: 0.624, 0.988) were associated with reduced incidence of under-five mortality controlling for other variables in the model. Whereas older age of mother 35 to 39 (IRR = 5.252; 95%CI: 2.992, 9.218), 40 to 44 (IRR = 7.429; 95%CI: 4.188, 13.177), 45 to 49 (IRR = 8.697; 95%CI: 4.853, 15.585), being a resident of the Benishangul-gumuz region (IRR = 1.781; 95%CI: 1.303, 2.434), female household head (IRR = 1.256; 95%CI: 1.034, 1.525) were associated with an increased incidence of under-five mortality. Conclusion. The findings suggested that early age of mothers’ at first birth and old ages of mothers’, female household head and being uneducated were found to increase the incidence of the under-five mortality, whereas access to electricity and living with husband was statistically associated with reduced incidence of under-five mortality. The implication of this study is that policymakers and stakeholders should provide health education for mothers not to give birth at an earlier age and improve living standards to achieve sustainable development goals.

scholarly journals Child Nutrition Among Circular Migrant Families Working in the Brick Kilns of Bihar, India (P10-052-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reshma Roshania ◽  
Rakesh Giri ◽  
Melissa Fox Young ◽  
G Sai Mala ◽  
Amy Webb Girard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Brick Kilns ◽  
Migrant Families

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of child malnutrition and the determinants of nutrition status among circular migrant families working in the brick industry in Bihar, India, focusing on differences by origin. Methods We used a stratified, cluster sampling design consisting of a cross-sectional survey in 552 randomly selected brick kilns (clusters) throughout Bihar. Circular migration was defined as residence outside the home block for at least 60 days for employment plus at least one home return in the previous year. Per kiln, three circular migrant households with children 0–35 months of age were randomly selected. We collected kiln, household and child-level data including anthropometric measurements for each selected child (n = 1198). Descriptive, bivariate and logistic regression analyses were conducted in SAS. The primary outcomes were stunting (<-2 SD height-for-age z score) and wasting (<-2 SD weight-for-height z score). The primary exposure of interest was intrastate vs. interstate origin; covariates included household wealth index, parity of the mother, and child age and gender. Results Prevalence of stunting was lower among interstate migrants (47%) compared to intrastate migrants (55%, aOR: 0.66, 95%CI: 0.50–0.88). Wasting was higher among interstate migrants (43%) compared to intrastate migrants (34%, aOR:1.51, 95%CI: 1.17–1.94). Among children 6–23 months, 13% had a minimum acceptable diet; MAD was higher among interstate migrants (17%), compared to intrastate migrants (10%) (P = 0.014). Full immunization coverage among circular migrants was 39%, lower than the overall state (62%, NFHS IV). Open defecation was reported by over 90% of circular migrants. Conclusions Our results are likely to inform the ongoing policy discourse on circular migrants’ access to health and nutrition benefits. State of origin emerged as an important predictor of nutrition status, operating differently for acute and chronic malnutrition; we will further explore pathways of nutrition by origin in future analyses. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

scholarly journals Examining the Dietary Diversity of Children in Niger

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2961
Author(s):  
Nafissatou Cisse Egbuonye ◽  
Ariun Ishdorj ◽  
E.L.J. McKyer ◽  
Rahma Mkuu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Child Factors

Malnutrition is a major public health concern in Niger. The stunting rate in children in Niger is over 50%, one of the highest in the world. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine children’s dietary diversity (CDD) and the maternal factors that impact CDD. A total of 1265 mother–child pairs were analyzed. Descriptive analysis was conducted to present maternal and child characteristics. To compare the mean scores of CDD in relation to the region, an independent sample t-test was conducted. A one-way ANOVA test was conducted to evaluate the CDD score by different age groups. A linear regression model was estimated to identify household, maternal and child factors that affect the CDD score. Our results indicate that most of the participants of our survey resided in rural areas and the majority (80.7%) of the mothers had no education. Factors such as region, children’s age, woman’s empowerment, vitamin A intake and wealth index were significant predictors of CDD (p < 0.05). The children residing in rural areas were more likely to have lower CDD scores (p < 0.05) than the children in urban areas, therefore becoming more susceptible to malnutrition.

scholarly journals Study on factors affecting fertility of Bangladeshi women

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (Number 2) ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Monowar Ahmad Tarafdar ◽  
Nadia Begum ◽  
Shila Rani Das ◽  
Sultana Begum ◽  
Mehruba Afrin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lower Middle Class ◽  
Factors Affecting

