scholarly journals Domestic water meter optimal replacement period to minimize water revenue loss

Water SA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (2 April) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aluta Moahloli ◽  
Annlizé Marnewick ◽  
JHC Pretorius
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Total System ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Optimal Replacement ◽  
System Input ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Water Meter

Water meter under-registration results in apparent losses and lost revenue for municipalities. Municipalities should scientifically determine the optimal replacement periods for the meters in their particular municipality, as this would result in the formulation and implementation of appropriate meter replacement strategies and a reduction of apparent losses due to water meter inaccuracies. A water meter management database was analysed using the relative meter error method to determine if a relationship exists between domestic water meter age, total registered volume and accuracy, as well as the volume of apparent water losses caused by inaccuracies due to domestic water meter age and total registered volume. The net present value chain (NPVCn) method was used to determine the optimal domestic water meter replacement period. This study found no relation between water meter age and total registered volume. A relation was found between water meter age and accuracy and well as between total registered volume and accuracy. The median relative meter error was found to decrease with increasing water meter age and to increase from under-registration to over-registration as the total registered volume increased. The study also determined the volume of apparent water losses caused by domestic water meter inaccuracies due to age and total registered volume for this particular municipality to be 1.814 kL∙meter−1∙month−1, which translated to 2.81% of the municipality’s total system input volume. The optimal water meter replacement period of the municipality was determined using the NPVCn method to be at water meter ages of 9, 12 and 16 years and total registered volumes of 3 971, 5 162 and 6 750 kL at discount rates of 10%, 8% and 6%, respectively. This means that the municipality can now proactively replace its water meters so as to minimize the impact of meter inaccuracies on non-revenue water.

scholarly journals Water meter replacement and its impact on water consumption, utility revenue and payback periods

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Brinkley ◽  
A A Ilemobade ◽  
M Ncube
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Wear And Tear ◽  
High Level ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
Returns On Investment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Water Meter

Mechanical water meter accuracy degrades over time due to wear and tear. Based on this premise, many water utilities around the world undertake meter replacement projects. In many instances, these projects neither assess the potential or actual impacts of meter replacement on consumption and utility revenue, nor undertake meter replacement based on a best practice, customised metering policy. From 2013 to 2015, Johannesburg Water (SOC) Limited embarked on a project to replace more than 50 000 mechanical water meters that had not been read over a period of 180 days due to technical faults. This study obtained and analysed two databases of these meters and arrived at a sorted and validated database comprising 3 679 meter replacements. For each meter replacement, twelve months of water consumption data was obtained for the period prior to and after replacement. This study then investigated the impact of replacement on water consumption, utility revenue and payback periods. Some high-level highlights from the study include the following: (i) a metering policy that addresses such issues as efficient meter database management, and the optimum meter replacement age and/or volumetric reading, is critical for any water utility if it is to obtain the best results from meter replacement; (ii) in order to guarantee the highest returns on investment, bulk meters (40 mm and larger) should be prioritised for meter replacement over single-stand residential meters; (iii) the replacement of 20 mm and 25 mm meters with 15 mm meters resulted in more accurate metering of consumption by virtue of increased consumption; and (iv) payback of the 15 mm replacement mechanical meters was achieved within 12 months, with the replacement of 20 mm and 25 mm meters resulting in average monthly revenue increases per property of R266.70 and R203.08 respectively.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF DRINKING WATER CONSUMPTION AND LOSS. THE CASE OF WATER SUPPLY NETWORKS WITH LOW LEVEL COUNTING (BISKRA - ALGERIA)

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachid Masmoudi ◽  
Ahmed Kettab ◽  
Bernard Brémond
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
Water Supply Networks ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
Supply Systems

Demand for drinking domestic water is continuously increasing specially in urban centres which experience high demographic expansion. The decrease of water losses in water supply networks can help preserve such a rare resource. Low number of water meters and intermittent supply make it difficult to quantify the leaking volumes of water. This article presents an analysis of the consumption for drinking water based on an extrapolation from a sample of consumers on whom data are available. Comparison of the volumes of water produced allows a determination of the losses in the water supply system. This analysis is completed by measurements of night flows. The results obtained may be relied on for an evaluation of the needs for drinking water in the South of Algeria, and for future regional development. The study indicates a high rate of water losses in the distribution network, reaching about 40%, and over-consumption due to an insufficient number of water meters and discontinuous supply. It is recommended that water meters come into general use and defective parts of the network are rehabilitated. We will try then to make the necessary recommendations in order to better functioning of the water supply systems in Algeria.

