Comparison of cranial and body morphology of tree squirrels (Helioscurius rufobranchium) in selected locations of rainforest in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
A.O. Bamidele ◽  
A.I. Akinpelu
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wire Mesh ◽  
Cranial Morphology ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
Cranial Measurements ◽  
Tree Squirrels ◽  
Tree Squirrel ◽  
Body Parameters

This study examined the differences in cranial morphology of tree squirrel species (Heliosciuru srufobranchium) from four different locations in rainforest part of Nigeria. Locally fabricated live traps made of wire-mesh and steel were used to capture the squirrels. Trapped tree squirrels were immediately transferred to the laboratory in cages, where they were euthanized by placement in a bell-jar containing chloroform-soaked cotton wool. Individuals from two locations (33 from Ile Ife and 49 from Emure Ekiti) were then preliminarily identified to the generic level, using an identification key. Eighty-two (82) skulls were prepared from them, using Long Island Natural History Museum Guide. The sexes of the specimens were determined by visual inspection of the external genitalia. Twenty-seven (27) cranial and six (6) external body parameters were measured using digital Vernier caliper. One-way analysis of variance at p<0.05 was used to determine the difference in measured body parameters and Principal Component Analysis was used to differentiate the measured skull parameters. The results showed that the body parameters; head body length, tail length, tail body length, ear length, hind foot length and body weight measured were slightly different from one location to another. Also, the cranial measurements showed some similarities and differences between the two locations (Ile Ife and Emure Ekiti). In conclusion, the cranial measurements of the tree squirrels from the two locations (Ile Ife and Emure Ekiti) showed slight differences despite the fact that the tree squirrels are from the same genus (H. rufobranchium). Keywords: Heliosciurus rufobranchium; rainforest; tree squirrel; cranial; morphometric

scholarly journals Comparison of Cranial and External Morphology of Tree Squirrels (Funiscurus leucogenys) in Selected Locations of Rainforest in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
A. O. Bamidele ◽  
A. I. Akinpelu
Keyword(s):  
External Genitalia ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wire Mesh ◽  
Cranial Morphology ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
History Museum ◽  
Cranial Measurements ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Tree Squirrels ◽  
Body Parameters

This study looked at the differences in cranial morphology of tree squirrel species (F. leucogenys) from four different locations in Rainforest part of Nigeria. The squirrels were captured through the use of locally fabricated live traps made of wire-mesh and steel. Trapped specimens were immediately transferred to the laboratory in captivity cages, where they were euthanized in a bell-jar containing chloroform-soaked cotton wool. Specimens were then preliminarily identified to the generic level, using an identification key. The skull of 131 tree squirrels were prepared using Long Island Natural History Museum guide and the sex of the specimens was determined by visual inspection of the external genitalia. The skull and other body parameters were measured using digital venier caliper. The results showed that the body parameters (HBL, TL, TBL, EL, HFL and BW) measured were slightly different from one location to another. Also, the cranial measure showed some similarities among some locations (Ile-Ife, Emure-Ekiti and Ado-Ekiti), while measurement on squirrels from Sekona was different from other three locations. In conclusion, the cranial measurements of the tree squirrels shows there was no new species of F. leucogeny from the sampled locations.

scholarly journals Cranial and External Morphology of Male and Female Orange Headed Tree Squirrels (Funisciurus leucogenys) in Selected Locations of Savannah Forest in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
A. O. Bamidele ◽  
A. I. Akinpelu
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Female Specimen ◽  
Vegetation Zone ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Tree ◽  
Tree Squirrels ◽  
Tree Squirrel ◽  
Body Parameters

This study examined the differences in cranial and external morphology of male and female tree squirrel species (Funisciurus leucogenys) from three different locations in Savannah vegetation zone of Nigeria. The tree squirrels were collected from contracted local hunters which identify the tree squirrel. After collection and identification to the generic level, they were transferred to the laboratory in absolute ethanol. About 183 skulls were prepared (58 male and 125 female), the skull and other body parameters were measured using digital venire calliper. The results showed that the body parameters (HBL, TL, TBL, EL, HFL, and BW) of the female specimen measured were different from male and the body parameters of the specimen from one location were slightly different from another. Also, the cranial measure showed some similarities and slight differences between male and female specimen among the locations (Asejire, Ilorin, and Ogbomosho). In conclusion, the cranial and body morphology parameters of male and female tree squirrels from the three locations (Asejire, Ilorin, and Ogbomosho) showed that despite that the tree squirrels were from different locations, they were of the same genus (F. leucogeny), which indicated that locations might not have an effect on the specimen.

