scholarly journals Immunization against severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2: an overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1574-83
Author(s):  
Eman A El-Masry
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hygiene Measures ◽  
The World

In the past years, numerous new fatal infections have emerged, including Ebola, Nipah, and Zika viruses, as well as coronaviruses. Recently, infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have emerged in China, and were then transmitted all over the world, causing the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, which is transmitted at a higher rate than other diseases caused by coronaviruses. At the time of writing this review, COVID-19 is not contained in most countries in spite of quarantine, physical distancing, and enhanced hygiene measures. In this review, I address different methods for passive and active immunization against this virus, which is known to cause fatal respiratory disease, including natural passive immunization by breast milk, natural active immunization by herd immunization, artificial passive immunization by convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibodies, and artificial active immunization by vaccination. I hope this review will help design a prophylactic approach against outbreaks and pandemics of related coronaviruses in the future. Keywords: Breastfeeding; COVID-19; herd immunity; monoclonal antibodies; SARS-CoV; vaccine.

COVID-19: Are Experimental Drugs Cure or Ill?

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bensu Karahalil ◽  
Aylin Elkama
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Experimental Drugs ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
The World

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new strain of coronavirus. It is characterized by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has quickly influenced all over the world since it spreads easily. Common symptoms are fever, cough, difficulty in breathing and muscle aches. Despite the urgent need to find an effective antiviral treatment, already available agents are being used alone or in combination all over the world. At the beginning of the pandemic, death rates of infection caused by COVID-19 are high but "is COVID-19 responsible for all deaths?", or “are there any contributions of the frequently used drugs in this period to these deaths?” Surely herd immunity plays a major role and has the contribution in the decline in mortality rates. Meanwhile, it is kept in mind that due to safety concerns, changes have also been made to the dosage and combined use of frequently used drugs. Objective: In this review, answers to two questions above and the safety of treatments, toxicities of agents involving chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, favipiravir, lopiravir/ritonavir, sarilumab, tocilizumab, siltuximab, corticosteroids and bromhexine which are the most frequently used in both Turkey and all over the world will be summarized. Conclusion: Among these drugs favipiravir seems the most promising drug due to more tolerable adverse effects. More clinical trials with large sample sizes are needed to find the most effective and safe drug for COVID-19 treatment.

scholarly journals Why COVID-19 Transmission Is More Efficient and Aggressive Than Viral Transmission in Previous Coronavirus Epidemics?

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatma Elrashdy ◽  
Elrashdy M. Redwan ◽  
Vladimir N. Uversky
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Viral Structure ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Host Factors

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The worldwide transmission of COVID-19 from human to human is spreading like wildfire, affecting almost every country in the world. In the past 100 years, the globe did not face a microbial pandemic similar in scale to COVID-19. Taken together, both previous outbreaks of other members of the coronavirus family (severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV)) did not produce even 1% of the global harm already inflicted by COVID-19. There are also four other CoVs capable of infecting humans (HCoVs), which circulate continuously in the human population, but their phenotypes are generally mild, and these HCoVs received relatively little attention. These dramatic differences between infection with HCoVs, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 raise many questions, such as: Why is COVID-19 transmitted so quickly? Is it due to some specific features of the viral structure? Are there some specific human (host) factors? Are there some environmental factors? The aim of this review is to collect and concisely summarize the possible and logical answers to these questions.

scholarly journals Effect of the Demographic of Covid-19 on Different Countries; Using the USA for Comparism

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Oyepata Simeon ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Robust Immune Response ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Many

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. The virus that causes COVID-19 spreads mainly when an infected person is in close contact with another person. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of COVID-19 on different countries, using USA as comparism factor. Ninety four countries were selected based on their continents, countries and cases of infection. Data from each country were obtained from United Nations Geoscheme and WHO and were analyzed and compared to that of the United State of America (USA). Data analyzed revealed that most countries in Africa appears to be least affected by the virus. Data also revealed that many countries have been able to understand and manage the spread and infectivity of the virus compared to the USA. Result from the study also showed that the many countries have been able to improve on managing the infection when compared to USA mortality. This may be due to among other factors a more robust immune response, herd immunity and united approach in the management of the disease. The result also helps to provide insight as to how significant developing and providing vaccine may be to this part of the world. Result from the study suggests that while Africa has a better immunity for the virus, there seems to be improvement the management of disease by other continent.

Obstetric Management in Maternal with Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 130-134
Author(s):  
Asoly Giovano
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
The World ◽  
Obstetric Management

Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS- CoV-2). Covid-19 pandemic began in the end of 2019 and spread all over the world in a short duration of time. Like two other notable beta coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 can lead to severe contagious respiratory disease. Due to impaired cellular immunity and physiological changes, pregnant women are susceptible to respiratory disease and are more likely to develop severe pneumonia.  