Optimal water meter sizing and maintenance system (OSMS)

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Billing Data ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Performance Specifications ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
Semi Empirical ◽  
Measured Water ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Water Meter

Water meters operating outside their performance specifications can contribute to non-physical water losses as well as to financial losses of a water authority. The aim of this project was to develop and test a computerised system providing a continuum of methods for selecting water meters varying from pure theoretical to semi-empirical and then to a wholly empirical process. The theoretical process relies on water demands derived from local and international design codes and standards in the selection of new water meters for buildings or water management areas. The first estimate for the selection of a water meter can be based on both records of billing data as well as on theoretically determined peak and minimum water demands. Empirically measured water demand profiles can be processed and analysed by OSMS to establish the best match for a particular water meter’s specification. Field trials in South Africa and Brazil were instrumental in identifying additional features that enhanced the development of OSMS, as well as emphasised the usefulness of the software. A literature review and a pilot study indicate a previous trend of installing over-sized meters. Replacement meters that are optimally selected can finance the costs of such investments.

scholarly journals An experimental analysis on accuracy of customer water meters under various flow rates and water pressures

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Ethem Karadirek
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
End Users ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Starting Flow ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
Water Meter

Abstract Apparent losses are mainly due to metering errors in well-managed water supply systems. There are many types of water meters based on mechanisms to measure flow passing through. Therefore, selection of water meter type is important as meter type effects measurement accuracy. In this study, a total of 50 domestic water meters were tested under varying flow rates and different water pressures. Water consumptions of end-users show temporal changes depending on the life style of consumers. Flow rates passing through the water meter and water consumption profiles affect water meter accuracy. Water consumption of a couple of end-users was monitored and consumption patterns were extracted and obtained water consumption patterns were used to determine water meter errors. The collection method was applied for determination of water meter errors. Starting flow rates, error curves and weighted error of water meters were measured in a laboratory setup. Tested volumetric-type water meters have the lowest starting flow rate and the highest accuracy whereas single-jet water meters have the lowest accuracy and the highest starting flow rate. This study aimed to provide insights on the accuracy of water meters under varying flow rates and water pressures, and advantageous information for water meter-type selection.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF DRINKING WATER CONSUMPTION AND LOSS. THE CASE OF WATER SUPPLY NETWORKS WITH LOW LEVEL COUNTING (BISKRA - ALGERIA)

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-168
Author(s):  
Rachid Masmoudi ◽  
Ahmed Kettab ◽  
Bernard Brémond
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
Water Supply Networks ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
Supply Systems

Demand for drinking domestic water is continuously increasing specially in urban centres which experience high demographic expansion. The decrease of water losses in water supply networks can help preserve such a rare resource. Low number of water meters and intermittent supply make it difficult to quantify the leaking volumes of water. This article presents an analysis of the consumption for drinking water based on an extrapolation from a sample of consumers on whom data are available. Comparison of the volumes of water produced allows a determination of the losses in the water supply system. This analysis is completed by measurements of night flows. The results obtained may be relied on for an evaluation of the needs for drinking water in the South of Algeria, and for future regional development. The study indicates a high rate of water losses in the distribution network, reaching about 40%, and over-consumption due to an insufficient number of water meters and discontinuous supply. It is recommended that water meters come into general use and defective parts of the network are rehabilitated. We will try then to make the necessary recommendations in order to better functioning of the water supply systems in Algeria.