scholarly journals Assessment of body weight and morphological traits of two breed of grower pigs using principal component analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
P.O. Akporhuarho ◽  
O. Iriakpe
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Head Length ◽  
Large White ◽  
Poids Corporel ◽  
The Mean

The study aimed at explaining objectively the relationship between morphologic traits of two breeds of pigs (Large-white and Duroc) using principal component analysis to determine the body size of grower pigs of two different breeds with a view of identifying components that best define body conformation. Body weight and five biometric variables namely head length, body length, body girth, ham length and ear length. The descriptive statistics showed that the mean body weight of Large-white was 13.14kg while the body measurements were 24.61cm, 71.35cm, 65.12cm, 43.13cm and 21.94cm for head length, body length, body girth, ham length and ear length respectively at 5 – 24 weeks of age. The mean body weight of Duroc was 12.87kg while the body measurements were 23.70cm, 57.93cm, 47.93cm, 22.90cm, 19.26cm for head length, body length, body girth, ham length and ear length respectively. The coefficient of correlation ranges from 0.08-0.424 and 0.01-0.402 for Large-white and Duroc respectively. The association between and were the highest for Duroc, body length r=0.402 and Large-white, body girth 0.424. Two components were identified for Large-white while those of Duroc were three components. The ratios of variance were 53.55 and 71.07% for Large-white and Duroc, respectively. The first factor in each case accounted for the biggest percentage of the total variation, and was designated the general size, the other factors (indices of body shape) offer forms of variation independent of the general size. The principal component based regression models which were chosen for selecting animals for optimal balance accounted for 58 and 76% of the variation in the body weight for Large-white and Duroc respectively. The study concluded that the use of principal component analysis techniques tends to explore the interdependence in the original five parameters measured: head length, body length, body girth, ham length and ear length of Large-white and Duroc     L'étude explique objectivement la relation entre les traits morphologiques de deux races de porcs (gros blanc et de Duroc) à l'aide d'une analyse de composants principaux afin de déterminer la taille du corps des porcs de producteurs de deux races différentes en vue d'identifier les composants qui définissent le mieux la conformation corporelle. Poids corporel et cinq variables biométriques, nommément longueur de la tête, longueur du corps, circonférence du corps, longueur du jambon et longueur de l'oreille. Les statistiques descriptives ont montré que le poids corporel moyen de gros blanc était de 13,14 kg tandis que les mesures du corps étaient de 24,61 cm, 71,35 cm, 65,12 cm, 43,13 cm et 21,94 cm pour la longueur de la tête, la longueur du corps, la circonférence du corps, la longueur du jambon et la longueur de l'oreille respectivement à 5 - 24 semaines. Le poids corporel moyen de Duroc était de 12,87 kg tandis que les mesures du corps étaient de 23,70 cm, 57,93 cm, 47,93 cm, 22,90 cm, 19,26 cm pour la longueur de la tête, la longueur du corps, la circonférence du corps, la longueur du jambon et la longueur de l'oreille respectivement. Le coefficient de corrélation varie de 0,08 à 0,424 et de 0,01 à 0,402 pour les gros blancs et Duroc respectivement. L'association entre et étaient les plus élevées pour Duroc, la longueur du corps R = 0,402 et de gros blancs, la circonférence du corps 0,424. Deux composants ont été identifiés pour les gros blancs tandis que ceux de Duroc étaient trois composants. Les ratios de variance étaient respectivement de 53,55 et 71,07% pour les gros blancs et Duroc. Le premier facteur de chaque cas représentait le plus gros pourcentage de la variation totale et a été désigné la taille générale, les autres facteurs (indices de la forme du corps) offrent des formes de variation indépendantes de la taille générale. Les principaux modèles de régression basés sur les composants choisis pour sélectionner des animaux pour un solde optimal représentaient 58 et 76% de la variation du poids corporel pour les grands blancs et Duroc respectivement. L'étude a conclu que l'utilisation de techniques d'analyse des composants principaux a tendance à explorer l'interdépendance dans les cinq paramètres d'origines mesurées: longueur de la tête, longueur du corps, circonférence corporelle, longueur du jambon et longueur de l'oreille de grosse blanc et de Duroc

scholarly journals Relationship between External Morphology and Gonads in Rainbow Lizard (Agama agama) in Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
A. O. Bamidele ◽  
E. O. Mayor
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
The Body ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Gonad Weight ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The University ◽  
Body Parameters ◽  
Academic Area

