scholarly journals A review of the anti-viral effects of ivermectin

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 322-329
Author(s):  
B. Adegboro ◽  
O.A. Lawani ◽  
S.E. Oriaifo ◽  
S.A. Abayomi
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Macrocyclic Lactone ◽  
Safety Margin ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Streptomyces Avermitilis ◽  
Viral Agent ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Cancer Agent

Ivermectin is an avermectin which is a group of pentacyclic sixteen-membered lactone (macrocyclic lactone disaccharide) derived from the soil bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis. It is a semi-synthetic broad-spectrum anti-helminthic, anti-viral and anti-cancer agent. It has a wide safety margin with low adverse effects when it is used orally. It has, however, so far only been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a broad spectrum anti-parasitic agent. Because ivermectin also has broad activities as an anti-viral agent, we herein review its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activities, as well as the in vitro and in vivo studies conducted on the drug. It is hoped that this work will pave way for ivermectin being seriously considered as an addition to the drugs available for the management of patients with COVID-19. Keywords: ivermectin; pharmacokinetics; pharmacodynamics; broad-spectrum anti-viral; COVID-19

A review on Remdesivir: A broad-spectrum antiviral molecule for possible COVID-19 treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jabeena Khazir ◽  
Tariq Maqbool ◽  
Bilal Ahmad Mir
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Viral Agent ◽  
Double Blind

: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus strain and the causative agent of COVID-19 was identified to have emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 [1]. This pandemic situation and magnitude of suffering has led to global effort to find out effective measures for discovery of new specific drugs and vaccines to combat this deadly disease. In addition to many initiatives to develop vaccines for protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2, some of which are at various stages of clinical trials researchers worldwide are currently using available conventional therapeutic drugs with potential to combat the disease effectively in other viral infections and it is believed that these antiviral drugs could act as a promising immediate alternative. Remdesivir (RDV), a broad-spectrum anti-viral agent, initially developed for the treatment of Ebola virus (EBOV) and known to show promising efficiency in in vitro and in vivo studies against SARS and MERS coronaviruses, is now being investigated against SARS-CoV-2. On May 1, 2020, The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for RDV to treat COVID-19 patients [2]. A number of multicentre clinical trials are on-going to check the safety and efficacy of RDV for the treatment of COVID-19. Results of published double blind, and placebo-controlled trial on RDV against SARS-CoV-2, showed that RDV administration led to faster clinical improvement in severe COVID-19 patients compared to placebo. This review highlights the available knowledge about RDV as a therapeutic drug for coronaviruses and its preclinical and clinical trials against COVID-19.

scholarly journals Anti-cancer activities of Ganoderma lucidum: active ingredients and pathways

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi Kao ◽  
Amalini C. Jesuthasan ◽  
Karen S. Bishop ◽  
Marcus P. Glucina ◽  
Lynnette R. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Ganoderma Lucidum ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Cancer Agent

Ganoderma lucidum, commonly referred to as Lingzhi, has been used in Asia for health promotion for centuries. The anti-cancer effects of G. lucidum have been demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo studies. In addition, the observed anti-cancer activities of Ganoderma have prompted its usage by cancer patients alongside chemotherapy. The main two bioactive components of G. lucidum can be broadly grouped into triterpenes and polysaccharides. Despite triterpenes and polysaccharides being widely known as the major active ingredients, the different biological pathways by which they exert their anti-cancer effect remain poorly defined. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of action may lead to more widespread use of Ganoderma as an anti-cancer agent. The aim of this paper is to summarise the various bioactive mechanisms that have been proposed for the anti-cancer properties of triterpenes and polysaccharides extracted from G. lucidum. A literature search of published papers on NCBI with keywords “Ganoderma” and “cancer” was performed. Among those, studies which specifically examined the anti-cancer activities of Ganoderma triterpenes and polysaccharides were selected to be included in this paper. We have found five potential mechanisms which are associated with the anti-cancer activities of Ganoderma triterpenes and three potential mechanisms for Ganoderma polysaccharides. In addition, G. lucidum has been used in combination with known anti-cancer agents to improve the anti-cancer efficacies. This suggests Ganoderma’s bioactive pathways may compliment that of anti-cancer agents. In this paper we present several potential anti-cancer mechanisms of Ganoderma triterpenes and polysaccharides which can be used for the development of Ganoderma as an anti-cancer agent.Keywords: Ganoderma lucidum, cancer, bioactive pathways, triterpene, polysaccharide

Cytotoxicity Studies of Curcumin Loaded-Cockle Shell-Derived Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles

2019 ◽  
Vol 09 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Muhammad Mailafiya ◽  
Mohamad Aris Mohd Moklas ◽  
Kabeer Abubakar ◽  
Abubakar Danmaigoro ◽  
Samaila Musa Chiroma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Safety Margin ◽  
Bone Diseases ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Normal Cells ◽  
Cytotoxicity Studies ◽  
Standard Techniques ◽  
Cockle Shell