AFRICA’S RENAISSANCE AND POTENTIAL IN THE LEATHER SECTOR WITH REFLECTION TO THE GLOBAL PERFORMANCE

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mwinyihija M.
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Value Add ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Productivity And Competitiveness ◽  
Critical Aspects

Africa’s renaissance is inevitable and rapidly emerging as a reality in tandem with the continent’s continued exploration of its natural resources in a more sustained way than previously done. Currently, the clarion call is to value add, avoid plundering and involve its population through the SME’s to adapt modern methods of entrepreneurship. During the study, critical aspects that are envisaged to trigger the growth and development of Africa, included the entry of major countries of the continent into the global emerging markets such as MINT (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey) and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). For the leather sector, certain socioeconomic indicators such as the youthful participation in the value chain, ownership status, literacy levels and acquired experiences are all contributing to a vibrant sector. It was observed that these indicators if well aligned with individual member states of African Union Commission and structured than productivity and competitiveness of leather products will be attained. As such, ease of either foreign direct investment, local recapitalization and development of the SME’s could become feasible. Indeed, with the emergence of over 300 million youth at middle level income level is construed to start building on the impact of the continents purchasing power. Therefore, Africa needs to respond by address on development of ICT, develop affordable financial support to provide stimulus packages to SME’s (Small and Medium Enterprises) to transform, improve on inter and intra trade to optimize on unexplored synergies and enhance mobility of persons with in Africa as preamble to Africa’s renaissance.

IMPROVEMENT OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY OF THE ENTERPRISE

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliya Stoyanets ◽  
◽  
Mathias Onuh Aboyi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Innovative Development ◽  
Technological Equipment ◽  
Alliance Partner ◽  
Innovation Potential ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Technological Platform ◽  
The Cost

The article defines that for the successful implementation of an innovative project and the introduction of a new product into production it is necessary to use advanced technologies and modern software, which is an integral part of successful innovation by taking into account the life cycle of innovations. It is proposed to consider the general potential of the enterprise through its main components, namely: production and technological, scientific and technical, financial and economic, personnel and actual innovation potential. Base for the introduction of technological innovations LLC "ALLIANCE- PARTNER", which provides a wide range of support and consulting services, services in the employment market, tourism, insurance, translation and more. To form a model of innovative development of the enterprise, it is advisable to establish the following key aspects: the system of value creation through the model of cooperation with partners and suppliers; creating a value chain; technological platform; infrastructure, determine the cost of supply, the cost of activities for customers and for the enterprise as a whole. The system of factors of influence on formation of model of strategic innovative development of the enterprise is offered. The expediency of the cost of the complex of technological equipment, which is 6800.0 thousand UAH, is economically calculated. Given the fact that the company plans to receive funds under the program of socio-economic development of Sumy region, the evaluation of the effectiveness of the innovation project, the purchase of technological equipment, it is determined that the payback period of the project is 3 years 10 months. In terms of net present value (NPV), the project under study is profitable. The project profitability index (PI) meets the requirements for a positive decision on project implementation> 1.0. The internal rate of return of the project (IRR) also has a positive value of 22% because it exceeds the discount rate.

A Macroeconomic Analysis of Agricultural Sector in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
Isah Funtua Abubakar ◽  
Umar Bambale Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
The Impact

This paper attempts to study the Nigerian agriculture industry as a panacea to growth as well as an anchor to the diversification agenda of the present government. To do this, the time series data of the four agriculture subsectors of crop production, livestock, forestry and fishery were analysed as stimulus to the Real GDP from 1981-2016 in order to explicate the individual contributions of the subsectors to the RGDP in order to guide the policy thrust on diversification. Using the Johansen approach to cointegration, all the variables were found to be cointegrated. With the exception of the forestry subsector, all the three subsectors were seen to have impacted on the real GDP at varying degrees during the time under review. The crop production subsector has the highest impact, however, taking size-by-size analysis, the livestock subsector could be of much importance due to its ability to retain its value chain and high investment returns particularly in poultry. Therefore, it is recommended that, the government should intensify efforts to retain the value chain in the crop production subsector, in order to harness its potentials optimally through the encouragement of the establishment of agriculture cottage industries. Secondly, the livestock subsector is found to be the most rapidly growing and commercialized subsector. Therefore, it should be the prime subsector to hinge the diversification agenda naturally. Lastly, the tourism industry which is a source through which the impact of the subsector is channeled to the GDP should be developed, in order to improve the impact of such channel to GDP with the sole objective to resuscitate the forestry subsector.