Background of the Study: The morphology of any reptile may be affected by different environmental factors such as climate change and habitat related features such as availability of food and other resources. Objective: This study aimed at determining the morphology and sexual variation of Rainbow male and female lizards (Agama.agama) in Obafemi Awolowo University.  Study Design: Three locations in the University were selected (Student Hostels, Academic Area and Staff Quarters) and rainbow lizards were sampled from June to December 2019.  Results: A total of 93 lizards were sampled, body parameters were measured, and the gonads were weighed after dissection. There was a positive correlation (0.98 & 0.78) between the body weight and gonad weight of the male and female lizards in all the three locations. Also, the specimen from the academic area of the University had the least body and gonad weight, while the samples caught in the staff quarters had the highest body and gonad weight. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed a relationship in the body and gonad weight with few differences from samples captured in the academic area.  Conclusion: In summary, external morphology of the rainbow lizards from all the three locations were similar with little difference in body weight. There was a positive relationship between external morphology and gonads of rainbow lizards.

scholarly journals Morphometric variation of Middle-American cichlids: Theraps– Paraneetroplus clade (Actinopterygii: Cichliformes: Cichlidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-412
Author(s):  
Yanet Elizabeth Aguilar-Contreras ◽  
Alfonso A. González-Díaz ◽  
Omar Mejía ◽  
Rocío Rodiles-Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Body Shape ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cranial Morphology ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Morphological Similarity ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Morphometric Variation ◽  
Mean Values

This study assesses the patterns of variation in body shape, and relations of morphological similarity among species of the Theraps–Paraneetroplus clade in order to determine whether body shape may be a trait in phylogenetic relations. A total of 208 specimens belonging to 10 species of the Theraps–Paraneetroplus clade were examined. The left side of each specimen was photographed; in each photograph, 27 fixed landmarks were placed to identify patterns in body shape variation. Images were processed by using geometric morphometrics, followed by a phylogenetic principal component analysis. The phylogenetic signal for body shape was then calculated. To determine the relations in morphological similarity, a dendrogram was created using the unweighted pair group method and arithmetic mean values, while a Procrustes ANOVA and post-hoc test were used to evaluate significant differences between species and habitats. We found three morphological groups that differed in body length and depth, head size, and the position of the mouth and eyes. The body shape analysis recovered the morphotypes of seven species, and statistical differences were demonstrated in eight species. Based on traits associated with cranial morphology, Wajpamheros nourissati (Allgayer, 1989) differed the most among the species examined. No phylogenetic signal was found for body shape; this trait shows independence from ancestral relatedness, indicating that there is little congruence between morphological and genetic interspecific patterns. As evidenced by the consistently convergent morphology of the species in the Theraps–Paraneetroplus clade, the diversification of the group is related to an ecological opportunity for habitat use and the exploitation of food resources. Although no phylogenetic signal was detected for body shape, there appears to be an order associated with cranial morphology-based phylogeny. However, it is important to evaluate the intraspecific morphologic plasticity produced by ecological segregation or partitioning of resources. Therefore, future morphological evolutionary studies should consider cranial structures related to the capture and processing of food.

CLUSTERING OF DIFFERENT TYPES IN A CHAROLAIS HERD

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-287
Author(s):  
J. Tőzsér ◽  
Z. Domokos ◽  
J. Rusznák ◽  
L. Alföldi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Body Weight ◽  
High Body ◽  
Chest Girth ◽  
Body Parameters ◽  
Short Body ◽  
Cluster 2 ◽  
Average Body

