scholarly journals Corona viruses: reaching far beyond the common cold

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-13
Author(s):  
Kathleen M Coerdt ◽  
Amor Khachemoune
Keyword(s):  
Supportive Care ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Diagnosis And Management ◽  
The Common ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

Background: Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are one of the most common causes of the “common cold”. Some HCoV strains, however, can cause fatal respiratory disease. Some examples of these diseases are severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19). This article will review the etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of HCoVs. Methods: A systematic literature review was performed using the terms “human coronaviruses”, “MERS-CoV”, “SARS- CoV”, “SARS-CoV2”, “COVID-19”, and “common cold” in OVID MEDLINE, PubMed, and Cochrane Library. Findings: Most HCoVs cause mild upper respiratory infections which resolve with supportive care and no sequelae. In recent decades, however, there have been outbreaks of novel HCoVs that cause more severe disease. This is largely due to HCoVs having large genomes which undergo frequent recombination events, leading to the emergence of novel and more virulent strains of the virus. These severe respiratory illnesses can lead to acute respiratory distress requiring invasive intervention, such as mechanical ventilation. These severe infections can lead to long-lasting sequelae in patients. Scientists continue to investigate potential treatments for these viruses, though supportive care remains the gold standard. Scientists have succeeded in devel- oping numerous vaccines for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and ongoing data collection and analysis will shed even more light on the next steps in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: Due to the frequency of recombination events and the subsequent emergence of novel strains, HCoVs are be- coming more prevalent, making them a global health concern as they can lead to epidemics and pandemics. Understanding the epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of HCoVs is important, especially during this worldwide pandemic. Keywords: Coronavirus; common cold; severe respiratory disease; COVID-19.

scholarly journals Immunological characteristics govern the changing severity of COVID-19 during the transition to endemicity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennie S Lavine ◽  
Ottar N Bjornstad ◽  
Rustom Antia
Keyword(s):  
Common Cold ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Benign Nature ◽  
The Common ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

As prospects for eradicating CoV-2 dwindle, we are faced with the question of how the severity of CoV-2 disease may change in the years ahead. Will CoV-2 continue to be a pathogenic scourge that, like smallpox or measles, can be tamed only by ongoing vaccination, or will it join the ranks of mild endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs)? Our analysis of immunological and epidemiological data on HCoVs shows that infection-blocking immunity wanes rapidly, but disease-reducing immunity is long-lived. We estimate the relevant parameters and incorporate them into a new epidemiological model framework which separates these different components of immunity. Our model recapitulates both the current severity of CoV-2 and the relatively benign nature of HCoVs; suggesting that once the endemic phase is reached, CoV-2 may be no more virulent than the common cold. The benign outcome at the endemic phase is contingent on the virus causing primary infections in children. We predict a very different outcome were a CoV like MERS (that causes severe disease in children) to become endemic. These results force us to re-evaluate control measures that rely on identifying and isolating symptomatic infections, and reconsider ideas regarding herd immunity and the use of immune individuals as shields to protect vulnerable groups.

scholarly journals Immunological characteristics govern the transition of COVID-19 to endemicity

Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 371 (6530) ◽  
pp. 741-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennie S. Lavine ◽  
Ottar N. Bjornstad ◽  
Rustom Antia
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Benign Nature ◽  
The Common ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Pandemic Vaccine

We are currently faced with the question of how the severity of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may change in the years ahead. Our analysis of immunological and epidemiological data on endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) shows that infection-blocking immunity wanes rapidly but that disease-reducing immunity is long-lived. Our model, incorporating these components of immunity, recapitulates both the current severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the benign nature of HCoVs, suggesting that once the endemic phase is reached and primary exposure is in childhood, SARS-CoV-2 may be no more virulent than the common cold. We predict a different outcome for an emergent coronavirus that causes severe disease in children. These results reinforce the importance of behavioral containment during pandemic vaccine rollout, while prompting us to evaluate scenarios for continuing vaccination in the endemic phase.