Importance of the case of coronavirus-associated severe acute respiratory syndrome detected in Hungary in 2005

2013 ◽  
Vol 154 (47) ◽  
pp. 1877-1882
Author(s):  
László Rókusz ◽  
István Jankovics ◽  
Máté Jankovics ◽  
Júlia Sarkadi ◽  
Ildikó Visontai
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Antibody Positivity ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

Ten years have elapsed since the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak, which resulted in more than 8000 cases worldwide with more than 700 deaths. Recently, a new coronavirus, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus emerged, causing serious respiratory cases and death. By the end of August 2013, 108 cases including 50 deaths were reported. The authors discuss a coronavirus-associated severe acute respiratory syndrome, which was detected in Hungary in 2005 and highlight its significance in 2013. In 2005 the patient was hospitalized and all relevant clinical and microbiological tests were performed. Based on the IgG antibody positivity of the serum samples, the patient was diagnosed as having severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in the past. The time and source of the infection remained unknown. The condition of the patient improved and he was discharged from the hospital. The case raises the possibility of infections in Hungary imported from remote areas of the world and the importance of thorough examination of patients with severe respiratory syndrome with unknown etiology. Orv. Hetil., 154(47), 1877–1882.

scholarly journals Moving Forward During COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Health ◽  
New Disease ◽  
Hygiene Measures ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

At the end of 2019 (December in Wuhan, China) a new disease was identified (Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 [1,2]. The world was about to change completely; it became a public health emergency of international concern in January 2020 and in March 11 The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic. The COVID-19 Pandemic is ongoing and this highly infectious viral disease has claimed thousands lives worldwide, has caused the disruption of economics and social activities; religious, sports, political and cultural events have been cancelled. Social distancing, general hygiene measures and the use of face masks help prevent people from spreading COVID-19 and also protect wearers from being infected themselves. All activities have been impacted, how we live and interact with each other, family, friends, colleagues or strangers, how we work and communicate, how we move around in daily life and travel; COVID-19 pandemic has changed the world.

scholarly journals COVID-19 pandemic: The deadly respiratory disease of 21st century

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-18
Author(s):  
Shweta Jain ◽  
◽  
Pankaj Kumar Jain ◽  
Ramakant Yadav ◽  
Surendra Kumar Jain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
The World ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Severe Respiratory Illness

The sudden outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated from Wuhan, China. SARS-CoV-2 causes severe respiratory illness and becomes a major threat for humanity. Recently the entire scientist, researchers and physicians all over the countries focused to find the treatment of this pandemic disease. Numerous drugs and or vaccines have been trialed for prevention and treatment against 2019-nCoV but no therapy has been shown effective to date. Currently, numerous vaccines are under clinical investigation and mRNA-1273 vaccine (LNP- encapsulated mRNA vaccine encoding S protein) from Moderna is ahead. Although chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir and many other drugs had recommended against SARS-CoV-2, but still they are not the guarantee treatment of COVID-19. Recently, India, America, Russia and China introduced vaccines against COVID-19 in the market, however assurance of their 100% effectiveness are doubtful. The speed of daily new cases threatens the world and urges the scientist to crack this pandemic condition. KEYWORDS: 2019-nCoV; Chloroquine; COVID-19; Moderna; Respiratory disease; Remdesivir.

scholarly journals A review on role of Pratimarsha Nasya with Anutaila in the prevention of covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashwini R. Parkanthe ◽  
Brijesh Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Promising Result ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Sars Coronavirus ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-2 is a novel coronavirus belonging to the family coronaviridae and is now known to be responsible for the outbreak of a series of recent acute atypical respiratory infections originating in Wuhan, China. The disease caused by this virus, termed coronavirus disease 19 or simply Covid-19, has rapidly spread throughout the world at an alarming pace and has been declared a pandemic by the WHO on March 11, 2020. In Ayurveda pandemic is explained in Charak Samhita viman sthana under Janpadodhwansiya adhyaya. Till date no medicine or therapy has demonstrated promising result in Covid-19. So, we can prevent and defend this disease by boosting own immunity. Which can be achieved by adopting ayurvedic measures such as following proper Dincharya, Ritucharya, Sadvritta, Achar Rasayan Panchkarma etc. These practices lay emphasis on prevention of disease and promotion of health, one of such preventive measure is Pratimarsha nasya. Pratimarsha Nasya with Anutaila explained in Dincharya. Most of ingredients of Anutaila possess Anti-inflammatory, Anti-pyretic, Anti-viral properties ultimately these functions of Anutaila will lead to enhancement of respiratory immunity and will help in prevention of covid-19 a respiratory disease.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Strategies of COVID-19: from Natural Compounds to Vaccine Trials

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 8318-8373
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Vaccine Trials ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus that caused a global epidemic named COVID-19. This disease continues to kill thousands of people around the world. Physiopathological studies showed that different organs such as lungs, brain, kidneys, immune system, and heart are affected directly and/or indirectly by this disease. With the absence of a vaccine, several treatments have been proposed, including old antiviral drugs, synthetic pharmacophores, and natural antiviral bioactive compounds. These molecules presented promising results with specific action on the virus. Moreover, other strategies are underway, such as the use of monoclonal antibodies, cell therapy, plasma therapy, and vaccine trials. In this work, we highlight the therapeutic strategies of COVID-19 natural compounds to vaccine trials.

scholarly journals COVID-19 pandemic: from respect for science to investments in National Health Services

Rev Rene ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. e61290
Author(s):  
Wilson Jorge Correia Pinto de Abreu
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
National Health ◽  
Transmission Capacity ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
The City

January 2020. The world has woken up to a worrying reality. The city of Wuhan, capital of the province of Hubei, China, was struggling with a new virus with enormous transmission capacity. COVID-19 is a severe respiratory disease caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virus (SARS-CoV-2), first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan

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