scholarly journals Modeling Energy Communities with Collective Photovoltaic Self-Consumption: Synergies between a Small City and a Winery in Portugal

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 323
Author(s):  
Guilherme Pontes Luz ◽  
Rodrigo Amaro e Silva
Keyword(s):  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Small City ◽  
Total System ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Southern Portugal ◽  
Energy Community ◽  
Individual Self ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Modest Reduction

The recently approved regulation on Energy Communities in Europe is paving the way for new collective forms of energy consumption and production, mainly based on photovoltaics. However, energy modeling approaches that can adequately evaluate the impact of these new regulations on energy community configurations are still lacking, particularly with regards to the grid tariffs imposed on collective systems. Thus, the present work models three different energy community configurations sustained on collective photovoltaics self-consumption for a small city in southern Portugal. This energy community, which integrates the city consumers and a local winery, was modeled using the Python-based Calliope framework. Using real electricity demand data from power transformers and an actual winery, the techno-economic feasibility of each configuration was assessed. Results show that all collective arrangements can promote a higher penetration of photovoltaic capacity (up to 23%) and a modest reduction in the overall cost of electricity (up to 8%). However, there are clear trade-offs between the different pathways: more centralized configurations have 53% lower installation costs but are more sensitive to grid use costs (which can represent up to 74% of the total system costs). Moreover, key actor’s individual self-consumption rate may decrease by 10% in order to benefit the energy community as a whole.

scholarly journals A Hybrid Energy System Workflow for Energy Portfolio Optimization

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4392
Author(s):  
Jia Zhou ◽  
Hany Abdel-Khalik ◽  
Paul Talbot ◽  
Cristian Rabiti
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Gaussian Process ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Initial Guess ◽  
Reduced Order ◽  
The Impact

This manuscript develops a workflow, driven by data analytics algorithms, to support the optimization of the economic performance of an Integrated Energy System. The goal is to determine the optimum mix of capacities from a set of different energy producers (e.g., nuclear, gas, wind and solar). A stochastic-based optimizer is employed, based on Gaussian Process Modeling, which requires numerous samples for its training. Each sample represents a time series describing the demand, load, or other operational and economic profiles for various types of energy producers. These samples are synthetically generated using a reduced order modeling algorithm that reads a limited set of historical data, such as demand and load data from past years. Numerous data analysis methods are employed to construct the reduced order models, including, for example, the Auto Regressive Moving Average, Fourier series decomposition, and the peak detection algorithm. All these algorithms are designed to detrend the data and extract features that can be employed to generate synthetic time histories that preserve the statistical properties of the original limited historical data. The optimization cost function is based on an economic model that assesses the effective cost of energy based on two figures of merit: the specific cash flow stream for each energy producer and the total Net Present Value. An initial guess for the optimal capacities is obtained using the screening curve method. The results of the Gaussian Process model-based optimization are assessed using an exhaustive Monte Carlo search, with the results indicating reasonable optimization results. The workflow has been implemented inside the Idaho National Laboratory’s Risk Analysis and Virtual Environment (RAVEN) framework. The main contribution of this study addresses several challenges in the current optimization methods of the energy portfolios in IES: First, the feasibility of generating the synthetic time series of the periodic peak data; Second, the computational burden of the conventional stochastic optimization of the energy portfolio, associated with the need for repeated executions of system models; Third, the inadequacies of previous studies in terms of the comparisons of the impact of the economic parameters. The proposed workflow can provide a scientifically defendable strategy to support decision-making in the electricity market and to help energy distributors develop a better understanding of the performance of integrated energy systems.

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