scholarly journals Oocysts Output of Broilers Experimentally Infected with Eimeria tenella And Treated with N- Butanol Leaf Extract of Khaya senegalensis

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 192-213
Author(s):  
M.O Otu ◽  
I.A Lawal ◽  
D George ◽  
M Abubakar ◽  
A.A Sekoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Post Infection ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Eimeria Tenella ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Untreated Group ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Orthodox Medicine ◽  
Khaya Senegalensis

A study to determine the anticoccidial efficacy of Khaya senegalensis in relation to oocyst shedding by broilers experimentally infected with Eimeria tenella was conducted. The development of drug- resistant field strains of Eimeria species has prompted the exploitation of alternative methods for controlling coccidiosis and there is an increasing use of medicinal plants as alternatives to orthodox medicine. Fresh leaves of Khaya senegalensis (KS) were collected dried under shade and the extract prepared using the maceration method in 70% methanol. The dried crude extract was partitioned into petroleum ether, chloroform, n-butanol and aqueous portions, dried with phytochemical analysis conducted on them. One hundred and twenty birds reared under standard management practice were divided into six groups (A, B, C, D, E and F). All the groups except group F (uninfected untreated group) were infected at four weeks old with sporulated Eimeria tenella oocysts (1.0 x 105 sporulated oocysts / ml / bird) obtained locally from the intestinal scrapings of experimentally infected broilers. Groups A, B and C were given calculated three dose levels of 11mg/kg, 33mg/kg, 99mg/kg respectively of the prepared n-butanol methanol extract twice daily for 5 days, group D was given Amprolium while E and F were each given 0.2ml water. Faecal samples were collected daily for 4 weeks into clean well labelled polythene bags and analysed in the laboratory for oocyst count using the McMaster counting chamber and were expressed as oocysts count per gramme of faeces. The birds were observed for pathological lesions grossly and histopathologically and the survival rates were determined. Data collected were analysed using analysis of variance and chi square. Results from the Phytochemical studies showed the presence of phenolic compounds in Khaya senegalensis. Post-infection faecal examination revealed oocyst load of +++ in all the infected pens (A-E) on the 6th day. Comparison of the groups with time showed statistical significance (P˂0.05). High mean oocyst production (A; 156060 ± 67020, B; 261590 ± 144310, C; 211620 ± 114280, D; 276930 ± 233650 and E; 159230 ± 100970) among the infected groups one week post infection as well as irregular oocyst production were observed in the course of this study. The higher mean oocysts count obtained in the infected untreated group (1748849 ± 40869) than the extract treated groups in the first week post treatment indicated that the extract had some inhibitory effects on oocyst production. This however, was dose dependent. Among the extract treated group, the 99mg/kg had lower mean oocyst production 2 weeks post treatment (9720 ± 3180) and this was comparable to the group treated with normal dose of the conventional drug Amprolium (8600 ± 40). This was therefore seen as the effective dose. Grossly, the extract had a beneficial effect in alleviating the damages to the caecal epithelium of the infected treated groups compared to the shrunken caeca of the infected untreated groups. The survival percentage was higher in the treated groups compared to the infected un treated group (55%) though Amprolium was more efficacious in the in vivo study with the highest survival rate of 90%. The histopathological lesions observed in the infected birds in this study were consistent with those associated with E tenella infection in which the parasite induced very severe lesions including severe villous atrophy and fusion. The anticoccidial efficacy of Khaya senegalensis promises greater areas for research as it relates to drug development and it is recommended that Khaya senegalensis should be exploited further for its anticoccidial properties using other parts of the plant. Key words: Broiler chickens, Eimeria tenella, oocyst production, Khaya senegalensis, in vivo

scholarly journals In vitro and in vivo anti-trypanosomal potentials of Afrormosia laxiflora and Khaya senegalensis against Trypanosoma brucei brucei

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-284
Author(s):  
G.D. Chechet ◽  
J Yahaya ◽  
A.J. Nok
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei ◽  
Khaya Senegalensis

Animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) also known as Nagana is a resurgent disease in Africa. Medicinal plants are being used in less developed countries for the treatment of various diseases including trypanosomiasis, due to the high cost of currently available drugs. Most of these plants have been useful sources of treatment of various diseases based on information obtained from folk medicine but have not been scientifically certified. Here, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo anti-trypanosomal potentials of the methanol extract of Aformorsia laxiflora and Khaya senegalensis against T. b. brucei. Phytochemical screening as well as LD50 of the plant extracts was carried out following standard procedures. Parasitemia was monitored daily while Packed Cell Volume was determined at three time points (days 1, 4 and 7) during the course of the infection. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, antraquinones, resins and tanins. However, steriods/terpenoids were absent in K. senegalensis but present in A. laxiflora. The toxicity of methanol extract of both A. laxiflora and K. senegalensis was above 5000mg/kg body weight. Methanol extracts of A. laxiflora (leaves) and K. senegalensis (stem bark) showed promising trypanocidal potential in vitro against T. b. brucei at concentrations of 10, 15, 25mg/ml and 40 and 20mg/ml respectively. At these concentrations, both extracts immobilized the parasites within 55mins post-incubation. In general, A. laxiflora leaf extract demonstrated prophylactic activity against T. b. brucei in vivo at a dose of 500mg/Kg body weight particularly in group C animals where a delayed pre-patent period (6 days post-infection), extended survival (14 days post-infection) and significant (P<0.05) reduction in the parasite burden confirmed by an absence of anemia (PCV 47.00±0.8 %) was observed when compared to the infected untreated control group. K. senegalensis extract on the other hand did not show anti-trypanosomal activity in the treated groups (1, 2, and 3). Based on these observations, it was therefore deduced that the methanol extract of leaves of A. laxiflora possessed the ability to ameliorate the burden of the disease and could be a plausible candidate for drug development against the disease.Keywords: Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Afromosia laxiflora, Khaya senegalensis, anti-trypanosomal, in vitro, in vivo

scholarly journals In Vitro and In Vivo Antifungal Activity of AmBisome Compared to Conventional Amphotericin B and Fluconazole against Candida auris

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Herrada ◽  
Ahmed Gamal ◽  
Lisa Long ◽  
Sonia P. Sanchez ◽  
Thomas S. McCormick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Amphotericin B ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Untreated Group ◽  
Candida Auris ◽  
Fungal Burden ◽  
In Vivo Antifungal Activity

Antifungal activity of AmBisome against Candida auris was determined in vitro and in vivo. AmBisome showed MIC50 and MIC90 values of 1 and 2 μg/mL, respectively. Unlike conventional amphotericin B, significant in vivo efficacy was observed in the AmBisome 7.5 mg/kg -treated group in survival and reduction of kidney tissue fungal burden compared to the untreated group. Our data shows that AmBisome shows significant antifungal activity against C. auris in vitro as well as in vivo.

scholarly journals HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF OXALIS DEBILIS KUNTH AGAINST CCL4 - INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
Rojini Athokpam ◽  
Meenakshi Bawari ◽  
Manabendra Dutta Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Liver Damage ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Hepatoprotective Activity ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Histopathological Study ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Ccl4 Intoxication ◽  
Pre Treatment

  Objective: To evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Oxalis debilis Kunth in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in Swiss albino mice.Methods: Hepatotoxicity was induced by CCl4 30% in olive oil (1 ml/kg intraperitoneally). Mice were treated with aqueous extract of O. debilis at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight orally for 14 days. There were two groups, pre-treatment (once daily for 14 days before CCl4 intoxication) and post-treatment (2, 6, 24, and 48 hrs after CCl4 intoxication). The observed effects were compared with a known hepatoprotective agent, silymarin.Results: Pre-treatment and post-treatment groups of aqueous extract of O. debilis significantly reduced elevated serum levels of serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin and increased the level of total protein as compared to CCl4-treated group. The histopathological study also confirms the hepatoprotection. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis of the plant revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, and saponins.Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that O. debilis can be used as safe, cheap, and alternative preventive and protective drugs against liver injury. The protective effect observed could be attributed to the presence of various phytochemicals which are responsible for the restoration of liver damage.

scholarly journals Distribution of selenium in sheep treated with dipheny diselenide

