scholarly journals Vulnerability and Responses of Smallholder Farmers to Climate Change Effects in Semiarid Areas of Bahi and Kongwa Districts, Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 1424-1435
Author(s):  
Helena Elias Myeya
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Archival Data ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
Semiarid Areas ◽  
Household Heads

This study examined the vulnerability and responses of smallholder farmers to climate change effects in Semiarid Areas of Bahi and Kongwa Districts. A total of 366 household heads were involved in this study. The study employed questionnaire, interviews and documentary review as data collection techniques. Archival data for temperature, rainfall and crop yields were collected for trend analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse quantitative data, content analysis was employed to analyse qualitative data. Simple linear trend analysis and Mann Kendall were used to establish trends. The findings indicate that smallholder farmers in the study area have noted reduced rainfall, increased temperature and reduced production as indicators of climate change. Results from archival data indicate insignificant decline of rainfall, significant increase of temperature and insignificant decline of crop yields at 5% significance level. As a response to these changes, smallholder farmers reported to use improved crop varieties, change planting dates, use intercropping, out-migrating and change land use practices. Several challenges were reported to hinder effective adaptation including inadequate capital, limited soft loans, limited weather information and deficient extension services.  It is concluded that the climate is changing in the study area calling for strengthening farmers’ adaptive capacity. Keywords: Adaptive strategies, climate change effects, challenges, semiarid area, Tanzania.

Effectiveness of existing climate smart agricultural practices in Tehuledere district, north-eastern Ethiopia.

2020 ◽  
pp. 180-193
Author(s):  
Adera S. Wassie ◽  
Noah M. Pauline
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
North Eastern

Abstract This study sought to understand the effectiveness of existing climate smart agricultural (CSA) practices used by smallholder farmers in Tehuledere District, north-eastern Ethiopia, using empirical data collected over 3 months in 2016. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from primary and secondary sources, including historical climatic records and perceptions, indicatiors of climate change, impacts and responses. The study employed focus group discussions and a household questionnaire survey during data collection. Findings reveal that the majority of participants are aware of climate change and variability. The indicators of climate change include drought, off-season rainfall, too little and/or too much rainfall, and high temperature. The impact of climate variability observed by participants include: (i) decreasing crop yields and livestock production; (ii) increasing pests and disease; and (iii) decreasing water quantity and quality. The adaptation measures embraced to mitigate negative climate change effects include: (i) changing crop varieties; (ii) integrating livestock and crop production; and (iii) soil and water conservation practices. As far as CSA practices were found to be viable and effective response measures, support from innovative polices and strategies should be emphasized so as to address the barriers and bring about widespread adoption.

Climate change effects on annual streamflow of Filyos River (Turkey)

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 420-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adem Yavuz Sönmez ◽  
Semih Kale
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Change Point ◽  
Change Point Analysis ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Climatic Parameters ◽  
Annual Streamflow ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Point Analysis

Abstract The main purpose of this study was to estimate possible climate change effects on the annual streamflow of Filyos River (Turkey). Data for annual streamflow and climatic parameters were obtained from streamflow gauging stations on the river and Bartın, Karabük, Zonguldak meteorological observation stations. Time series analysis was performed on 46 years of annual streamflow data and 57 years of annual mean climatic data from three monitoring stations to understand the trends. Pettitt change-point analysis was applied to determine the change time and trend analysis was performed to forecast trends. To reveal the relationship between climatic parameters and streamflow, correlation tests, namely, Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau were applied. The results of Pettitt change-point analysis pointed to 2000 as the change year for streamflow. Change years for temperature and precipitation were detected as 1997 and 2000, respectively. Trend analysis results indicated decreasing trends in the streamflow and precipitation, and increasing trend in temperature. These changes were found statistically significant for streamflow (p < 0.05) and temperature (p < 0.01). Also, a statistically significant (p < 0.05) correlation was found between streamflow and precipitation. In conclusion, decreasing precipitation and increasing temperature as a result of climate change initiated a decrease in the river streamflow.

scholarly journals Local Institutions in Climate Change Adaptation by Smallholder Farmers: A farm level study in Homabay County, Kenya.

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-199
Author(s):  
Danice Otieno Awinda; Raphael Kapiyo; Jackson John Kitetu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Local Level ◽  
External Support ◽  
Local Institutions ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Adaptation Practices

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of local institutions in climate change adaptation by smallholder farmers in Homabay County, Kenya. The study employed cross-sectional survey design in which data was collected from smallholder farmers in one survey round. Quantitative data was collected from 398 smallholder farmers, while 48 key informant interviews and 12 focus group discussions were used to collect qualitative data to buttress information from farmers. Data was analysed using frequencies, percentages, cross-tabulations and chi-square at 0.05 significance level. The study established that local institutions and social networks had a positive influence on climate change adaptation by smallholder farmers. Local institutions and social groups enable smallholder farmers to deploy specific climate change adaptation practices. Local institutions pursue adoption of effective adaptation strategies relevant to local needs of the smallholder farmers. They also provide information on climate change adaptation options and give some external support to enable farmers cope with climate change. The study recommended the need to promote institutional partnership to enhance climate change adaptation at local level. Partnerships among local institutions are associated with area specific adaptation practices and communal pooling. The study also recommended the need to enhance the capacity of local institutions as the impacts of climate change are likely to intensify with time. Support in the form of new information and technology aimed at improving effective coping mechanisms and financial support will be necessary.