Measurements were made in a nucleus herd of Charolais cows on pasture in early summer 1998. The average age and body weight of the cows were 6.8 years and 600 kg, respectively. Simultaneously to weighing, the following body parameters were measured with traditional measuring equipment (measuring rod and tape measure): height at withers (132.2±3.93 cm), rump width II (distance between the femoral necks) (52.1±2.74 cm), slanting body length (177.2±8.09 cm) and chest girth (194.5±8.50 cm). The average values in the group of pure-bred cows (n=17) were as follows: height at withers (137.2 cm), rump width II (55.6 cm), slanting body length (185.3 cm), chest girth (203.2 cm). In the group of cross-bred cows with a 50–69% Charolais gene ratio, the body size of the cows was poorer for each characteristic, as compared to the data of pure-bred individuals (height at withers: –5.3 cm, rump width II: –3.5 cm, slanting body length: –6.8 cm, chest girth: –7.3 cm). Two clusters were determined in the group of pure-breds: one was made up of young, moderately wide, small cows with low body weight and short body (1), and the other of young, but markedly wide, tall cows with high body weight and long body (2). The average values of the individuals in cluster 2 were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of animals in cluster 1, except for age.Cows with a 90–99% Charolais gene ratio were ranked into 4 clusters as follows: cluster 1: old cows with average body weight and size; cluster 2: average aged cows with low body weight, average height and short body; cluster 3: old cows with high body weight and long, wide body; cluster 4: young cows with low body weight and below-average body parameters. Comparing cows in clusters 2 and 4, cluster 2 was found to be superior for each body measurement and this difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Obviously, the average of the measurements in cluster 4 was significantly smaller than the data of cluster 3. Cows with an 80–89% Charolais gene ratio were also grouped in 4 clusters. These data suggest that applying cluster analysis to cow groups with similar gene ratios is a suitable method for ranking individuals of a certain population and as such for observing the variance within varieties.

Caractéristiques biométriques du céphalophe bleu (Cephalophus monticola, Thunberg 1789) du Cameroun

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
Olivier Miantsia Fokam ◽  
Félix Meutchieye ◽  
Evaristus Tsi Angwafo
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Tail Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Cranial Measurements ◽  
Agroecological Zones ◽  
Southern Cameroon ◽  
Cephalophus Monticola ◽  
Blue Duiker

Dans le but de contribuer à la caractérisation phénotypique du Cephalophus monticola (céphalophe bleu) dans la partie méridionale du Cameroun (trois zones agroécologiques), 22 caractéristiques biométriques ont été considérés sur 180 céphalophes bleus adultes sélectionnés selon la méthode opportuniste. L’analyse des données s’est faite en utilisant la statistique descriptive à travers le logiciel d’analyse SPSS version 21.0 et XLSAT-Pro version 7.5.2. Il en résulte que les caractéristiques biométriques de la tête ne subissent aucune n’influence des zones agroécologiques. Cependant, l’envergure des cornes (EC) présente une très grande variation dans la zone V (CV=113,27%) dont la femelle avec un CV=96,55%. Pour ce qui est du tronc, la longueur du corps (LCprs) présente une grande dispersion autour de la moyenne avec des valeurs suivantes (en cm) : (71,78 ± 12,46) ; (69,13 ± 13,66) et (66,53 ± 15,54) respectivement aux zones III, IV et V. De tous les caractéristiques biométriques, la longueur de la queue (LQ), le tour du canon antérieur (TCA) présentent une différence significative (P<0,05). L’analyse en composante principale (ACP) permet de voir le niveau de variabilité génétique du céphalophe bleu à travers les caractéristiques biométriques. Ainsi deux niveaux de variabilité génétiques sont observés selon les axes F1 (46,94%) et F2 (10,81%). Les caractéristiques biométriques étudiées permettraient de différencier les céphalophes bleus dans les trois zones agroécologiques. L’utilisation des outils moléculaires ouvriraient des perspectives de mieux cerner la génétique des populations du céphalophe bleu au CamerounAbstract This study aimed at contributing to the phenotypic characterization of Cephalophus monticola (blue duiker) in 3 agroecological zones of the Southern Cameroon region. A total of 22 morphological data were collected on 180 adult blue duikers and 15 cranial measurements on 60 skulls using the opportunistic approach. Data analyses were performed using the descriptive statistics through the software SPSS version 21.0 and XLSTAT-Pro version 7.5.2. From the findings, it appears that the biometric characteristics of the head were not influenced by the agro ecological factor. However, horn width (HW) presents a large variation in zone V (CV=113.27%) which the female having an CV=96.55%. Concerning the trunk, the Body length (BL) expresses a large dispersion with the respective values (in cm): (71.78 ± 12.46); (69.13 ± 13.66) and (66.53 ± 15.54) respectively to agroecological zones III, IV and V. Three traits, tail length (TL) and fore leg girth (FLG) showed significant differences (P<0.05). The principal component analysis (PCA) displays the level of genetic variability of blue duiker through biometric characters. Then, it was observed two levels of genetic of variability according to the axes F1 (46,94%) and F2 (10,81%). The biometric traits tended to discriminate blue duikers in the three agroecological zones. This could be interesting for further investigations involving molecular tools for population genetics.