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1017-1022
Author(s):  
M.L.R. Leal ◽  
J.B.T. Rocha ◽  
C.L.D. Corte ◽  
A.R. Aires ◽  
J.F.X. Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Selenium Concentration ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diphenyl Diselenide ◽  
Single Intravenous Injection

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to report the in vivo distribution of selenium in sheep. For this, animals were allocated into two groups (control group and treated group) and kept in metabolic cages for a period of 37 days. The treated group received a single dose (6µmol/kg) of Diphenyl Diselenide, intravenously. Plasma and erythrocytes samples were collected at different times. Adipose tissue, muscles (latissimusdorsi, semitendinosus, and supra-scapular) heart, liver, lung, kidney, intestine and brain were sampled at 30 days post-treatment, in order to determine the selenium concentration. The results demonstrated that the selenium, from the Diphenyl Diselenide group, was higher in erythrocytes (4.8mg/L, six hours post-treatment) when compared with the control sheep. The deposition of selenium occurred in the liver (7.01µg/g), brain (3.53µg/g) and kidney (2.02µg/g). After 30 days of a single intravenous injection of Diphenyl Diselenide, liver was the main organ of selenium deposition.

scholarly journals Skeletal effects of mini-implant assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) on the sagittal dimensions of the maxilla an in-vivo cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-11
Author(s):  
Shymal Vairagi ◽  
Ashwith Hedge ◽  
Ajit Kalia ◽  
Salil Nene ◽  
Amit Raja
Keyword(s):  
Post Treatment ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Maxillary Expansion ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Palatal Expansion ◽  
Rapid Palatal Expansion ◽  
Skeletal Changes ◽  
Frankfort Horizontal Plane

Introduction -Transverse discrepancies of the maxilla are one of the most prevalent skeletal problems. Due to drawbacks of conventional RPE and invasive surgical expansion methods alternative methods were developed such as Mini Implant-supported rapid maxillary expansion (MARPE).Haas17 , Davis and Kronman18, Akkaya et al19 and many other studies have reported the maxillary response after MARPE on the sagittal dimensions, but their results were inconclusive. Aim - This study analyzed the effects on the maxilla in the sagittal dimension after Mini Implant assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) in adolescents using CBCT. Material and method -A pretreatment CBCT image (T1) was taken as a standard initial record for all patients and post treatment CBCT (T2) was taken after three months in retention. The parameters SNA angle, Frankfort horizontal plane to NA angle, A-N perpendicular, ANS –PNS were measured and calculated for evaluation of the sagittal maxillary changes. Comparisons were then made between the two treatment groups (T1, T2). Result -There was a positive increase in both angular and linear measurements from pretreatment to post treatment measurements showing significant skeletal changes in sagittal dimension. Conclusion -The study concludes that there was statistically significant forward displacement of maxilla after transverse skeletal expansion in patients with transverse problems achieved through MARPE in adolescent patients.

scholarly journals A Synthetic SOD/Catalase Mimic Compound for the Treatment of ALS

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 827
Author(s):  
Matan Soll ◽  
Hagit Goldshtein ◽  
Ron Rotkopf ◽  
Niva Russek-Blum ◽  
Zeev Gross
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Protein Misfolding ◽  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Iron Complex ◽  
Untreated Group ◽  
Sporadic Als ◽  
Familial Als

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons. To date, the etiology of the disease is still unclear, with evidence of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial dysfunction, iron homeostasis perturbation, protein misfolding and protein aggregation as key players in the pathology of the disease. Twenty percent of familial ALS and two percent of sporadic ALS instances are due to a mutation in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1). Sporadic and familial ALS affects the same neurons with similar pathology; therefore, the underlying hypothesis is that therapies effective in mutant SOD1 models could be translated to sporadic ALS. Corrole metal complexes have lately been identified as strong and potent catalytic antioxidants with beneficial effects in oxidative stress-related diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes and its complications. One of the most promising candidates is the iron complex of an amphiphilic corrole, 1-Fe. In this study we used the SOD1 G93R mutant zebrafish ALS model to assess whether 1-Fe, as a potent catalytic antioxidant, displays any therapeutic merits in vivo. Our results show that 1-Fe caused a substantial increase in mutant zebrafish locomotor activity (up to 30%), bringing the locomotive abilities of the mutant treated group close to that of the wild type untreated group (50% more than the mutated untreated group). Furthermore, 1-Fe did not affect WT larvae locomotor activity, suggesting that 1-Fe enhances locomotor ability by targeting mechanisms underlying SOD1 ALS specifically. These results may pave the way for future development of 1-Fe as a viable treatment for ALS.