scholarly journals Examining Yam Production in Response to Climate Change in Nigeria: A Co-Integration Model Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Cynthia W. Angba ◽  
Richard N. Baines ◽  
Allan J. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Error Correction ◽  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Error Correction Model ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Integration Model ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Linear Trend Analysis ◽  
Model Approach

This study addressed yam production in response to climate change in Cross River State using a co-integration model approach. The specific objectives of this paper are to analyze the trend in yam production, annual precipitation, and annual temperature, and to analyze the impact of climate variables on yam production. Time-series data from 1996 to 2017 was used. Based on the analysis, which constituted a linear trend analysis, co-integration test, and error correction model, the study came up with robust findings. The linear trend analysis for yam production revealed a steady increase in output between the years 2005 and 2016. The result of the rainfall trend analysis showed the presence of rainfall variability and irregularity. The trend line for temperature showed an overall downward trend for the period under study. However, the Error Correction Model result showed that temperature was statistically significant and negatively impacted yam production. The study recommends that policymakers should take appropriate steps to encourage the development of pest- and disease-tolerant yam varieties because an increase in temperature leads to the proliferation of insects, pests, and diseases.

Climate change effects on crop yields in Serbia and related shifts of Köppen climate zones under the SRES-A1B and SRES-A2

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 3320-3334 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Mihailović ◽  
B. Lalić ◽  
N. Drešković ◽  
G. Mimić ◽  
V. Djurdjević ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Climate Zones ◽  
Climate Change Effects

Monotonic Trend Analysis of Temperature Series over Mandya City, Karnataka

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VII) ◽  
pp. 1530-1535
Author(s):  
Madhusudhan M S
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Temperature Series ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Monotonic Trend ◽  
Indirect Impacts

Climate change is mostly driven by global warming. Climate change is one of the most critical long-term development issues, particularly for developing countries like India. India is one of the world's most climatically diverse countries, making it sensitive to climatic change and impacting the livelihoods of millions of people who rely on agriculture. Temperature and its fluctuation have direct and indirect impacts on crop development in the agricultural sector. Understanding the temperature and its variability in a changing environment would aid in improved decision-making and suggest feasible adaption strategies. The present study focuses on temperature trend analysis in Mandya city, Karnataka, India. The analysis was carried out through the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator. The findings demonstrate that, there has been a rising trend in temperature in the study area over the last 30 years as a result of climate change. From the analysis, there is a significant positive trend for all the seasons considered for the significance level of 90%, 95% and 99%. The magnitude of the increasing trend will be in the range of 0.46 °C/year for the average time series. Also, there will be an average increase of 0.07 °C/year for the various scenarios considered in Mandya city for the Maximum temperature series.

scholarly journals Climate Change Perceptions by Smallholder Coffee Farmers in the Northern and Southern Highlands of Tanzania

Climate ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Suzana G. Mbwambo ◽  
Sixbert K. Mourice ◽  
Akwilin J. P. Tarimo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Agricultural Marketing ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Household Heads

Smallholder farmers are among the most vulnerable groups to climate change. Efforts to enhance farmers’ adaptation to climate change are hindered by lack of information on how they are experiencing and responding to climate change. Therefore, this paper examines smallholder farmers’ perceptions of climate change, factors influencing their perceptions, and the impacts and adaptation strategies adopted over the past three to four decades. A list of farmers was obtained from the Agricultural Marketing Cooperative Society (AMCOS) and filtered on the basis of age and farming experience. In order to explore factors influencing household perceptions of climate change, a structured questionnaire was administered to the randomly selected household heads. Data on rainfall and temperature were acquired from Lyamungo and Burka Coffee estate (Northern Highlands zone) and Mbimba and Mbinga (Southern Highlands zone) offices of the Tanzania Meteorological Agency (TMA) with the exception of data from Burka Coffee estate, which were acquired from a private operator. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used to analyze the data. Farmers’ perceptions were consistent with meteorological data both pointing to significant decline in rainfall and increase in temperature since 1979. Factors such as level of education, farming experience, and access to climate information influenced farmers’ perception on climate change aspects. Based on these results, it is recommended to enhance timely and accurate weather information delivery along with developing institutions responsible for education and extension services provision. The focus of education or training should be on attenuating the impacts of climate change through relevant adaptation measures in each coffee-growing region.

scholarly journals Comparing Smallholder Farmers’ Perception of Climate Change with Meteorological Data: Experience from Seven Agroecological Zones of Tanzania

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Msafiri Yusuph Mkonda ◽  
Xinhua He ◽  
Emma Sandell Festin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Agroecological Zones ◽  
Sampling Procedures