Background: Cockle shell-derived calcium carbonate nanoparticles (CSCaCO3NP) are natural biogenic inorganic material that is used in drug delivery mainly as a bone-remodeling agent as well as a delivery agent for various therapeutics against bone diseases. Curcumin possess wide safety margin and yet puzzled with the problem of poor bioavailability due to insolubility. Propounding in vitro and in vivo studies on toxicity assessments of newly synthesized nanoparticles are ongoing to overcome some crucial challenges regarding their safety administration. Nanotoxicology has paved ways for concise test protocols to monitor sequential events with regards to possible toxicity of newly synthesized nanomaterials. The development of nanoparticle with no or less toxic effect has gained tremendous attentions. Objective: This study aimed at evaluating the in vitro cytotoxic effect of curcumin-loaded cockle shell-derived calcium carbonate nanoparticles (Cur-CSCaCO3NP) and assessing its biocompatibility on normal cells using standard techniques of WST’s assay. Method: Standard techniques of WST’s assay was used for the evaluation of the biocompatibility and cytotoxicity. Result: The result showed that CSCaCO3NP and Cur-CSCaCO3NP possess minimal toxicity and high biocompatibility on normal cells even at higher dose of 500 µg/ml and 40 µg/ml respectively. Conclusion: CSCaCO3NP can be termed an excellent non-toxic nanocarrier for curcumin delivery. Hence, curcumin loaded cockle shell derived calcium carbonate nanoparticles (Cur-CSCaCO3NP) could further be assessed for various in vivo and in vitro therapeutic applications against various bone related ailments.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Mechanisms and Efficacy of Sarecycline in Animal Models of Infection and Inflammation

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 439
Author(s):  
Christopher G. Bunick ◽  
Jonette Keri ◽  
S. Ken Tanaka ◽  
Nika Furey ◽  
Giovanni Damiani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Severe Acne ◽  
Rat Paw Edema ◽  
Infection And Inflammation

Prolonged broad-spectrum antibiotic use is more likely to induce bacterial resistance and dysbiosis of skin and gut microflora. First and second-generation tetracycline-class antibiotics have similar broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Targeted tetracycline-class antibiotics are needed to limit antimicrobial resistance and improve patient outcomes. Sarecycline is a narrow-spectrum, third-generation tetracycline-class antibiotic Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for treating moderate-to-severe acne. In vitro studies demonstrated activity against clinically relevant Gram-positive bacteria but reduced activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Recent studies have provided insight into how the structure of sarecycline, with a unique C7 moiety, interacts with bacterial ribosomes to block translation and prevent antibiotic resistance. Sarecycline reduces Staphylococcus aureus DNA and protein synthesis with limited effects on RNA, lipid, and bacterial wall synthesis. In agreement with in vitro data, sarecycline demonstrated narrower-spectrum in vivo activity in murine models of infection, exhibiting activity against S. aureus, but reduced efficacy against Escherichia coli compared to doxycycline and minocycline. In a murine neutropenic thigh wound infection model, sarecycline was as effective as doxycycline against S. aureus. The anti-inflammatory activity of sarecycline was comparable to doxycycline and minocycline in a rat paw edema model. Here, we review the antibacterial mechanisms of sarecycline and report results of in vivo studies of infection and inflammation.

scholarly journals The Occurrence and Biological Activity of Tormentic Acid—A Review

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 3797
Author(s):  
Marta Olech ◽  
Wojciech Ziemichód ◽  
Natalia Nowacka-Jechalke
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Biochemical Mechanisms ◽  
Tormentic Acid

This review focuses on the natural sources and pharmacological activity of tormentic acid (TA; 2α,3β,19α-trihydroxyurs-2-en-28-oic acid). The current knowledge of its occurrence in various plant species and families is summarized. Biological activity (e.g., anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, anti-osteoarthritic, antinociceptive, antioxidative, anti-melanogenic, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, and antiparasitic) confirmed in in vitro and in vivo studies is compiled and described. Biochemical mechanisms affected by TA are indicated. Moreover, issues related to the biotechnological methods of production, effective eluents, and TA derivatives are presented.

scholarly journals Development of Small-Molecule STING Activators for Cancer Immunotherapy

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Hee Ra Jung ◽  
Seongman Jo ◽  
Min Jae Jeon ◽  
Hyelim Lee ◽  
Yeonjeong Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Cyclic Gmp ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Interferon Response ◽  
Type I ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Cancer Agent ◽  
Sting Pathway