scholarly journals Effects of N-Butanol and Aqueous Fractions of Khaya senegalensis, Guiera senegalensis and Tamarindus Indica Leaves Extracts on Eimeria tenella Oocyst Sporulation in Vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-191
Author(s):  
M.O. Otu ◽  
I.A. Lawal ◽  
B.D. George ◽  
M.S. Abubakar ◽  
I.A. Adeyinka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Eimeria Tenella ◽  
Sporulation Medium ◽  
Tamarindus Indica ◽  
Aqueous Fraction ◽  
Khaya Senegalensis

The in vitro anti coccidial activities of n-butanol and aqueous fractions of Khaya senegalensis, Gueira senegalensis and Tamarindus indica leaves extracts on Eimeria tenella parasite was studied by observing the effects of the plant extracts on the sporulation of the Eimeria tenella oocysts. Drug resistance and consumer demanding decrease in the use of drugs in animals have generated interest in alternative strategies to control the avian disease one of which is herbal intervention studies. Fresh faecal samples were collected from infected birds and their oocysts load determined. Dilutions of the extracts (100mg, 250mg, 400mg, 550mg, 700mg and 850mg per ml) in distilled water were prepared and placed in separate well labelled petri dishes. 100 oocysts were added to each petri dish and the set up was left at ambient temperature on the laboratory table and monitored twice daily (9.00am and 3.00pm) to observe the sporulation of the oocysts over a 72 hours period. Laboratory sporulation medium (2.5% Potassium dichromate) and Amprolium were used for comparison. The phytochemical result implied that the active ingredients were present mainly in the n-butanol and crude extract  fractions with the nbutanol fraction of the Khaya senegalensis extract containing phenols and flavonoids which have antioxidant effects. The in vitro study showed that the n-butanol fraction of K senegalensis (100mg/ml) and the aqueous fraction of Tamarindus indica (100mg/ml) extracts had similar effects to those obtained using Amprolium which was considered as the standard by inhibiting the sporulation of Eimeria tenella oocysts. It is therefore recommended that more work needs to be done to determine the anti  coccidial activities of these extracts in vivo. Key words: Eimeria tenella, sporulation, in vitro, extracts

scholarly journals Changes in weight gain, faecal oocyst count and packed cell volume of Eimeria tenella-infected broilers treated with a wild mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) aqueous extract : article

2009 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.O. Ogbe ◽  
S.E. Atawodi ◽  
P.A. Abdu ◽  
A. Sannusi ◽  
A.E. Itodo
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Packed Cell Volume ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Ganoderma Lucidum ◽  
Eimeria Tenella ◽  
Untreated Group ◽  
Control Groups

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of a wild Ganoderma lucidum aqueous extract in coccidian-infected broilers. At 6 weeks of age the birds were randomly allocated to 6 treatment groups of 20 Ross broilers each in wire cages. Groups A, B and C were infected with Eimeria tenella Houghton strain at the rate of 36 250 sporulated oocysts/mℓ per bird. Theremaining 3 groups D, E and F were uninfected controls. At 7 weeks the birds in group A were treated with G. lucidum aqueous extract and those in B with amprolium in drinking water ad libitum at the rate of 200 mg/mℓ each for 7 days consecutively. Body weight gain, feed intake, faecal oocyst output and some haematological parameters were monitored. The result showed that all the infected birds in groups A, B and Chad clinical signs of weakness and reduced appetite on day 4 post-infection. By the 5th day post-infection their faeces became bloody and watery, and large numbers of E. tenella oocysts were present in the faeces. On day 3 after treatment the oocysts detected were considerably reduced in both treated groups A and B and slightly higher in the untreated group C. The faeces of the uninfected control groups were normal and free of coccidial oocysts. After treatment for 7 days no coccidial oocysts were found in faeces of the birds that had been treated. Infected, untreated birds showed a slight drop in feed intake and weight gain from 7 to 8 weeks of age. The final mean weight gain recorded in the treated groups A and B was comparable to that of the uninfected birds in the 3 control groups, while it was lower in the untreated group C. The feed to gain ratio was higher in C than in the other groups. A slight drop in packed cell volume was observed in groups A, B and C at 7 weeks of age, 1 week after infection. This study showed that treatment with G. lucidum results in a marked reduction in the number of E. tenella oocysts shed in the faeces, leading to improved weight gain and decreased weight loss. The results confirmed the virulence of the Houghton strain of E. tenella and the effectiveness of both amprolium and G. lucidum extract against E. tenella.