Abstract This paper examines and compares smallholder farmers’ perceptions of climate change with the collected meteorological data (1980–2015) across the seven agroecological zones (AEZs) of Tanzania. Systematic and simple random sampling procedures were employed in the selection of districts and villages, respectively. This study used both quantitative and qualitative datasets. Quantitative data were derived from climatic records and questionnaires, while the qualitative data were widely derived from interviews and discussions. The Mann–Kendall test (software) and theme content (method) were used for data analyses. The results showed that rain has experienced a significant change in terms of patterns, frequency, and intensity, while temperature was locally increasing in all the AEZs. Moreover, the farmers’ responses to both closed and open questions indicated that most of them (>70%) noticed these alterations. Comparatively, the farmers residing in the most vulnerable AEZs, that is, arid and semiarid lands, were more responsive and sensitive to climatic impacts than those in the least vulnerable zones, such as alluvial regions. The increase in temperature and change in the rain patterns led to the decrease in crop yields. As a response to this, farmers have adopted new strategies such as early planting and the use of shorter growing crops cultivars. This study concludes that, although farmers’ perceptions were correct and echoed the meteorological/measured data in all the AEZs, adaptation and mitigation strategies are inadequate.

Strengthening local institutions as avenues for climate change resilience

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 573-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josephat Okuku Oloo ◽  
Paul Omondi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Land Degradation ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Institutional Support ◽  
Local Institutions ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Climate Change Effects

Purpose In Africa, poverty and food insecurity is pervasive due to intertwined factors including, declining crop yields, land degradation and inadequate policy and institutional support. With ever-increasing populations, climate change effects will be intensified, and a major crisis is inevitable unless measures to sustain land resources are urgently taken. This paper aims to argue that vibrant rural institutions are necessary to ensure food security and environmental protection, consequently contributing to climate change resilience. Design/methodology/approach The paper demonstrates the role of institutions by evaluating two types of institutions and their impacts the “status quo” and “hybrid” institutions using case studies from the African Highlands Initiative in Uganda and International Forestry Resources and Institutions in Kenya. It further discusses a model that highlights factors affecting smallholder investment in natural resources management and how these can be used to strengthen local institutions in building their resilience against climate change effects. Findings Weak grassroots institutions characterized by low capacity, failure to exploit collective capital and poor knowledge sharing and access to information, are common barriers to sustainable land management and improved food security. Research limitations/implications Case studies from Uganda and IFRI in Kenya barriers in data collection instruments and language. Practical implications In Africa, poverty and food insecurity is pervasive due to intertwined factors including, declining crop yields, land degradation and inadequate policy and institutional support. With ever increasing populations, climate change effects will be intensified, and a major crisis is inevitable unless measures to sustain land resources are urgently taken. Social implications In Africa, poverty and food insecurity is pervasive due to intertwined factors including, declining crop yields, land degradation and inadequate policy and institutional support. With ever-increasing populations, climate change effects will be intensified, and a major crisis is inevitable unless measures to sustain land resources are urgently taken. Originality/value The paper further discusses a model that highlights factors affecting smallholder investment in natural resources management and how these can be used to strengthen local institutions in building their resilience against climate change effects.

scholarly journals Adapting to Climate Change Through Conservation Agriculture: A Gendered Analysis of Eastern Zambia

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridget Bwalya Umar
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Men And Women

This study explored the use of conservation agriculture (CA) as a climate adaptation strategy among smallholder farmers in Eastern Zambia. Using 761 household interviews and 33 focus group discussions (FGDs) with smallholder farmers from six districts, data was collected on how smallholder farmers in the region experience climate change, what CA practices they had adopted, and benefits and challenges associated with CA practice. Results show that men and women farmers had similar experiences of climate change, namely late onset of a shortened rainy season, intra-seasonal drought and higher temperatures. Farmers' perceptions of gender-mediated effects of climate change had important nuances. The three most cited effects of climate change on women mentioned by women were lower crop yields, outbreaks of armyworms and reduced livestock fodder. The men thought women were most affected by increased hunger, lower crop yields and reduced domestic water sources. According to the women FGDs, men were most affected through reduced crop yields, increases in livestock diseases and increased hunger. The men self-reported reduced crop yields, reduced water for livestock and outbreaks of armyworms. Both men and women saw CA as having climate change adaptation benefits. For the women, men most benefitted from CA through the high moisture holding capacity of basins, higher crop yields and reduced labor requirements through use of oxen ripping. The men most appreciated the high crop yields, improved soil fertility and reduced costs as less fertilizer is used. The women cited the high moisture holding capacity of basins, high crop yields and improved soil fertility as benefits they most commonly derived from CA, while the men thought the women most benefitted from CA through the higher crop yields, improved soil fertility and crop tolerance to droughts. The study concludes that there is room for CA to serve as a climate smart agricultural system for both men and women smallholder farmers in Eastern Zambia. However, this will require addressing important challenges of high weed pressure, high labor demands, and low access to manure, and CA farming implements. The CA package for Zambia should include access to timely climate information and climate informed crop choices.

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