This is a cross sectional study conducted among Currently Married Women of Reproductive Age (CMWRA) with a sample size of 476 selected purposively using a semi-structured questionnaire in 2018 at Moulvibazar Sadar to explore the factors affecting fertility. The result shows that 55.26% respondents were within 35 years age whereas only 4.28% from age group 46-49 years age group, 33% of the respondents got married at <16 years of age and 18.70% were illiterate, 47.90% had primary education. It is evident that 76% of the respondents were from rural area; 88% were Muslims, 29.41% from lower middle class followed by upper middle class (25.42%) and poorest comprised only 7.56%. The result explored that 73.91% of the respondents were from age group 41-45 got married before 16 years of age followed by 36-40 years (68.24%), 46-49 years (66%), 20-25 and 26-30 years age groups 52.38% and 52.75% respectively; 73.33% of respondents from rural area got married at <16 years of age, 68.42% of the Muslim at <16 years. The study explored that 96.39% from poorer section and 83.33% from poorest section got married at <16 years of age. Current study revealed that 82.91% of the respondents having secondary education got married before 16 years of age followed by illiterate (82.02%). It is explored that the age at marriage is statistically associated with residence, education, wealth index and religion (p= 0.001, 0.03, 0.001, 0.001 respectively). We conclude that the sociodemographic condition contributes mostly to fertility differentials in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Safety of Family Replacement Donors vs. Voluntary Non-Remunerated Donors in Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana: A Comparative Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
O Addai-Mensah ◽  
PA Bashiru ◽  
EE Dogbe
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional

Blood safety remains a challenge to many countries in sub-Saharan Africa including Ghana due to poorly planned blood donation exercises in the various communities. Blood and its products usual-ly come from two main sources; voluntary non-remunerated donors (VNRD) and family replace-ment donors (FRD). In Ghana, and in many developing countries, FRDs seem to be the major source of blood supply whilst in developed countries VNRDs are the major source. This study de-termined and compared the prevalence of four transfusion transmissible infections (TTIs); HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Treponema palladium (TP) among FRDs and VNRDs at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital to compare the safety of blood from these two groups. This cross-sectional study was undertaken at the transfusion medicine unit (TMU) of the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital between March and May 2014. A total of 400 blood donors (200 FRDs and 200 VNRDs) were enrolled in this study after obtaining written informed consent. Blood samples from each of the donors were then tested for HIV, hepatitis B and C, and syphilis using rapid test kits. ABO and Rhesus blood groups were also determined for all the samples. Prev-alence of TTIs was higher among FRDs (23.5%) than in VNRDs (3.5%) with males (47) been more infected than females (7). Age group 21- 30 years was the most infected, followed by age groups 31- 40 years, 11- 20 years, 41- 50 years and 51- 60 years respectively. FRDs among the younger age group, 17- 30 years, were also more infected than their VNRD counterparts. Repeat blood donors among the VNRD group, were found to be safer than their first-time counterparts. Overall, TTIs were significantly higher in the FRD group than in the VNRD group. The prevalence rates of all the infections tested were higher in the FRD group compared to the VNRD group. FRDs were the higher risk population for TTIs in comparison to VNRDs. VNRDs should therefore be encouraged to donate blood regularly.Keywords: Transfusion Transmissible Infections, HBsAg, HCV, HIV, Treponema pallidum

scholarly journals Associated Factors of Caesarean Section in Ethiopia Using 2016 Demographic Health Survey Data; Community Based Cross Sectional Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abebaw Gedef Azene ◽  
Abiba Mihret Aragaw ◽  
Mihretie Gedefaw
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Multiple Pregnancy ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Survey Data

Abstract Objective:The rate of caesarean section is increasing in Ethiopia, recently. Identifying associated demographic health factors was the aim of this study.Results:More educated mothers were more delivering by C-section compared with those illiterate. Those mother having higher body mass index were more likely to deliver with caesarean section (p = 0.0001). C-section was increased when mothers go to elder (p = 0.0001). Maternal education, birth order, preceding birth interval, multiple pregnancy, maternal age and interaction effect BMI with household wealth index statistically significantly associated factors to increase the rate of C-section. Residence and region were community level factors to increase caesarean section.Therefore; community awareness creation towards C-section with its side effect is essential in Ethiopia.

scholarly journals Role of networking capability, socio-economic and institutional characteristics on adoption tendencies of clean seed potato agri-enterprises in central Rift Valley, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (s1) ◽  
pp. 131-144
Author(s):  
M.J. Ong’ayo ◽  
E.O. Gido ◽  
O.I. Ayuya ◽  
M. Mwangi ◽  
A.M. Kibe
Keyword(s):  
Seed Potato ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Rift Valley ◽  
Certified Seed ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Clean Seed

Even though quality of seed is a major yield determinant in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production and global food security, inadequate availability of and access to high quality (certified) seed is a major challenge to potato producers in Sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of this study was to examine farmer’s adoption tendency towards decentralised clean seed potato multiplication agri-enterprise (CSPMAE) in Central Rift Valley, Kenya, which aids in implementation of stage matched entrepreneurial interventions. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire on 54 seed potato producers and 192 non-seed potato producers, through multistage sampling. Ordered logistic regression analysis, based on the trans-theoretical model, revealed that household head, partner knowledge, gender, land size allocated for potato production, level of education, ownership of transport and/or storage facilities, frequency of interaction with certified seed potato producers and agricultural extension officers influenced adoption tendencies of CSPMAE, positively and significantly. Seed potato value chain stakeholder platforms, development workers and donors should prioritise their support for clean seed agri-enterprises to farmers with such traits. This is likely to lead to increased supply of access to clean seed, thereby improving potato yields in Kenya.

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