The use of Body Surface Index as a Better Clinical Health indicators Compare to Body Mass Index and Body Surface Area for Clinical Application

2018 ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
Shirazu I. ◽  
Theophilus. A. Sackey ◽  
Elvis K. Tiburu ◽  
Mensah Y. B. ◽  
Forson A.
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parameters ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Individual Body

The relationship between body height and body weight has been described by using various terms. Notable among them is the body mass index, body surface area, body shape index and body surface index. In clinical setting the first descriptive parameter is the BMI scale, which provides information about whether an individual body weight is proportionate to the body height. Since the development of BMI, two other body parameters have been developed in an attempt to determine the relationship between body height and weight. These are the body surface area (BSA) and body surface index (BSI). Generally, these body parameters are described as clinical health indicators that described how healthy an individual body response to the other internal organs. The aim of the study is to discuss the use of BSI as a better clinical health indicator for preclinical assessment of body-organ/tissue relationship. Hence organ health condition as against other body composition. In addition the study is `also to determine the best body parameter the best predict other parameters for clinical application. The model parameters are presented as; modeled height and weight; modelled BSI and BSA, BSI and BMI and modeled BSA and BMI. The models are presented as clinical application software for comfortable working process and designed as GUI and CAD for use in clinical application.

The Impact of Shariah Governance and Corporate Governance on the Risk Management Practices: Evidence from Local and Foreign Islamic Banks in Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Sabri Embi ◽  
Zurina Shafii
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
T Test ◽  
The Body ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Shariah Governance ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of Shariah governance and corporate governance (CG) on the risk management practices (RMPs) of local Islamic banks and foreign Islamic banks operating in Malaysia. The Shariah governance comprises the Shariah review (SR) and Shariah audit (SA) variables. The study also evaluates the level of RMPs, CG, SR, and SA between these two type of banks. With the aid of SPSS version 20, the items for RMPs, CG, SR, and SA were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). From the PCA, one component or factor was extracted each for the CG, SR, and RMPs while another two factors were extracted for the SA. Primary data was collected using a self-administered survey questionnaire. The questionnaire covers four aspects ; CG, SR, SA, and RMPs. The data received from the 300 usable questionnaires were subjected to correlation and regression analyses as well as an independent t-test. The result of correlation analysis shows that all the four variables have large positive correlations with each other indicating a strong and significant relationship between them. From the regression analysis undertaken, CG, SR, and SA together explained 52.3 percent of the RMPs and CG emerged as the most influential variable that impacts the RMPs. The independent t-test carried out shows that there were significant differences in the CG and SA between the local and foreign Islamic banks. However, there were no significant differences between the two types of the bank in relation to SR and RMPs. The study has contributed to the body of knowledge and is beneficial to academicians, industry players, regulators, and other stakeholders.

scholarly journals Digital 3D models of theropods for approaching body-mass distribution and volume

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matías Reolid ◽  
Francisco J. Cardenal ◽  
Jesús Reolid
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
3D Models ◽  
The Body ◽  
3D Analysis ◽  
Skull Length ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Fossil Bones ◽  
Primitive Forms

AbstractThe aim of this work is to obtain diverse morphometric data from digitized 3D models of scientifically accurate palaeoreconstructions of theropods from eight representative families. The analysed polyvinyl chloride (PVC) models belong to the genera Coelophysis, Dilophosaurus, Ceratosaurus, Allosaurus, Baryonyx, Carnotaurus, Giganotosaurus, and Tyrannosaurus. The scanned 3D models were scaled considering different body-size estimations of the literature. The 3D analysis of these genera provides information on the skull length and body length that allows for recognition of major evolutionary trends. The skull length/body length in the studied genera increases according with the size of the body from the smallest Coelophysis with a ratio of 0.093 to ratios of 0.119–0.120 for Tyrannosaurus and Giganotosaurus, the largest study theropods. The study of photogrammetric 3D models also provides morphometric information that cannot be obtained from the study of bones alone, but knowing that all reconstructions begin from the fossil bones, such as the surface/volume ratio (S/V). For the studied theropod genera surface/volume ratio ranges from 35.21 for Coelophysis to 5.55 for Tyrannosaurus. This parameter, closely related to the heat dissipation, help in the characterization of the metabolism of extinct taxa. Accordingly, slender primitive forms of the Early Jurassic (i.e. Coelophysis and Dilophosaurus) had relatively smaller skulls and higher mass-specific metabolic rates than the robust large theropods of the Cretaceous (i.e. Giganotosaurus and Tyrannosaurus). This work presents a technique that, when applied to proper dinosaur models, provides extent and accurate data that may help in diverse study areas within the dinosaur palaeontology and palaeobiology.

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