scholarly journals Introducing Covid-19 as an Evolutionary Metabolic Infecious Disease (EMID): The Prime Cause and Representing Alternative Treatment for COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sorush Niknamian
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Erythroid Cell ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
The Common ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses include some cases of the common cold, while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. The outbreak was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, declared to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020, and recognized as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. Introduction: Coronaviruses are the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, within the family of Coronaviridae; order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria. They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. The genome size of coronaviruses is approximately from 26 to 32kilobases. Coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1930s and Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s. The earliest ones studied were from human patients with the common cold, which were later named human coronavirus 229E and human coronavirus OC43. Other human coronaviruses have since been identified, including SARS-CoV in 2003, HCoV NL63 in 2004, HKU1 in 2005, MERS-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. Most of these have involved serious respiratory tract infections. Discussions & Results: Based on our multidisciplinary research, we have found the major cause and some treatments methods for fighting this powerful pathogen. The prime cause of COVID-19 is pushing the mitochondrial to lose MMP. A loss of the MMP by any mechanism leads to functional and structural collapse of the mitochondria and cell death. Mitophagy plays an important role in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, but can also eliminate healthy mitochondria in cases such as cell starvation, viral invasion, and erythroid cell differentiation. The mitochondrial fusion and fission are highly dynamic. Viruses specially COVID-19, interfere with these processes to distort mitochondrial dynamic to facilitate their proliferation. Thus, interfering with these processes promotes the interference of different cellular signaling pathways. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) escapes the innate immune response by translocating its ORF-9b to mitochondria and promotes proteosomal degradation of dynamin-like protein (Drp1) leading to mitochondrial fission. We also researched on Ultrasonic Energy to destroy the virus which leads to positive results but it needs more future research. The most destructive way of viruses is to enhance Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and free radicals in human contaminated cell which cause inflammation in a host cell. ELF-EMF converts free radicals into less active molecules and eliminates them into two pathways which have been discussed in the discussion part. Using ELF-EMF affects the second pathway that relies on the activity of the catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes which is the most effective pathway. For the best result of treatment, is the use of lowfrequency magnetic fields (LFMF) plus EMF-ELF which penetrate into deeper tissues, cells and mitochondria. We also have gone through many researches since 1920 and found if we emit the frequency as the same frequency of COVID-19, can cause resonance in the virus and destroy it. So we measured the SARS-CoV-2 frequency by Cyclotron and calculated the frequencyof the virus is 30 KHz-500 KHz. Conclusion: COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) is one of the most complex viruses which have been discovered since 2020. Until today, there has been no Antiviral Drug which can be useful in the treatment of this infectious disease has been discovered till today. COVID-19 genomic sequence containing SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and Influenza A. Therefore; there is a high possibility of continuing COVID-19 even in summer. To gain the best result in treatment, we should use low-frequency magnetic fields (LFMF) plus EMF which penetrate into deeper tissues, cells and mitochondria in order to reduce ROS and Inflammation. In order to destroy SARS-CoV-2 virus in environment and also in infected individuals, we should use ELF-EMF plus LFMF. We also have gone through many researches since 1920 and found if we emit the frequency as the same frequency of COVID-19, it can cause resonance in the virus and destroy it. So we measured the SARS-CoV-2 frequency by Cyclotron and calculated the frequency of the virus that id is 30 KHz-500 KHz. The differences in the frequencies are due to the size of the virus which is from 26 to 32 Kilobases.

scholarly journals THE PROTECTION AFFORDED BY VACCINATION AGAINST SECONDARY INVADERS DURING COLDS IN INFANCY

1934 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yale Kneeland
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
The Common ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Intensive Course

All intensive course of vaccination with the pathogenic bacteria of the upper respiratory tract modified favorably the winter outbreak of severe respiratory disease in an infant population. The incidence of the common cold was not affected. The significance of these findings is discussed.

scholarly journals The Value of Mixed Vaccines in the Prevention of the Common Cold

1927 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fergus R. Ferguson ◽  
A. F. C. Davey ◽  
W. W. C. Topley
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Preventive Medicine ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Acute Respiratory Disease ◽  
Adequate Test ◽  
The Common ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Although the common cold may appear to form a relatively trivial constituent of the mass of acute respiratory disease, which presents the student of preventive medicine with one of his most difficult and pressing problems, the total sickness and incapacity to which it gives rise is by no means small; and there are adequate reasons for regarding it as the occasional precursor of far more serious troubles. It is, therefore, not without interest to enquire, whether or no those procedures, which are commonly recommended as possessing prophylactic value, can make good their claim when submitted to an adequate test. The enquiry here recorded suffers from the fact that the total number of individuals at risk was relatively small; but the answer to the main question posed is so unambiguous, and accords so well with the results obtained in the only other adequate tests of which we have knowledge, that it seems desirable that it should be briefly recorded. It is possible, also, that some little interest attaches to the figures of frequency, duration and severity of common colds within a particular community

scholarly journals Effect of Tea Catechins on Influenza Infection and the Common Cold with a Focus on Epidemiological/Clinical Studies