scholarly journals Risedronate Attenuates Podocyte Injury in Phosphate Transporter-Overexpressing Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yohei Asada ◽  
Takeshi Takayanagi ◽  
Tsukasa Kawakami ◽  
Eisuke Tomatsu ◽  
Atsushi Masuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Period ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Untreated Group ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Podocyte Injury ◽  
Mineral Bone Disorder ◽  
Phosphorus Accumulation ◽  
Glomerular Barrier ◽  
Microscopy Images

Osteoporosis patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are becoming common in our superaging society. Renal dysfunction causes phosphorus accumulation in the circulating plasma and leads to the development of CKD-mineral bone disorder (MBD). We have previously reported that type III Pi transporter-overexpressing transgenic (Pit-1 TG) rats manifest phosphate (Pi)-dependent podocyte injury. In the present study, we explored the effect of risedronate on Pi-induced podocyte injury in vivo. Pit-1 TG rats and wild-type rats at 5 weeks old were divided into a risedronate-treated group and an untreated group. We subcutaneously administered 5 μg/kg body weight of risedronate or saline twice a week during the experimental period. Risedronate did not alter serum creatinine levels at 5, 8, and 12 weeks of age. However, electron microscopy images showed that thickening of the glomerular basement membrane was improved in the risedronate treatment group. Furthermore, immunostaining for podocyte injury markers revealed that both desmin- and connexin43-positive areas were smaller in the risedronate-treated group than in the untreated group, suggesting that bisphosphonates could rescue Pi-induced podocyte injury. In conclusion, our findings suggest that risedronate could maintain glomerular barrier function by rescuing Pi-induced podocyte injury.

Pre- or post-treatment with aminoguanidine attenuates a renal distal acidification defect induced by acute ureteral obstruction in rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (11) ◽  
pp. 920-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mostafa Moosavi ◽  
Zohreh Bagheri ◽  
Izadpanah Gheitasi ◽  
Jamshid Roozbeh
Keyword(s):  
Ureteral Obstruction ◽  
Left Kidney ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Sodium Reabsorption ◽  
Distal Nephron ◽  
Inos Inhibitor

Acute unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) impairs distal nephron acid secretion and stimulates expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in post-obstructed kidney (POK). This study investigated the influence of pre- or post-treatment with aminoguanidine as a selective iNOS inhibitor on UUO-induced renal functional disturbances. To induce acute UUO, the left ureter in rats was ligated and released after 24 h. Then, a 3 h clearance period followed by bicarbonate loading and thereafter a 30 min clearance period were allocated. Aminoguanidine was administered either prior to the UUO induction or after release of the obstruction in the different rat groups, while untreated and sham groups received normal saline. During the first clearance period, fractional bicarbonate excretion and urinary pH increased markedly in the POK of the untreated group compared with the left kidney of sham group, and a large drop in the difference between urine and blood pCO2 (U–B pCO2) was observed after bicarbonate loading; all of these parameters were ameliorated in the pre-treated and post-treated groups. However, the UUO-induced decreases in creatinine clearance, sodium reabsorption, urine osmolality, and free-water reabsorption in the POK were attenuated only in the post-treated group. Therefore, the in vivo application of a selective iNOS inhibitor partially improved the acute UUO-induced distal nephron acidification defect, while post-treatment but not pre-treatment with aminoguanidine ameliorated decrements of glomerular filtration, sodium reabsorption, and urine-concentrating ability.

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