In cancer immunotherapy, the cyclic GMP–AMP synthase–stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway is an attractive target for switching the tumor immunophenotype from ‘cold’ to ‘hot’ through the activation of the type I interferon response. To develop a new chemical entity for STING activator to improve cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP)-induced innate immune response, we identified KAS-08 via the structural modification of DW2282, which was previously reported as an anti-cancer agent with an unknown mechanism. Further investigation revealed that direct STING binding or the enhanced phosphorylation of STING and downstream effectors were responsible for DW2282-or KAS-08-mediated STING activity. Furthermore, KAS-08 was validated as an effective STING pathway activator in vitro and in vivo. The synergistic effect of cGAMP-mediated immunity and efficient anti-cancer effects successfully demonstrated the therapeutic potential of KAS-08 for combination therapy in cancer treatment.

scholarly journals Berberine inhibits the proliferation of pancreatic cancer targeting pancreatic cancer stem cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengmeng Liu ◽  
Yue Pan ◽  
Xufeng Tao ◽  
Ning Li ◽  
Kun Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Clinical Effectiveness ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Migration Assay ◽  
Medicinal Value ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Cancer Agent ◽  
Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells

Abstract BackgroundPDAC is universally acknowledged to be one of the highest mortality rate of cancer-related deaths. PCSCs, regulated by EMT, could promote the proliferation of PDAC. Berberine with high medicinal value has usually been used as an anti-cancer agent. Hence the purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-cancer effect of berberine in PDAC. MethodsMTT assay was used to verify berberine inhibiting the proliferation of PDAC. Immunofluorescence staining, stem cell sphere, wound healing and transwell migration assay were demonstrated the anti-proliferation and anti-stemness of PCSCs in vitro . PANC-02 cells were injected in C57BL/6 mice to establish the orthotopic pancreatic-cancer model in vivo . H&E and Ki67 immunohistogical staining assay were used to evaluated the effect of berberine in PDAC in vivo. q-PCR and Western blot methods were applied to detect the expression of EMT procedure.ResultsIn this study, berberine has selective anti-cancer effect in PDAC in vitro . Moreover, berberine suppressed the proliferation and stemness of PCSCs in PDAC. In vivo , berberine reduced the tumor size and decreased the expression of Ki67 in orthotopic pancreatic-cancer pancreases. In addition, berberine inhibit the EMT signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo . ConclusionsOur study indicates that berberine inhibit the proliferation of PDAC in vivo and vitro . The mechanism of anti-cancer effect on berberine may suppress the PCSCs through inhibiting EMT procedure. Therefore, berberine may be the novel antineoplastic drug with clinical effectiveness in PDAC. Keywords: Berberine, PDAC, PCSCs, EMT, berberine

Viscum album (L) extracts in cancer treatment: a systematic review of in vitro and in vivo studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-52
Author(s):  
Aloisio Cunha de Carvalho ◽  
Leoni Villano Bonamin
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Viscum Album ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Anti Cancer

Background: Several reviews about phytotherapy and homeopathy have been published in the last years, including Viscum album (VA.L). VA is a parasite plant whose extract has anti-cancer proprieties and is used alone or in combination with conventional chemotherapy. Methods: We performed a systematic review about the in vivo and in vitro models described in the literature, including veterinary clinical trials. The literature was consulted from Pubmed database. Results: There are several kinds of pharmaceutical preparations about VA and their active principles used in experimental studies, lectin being frequently studied (alone or as an extract compound). More than 50% of available literature about VA is related to the lectin effects. On the other hand, the effects of viscotoxins are less studied. Among the in vivo experimental studies about VA and its compounds, the B16 murine melanoma is the most used model, followed by Ehrlich, Walker and Dalton tumors. The results point to the apoptotic effects, metastasis control and tumor regression. Some veterinary clinical studies about the use of VA in the treatment of sarcoid, fibrosarcoma and neuroblastoma are quoted in literature too, with interesting results. Considering the in vitro models, our review revealed that NALM6 leukemia cells, B16 melanoma and NC1-H460 lung carcinoma were the most studied tumor models, apoptosis signals being the most important findings. Only one study verified immunoglobulin and interleukin production. All consulted papers were related to phytotherapy preparations only. Conclusions: Although the literature about the anti-cancer activity of VA extract and its lectins is enough, there is a marked lack of information about viscotoxin activities and about the effects of homeopathic preparations of this plant on animal tumors and on in vitro cultivated tumor cells.

scholarly journals Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides as An Anti-cancer Agent

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 667-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didem Sohretoglu ◽  
Shile Huang
Keyword(s):  
Ganoderma Lucidum ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Anticancer Effects ◽  
Bioactive Component ◽  
Cancer Agent ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has been used for centuries in Asian countries to treat various diseases and to promote health and longevity. Clinical studies have shown beneficial effects of G. lucidum as an alternative adjuvant therapy in cancer patients without obvious toxicity. G. lucidum polysaccharides (GLP) is the main bioactive component in the water soluble extracts of this mushroom. Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies has demonstrated that GLP possesses potential anticancer activity through immunomodulatory, anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic effects. Here, we briefly summarize these anticancer effects of GLP and the underlying mechanisms.

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