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Furushima ◽  
Kazuki Ide ◽  
Hiroshi Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Common Cold ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Tea Catechins ◽  
Regular Consumption ◽  
The Common

Influenza and the common cold are acute infectious diseases of the respiratory tract. Influenza is a severe disease that is highly infectious and can progress to life-threating diseases such as pneumonia or encephalitis when aggravated. Due to the fact that influenza infections and common colds spread easily via droplets and contact, public prevention measures, such as hand washing and facial masks, are recommended for influenza prophylaxis. Experimental studies have reported that tea catechins inhibited influenza viral adsorption and suppressed replication and neuraminidase activity. They were also effective against some cold viruses. In addition, tea catechins enhance immunity against viral infection. Although the antiviral activity of tea catechins has been demonstrated, the clinical evidence to support their utility remains inconclusive. Since the late 1990s, several epidemiological studies have suggested that the regular consumption of green tea decreases influenza infection rates and some cold symptoms, and that gargling with tea catechin may protect against the development of influenza infection. This review briefly summarizes the effect of tea catechins on influenza infection and the common cold with a focus on epidemiological/clinical studies, and clarifies the need for further studies to confirm their clinical efficacy.

scholarly journals INTRODUCING COVID-19 AS AN EVOLUTIONARY METABOLIC INFECIOUS DISEASE (EMID) The Prime Cause and Representing Alternative Treatment for COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sorush Niknamian
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
The Common ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses include some cases of the common cold, while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. The outbreak was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, declared to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020, and recognized as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. Introduction: Coronaviruses are the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, within the family of Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria. They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. The genome size of coronaviruses is approximately from 26 to 32 kilobases. Coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1930s and Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s. The earliest ones studied were from human patients with the common cold, which were later named human coronavirus 229E and human coronavirus OC43. Other human coronaviruses have since been identified, including SARS-CoV in 2003, HCoV NL63 in 2004, HKU1 in 2005, MERS-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. Most of these have involved serious respiratory tract infections. Discussions and Results: Based on our multidisciplinary research, we have found the major cause and some treatments methods for fighting this powerful pathogen. The prime cause of COVID-19 is pushing the mitochondrial to lose MMP. A loss of the MMP by any mechanism leads to functional and structural collapse of the mitochondria and cell death. Mitophagy plays an important role in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, but can also eliminate healthy mitochondria in cases such as cell starvation, viral invasion, and erythroid cell differentiation. The mitochondrial fusion and fission are highly dynamic. Viruses specially COVID-19, interfere with these processes to distort mitochondrial dynamic to facilitate their proliferation. Thus, interfering with these processes promotes the interference of different cellular signaling pathways. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) escapes the innate immune response by translocating its ORF-9b to mitochondria and promotes proteosomal degradation of dynamin-like protein (Drp1) leading to mitochondrial fission. We also researched on Ultrasonic Energy to destroy the virus which lead to positive results but it needs more future research. The most destructive way of viruses is to enhance Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and free radicals in human contaminated cell which cause inflammation in a host cell. ELF-EMF convert free radicals 2 into less active molecules and eliminate them into two pathways which has been discussed in the discussion part. Using ELF-EMF affects the second pathway that relies on the activity of the catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes which is the most effective pathway. For the best result of treatment, is the use of low-frequency magnetic fields (LFMF) plus EMF-ELF which penetrate into deeper tissues, cells and mitochondria. We also have gone through many researches since 1920 and found if we emit the frequency as the same frequency of COVID-19, can cause resonance in the virus and destroy it. So we measured the SARS-CoV-2 frequency by Cyclotron and calculated the frequency of the virus is 30 KHz-500 KHz. Conclusion: COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) is one of the most complex virus which has been discovered since 2020. Until today, there has been no Antiviral Drug which can be useful in the treatment of this infectious disease has been discovered till today. COVID-19 genomic sequence containing SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and Influenza A. Therefore; there is a high possibility of continuing COVID-19 even in summer. To gain the best result in treatment, we should use low-frequency magnetic fields (LFMF) plus EMF which penetrate into deeper tissues, cells and mitochondria in order to reduce ROS and Inflammation. In order to destroy SARS-CoV-2 virus in environment and also in infected individuals, we should use ELF-EMF plus LFMF. We also have gone through many researches since 1920 and found if we emit the frequency as the same frequency of COVID-19, it can cause resonance in the virus and destroy it. So we measured the SARS-CoV-2 frequency by Cyclotron and calculated the frequency of the virus that id is 30 KHz-500 KHz. The differences in the frequencies is due to the size of the virus which is from 26 to 32 Kilobases.

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