The Salmonella Problem: Current Status and Future Direction1

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 661-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN H. SILLIKER
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
School Level ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Current Status ◽  
High School Level ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Human Salmonellosis

Human salmonellosis continues to be an important public health problem. Consumer mishandling of poultry, meat and dairy products is the most frequent cause of outbreaks. Attempts to educate consumers in proper food handling practices have had disappointing results. Denmark has an intensive program directed towards students in the 7, 8, 9 and 10th grades. Canada is contemplating a similar program for students at the high school level. Similar efforts do not exist in the U.S. Contaminated animal feed continues to be an important source of infection to livestock. The recent rise in the importance of Salmonella agona and Salmonella hadar illustrates again the important chain leading from feed contamination to livestock infection to human infection. Scandinavian countries have intensive programs directed toward control of Salmonella in domestic meat animals. Indications are that this has decreased the incidence of Salmonella in livestock and that concurrently there has been a decreased incidence of human salmonellosis in these countries. The Nurmi concept, involving oral administration of the gastrointestinal flora of adult birds into newly hatched chicks and poults, shows promise as a practical and economical approach to reducing the incidence of salmonellae in poultry.

scholarly journals Food allergy: knowledge level of food handlers at school canteens

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Liz Martins ◽  
I Estrela
Keyword(s):  
Food Allergy ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
School Level ◽  
Food Allergies ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Knowledge Level ◽  
Food Handlers ◽  
High School Level ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
High Knowledge

Abstract Background Food allergy becomes a public health problem whose prevalence in children is increasing. Due to the daily number of children using school canteens, these settings play an important role on allergic reactions prevention, being essential to know the knowledge level of food handlers. Methods This study focused on Portuguese schools of the city of Porto, that daily offer 6500 lunches to children aged 3 to 10 years old. The study was performed in all school canteens having children with food allergies (n = 25). To evaluate knowledge level on food allergy, a questionnaire was applied to all food handlers responsible for meals serving, considering hot topics related to food allergy and cross contamination practices. Each question was scored: 0 (lack); 1 (correct); -1 (incorrect), ranged 0 to 20 points. The knowledge level was converted in a 4-level scale: <50% (non-acceptable); 50-74% (acceptable); 75-89% (good); 90-100% (very good). Results Despite of 44.9% of food handlers presented a good level knowledge, it was observed that 38.8% of participants showed non-acceptable values. The knowledge mean level was 11.9 (±4.1) points. A high knowledge was observed for cooks (13.8±3.0) and canteen managers (20.0±0.0) (p = 0.006), as well as, for a high school level. Only 36.7% of participants had training on food allergy, with no influence on knowledge level (0.610). Participants having training on food safety has a higher knowledge level (13.0±3.9) than food handlers having no training (9.8±3.7) (p = 0.008). The majority of respondents showed to know food handling good practices when exposed to case studies related to food allergy. Conclusions A positive level of knowledge on food allergies was observed for the majority of food handlers. Nevertheless, a high number of participants had no training on food allergy. This work has a potential impact on children's health, awareness for the need to implement regular training actions and surveillance systems at school canteens. Key messages A large number of food handlers showed non-acceptable knowledge levels and no training on food allergy. Professional category influenced knowledge, being important the motivation and training of all employees.

E-Ophthalmology in the Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Chronic Glaucoma

2013 ◽  
pp. 88-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Andonegui ◽  
Aitor Eguzkiza ◽  
Mikel Auzmendi ◽  
Luis Serrano ◽  
Ane Zurutuza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Important Public Health ◽  
Chronic Glaucoma

e-Ophthalmology is the use of information and telecommunications technologies to provide or support a group of activities related to ophthalmic care. Chronic glaucoma is an ocular disease characterized by optic neuropathy that leads to progressive loss of the visual fields and often is associated with elevated intraocular pressure levels. Glaucoma is an important public health problem because it is one of the main causes of blindness worldwide and generates an important demand for ophthalmologic consultations. The aim of this chapter is to discuss the application e-Ophthalmology-based models in the diagnosis and follow-up of chronic glaucoma. The authors describe the current status of the use of e-Ophthalmology-based models in the screening and follow-up of chronic glaucoma, the main advantages of these models, the technologic requirements for their implementation, and future trends in this field.

scholarly journals Identification of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O26:H− Genes Required for Intestinal Colonization in Calves

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 1735-1743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline M. van Diemen ◽  
Francis Dziva ◽  
Mark P. Stevens ◽  
Timothy S. Wallis
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Secreted Proteins ◽  
Type I ◽  
Intestinal Colonization ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Type Iii

ABSTRACT Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infections in humans are an important public health problem and are commonly acquired via contact with ruminant feces. The serogroups that are predominantly associated with human infection in the United States and Europe are O157 and O26. Serotypes O157:H7 and O26:H− differ in their virulence and tissue tropism in calves and therefore may colonize calves by distinct mechanisms. The mechanisms underlying EHEC intestinal colonization and pathogenesis are poorly understood. Signature-tagged mutagenesis was used to identify 59 genes of EHEC O26:H− that are required for the intestinal colonization of calves. Our results indicate important roles for locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE)-encoded type III secreted proteins in intestinal colonization. In addition, colonization is facilitated by cytotoxins, putative type III secreted proteins unlinked to the LEE, a putative fimbrial operon, and numerous genes involved in central metabolism and transport and genes of unknown function. Our data also imply that the elaboration of type I fimbriae by EHEC O26:H− is disadvantageous for persistence within the bovine intestines. These observations have important implications for the design of vaccines to control these important zoonotic pathogens.

scholarly journals Isolation, Genetic Characterization, and Seroprevalence of Adana Virus, a Novel Phlebovirus Belonging to the Salehabad Virus Complex, in Turkey

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (8) ◽  
pp. 4080-4091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cigdem Alkan ◽  
Sulaf Alwassouf ◽  
Géraldine Piorkowski ◽  
Laurence Bichaud ◽  
Seda Tezcan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complete Genome ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Genome Characterization ◽  
The Mediterranean

ABSTRACTA new phlebovirus, Adana virus, was isolated from a pool ofPhlebotomusspp. (Diptera;Psychodidae) in the province of Adana, in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Genetic analysis based on complete coding of genomic sequences indicated that Adana virus belongs to theSalehabad virusspecies of the genusPhlebovirusin the familyBunyaviridae. Adana virus is the third virus of theSalehabad virusspecies for which the complete sequence has been determined. To understand the epidemiology of Adana virus, a seroprevalence study using microneutralization assay was performed to detect the presence of specific antibodies in human and domestic animal sera collected in Adana as well as Mersin province, located 147 km west of Adana. The results demonstrate that the virus is present in both provinces. High seroprevalence rates in goats, sheep, and dogs support intensive exposure to Adana virus in the region, which has not been previously reported for any virus included in the Salehabad serocomplex; however, low seroprevalence rates in humans suggest that Adana virus is not likely to constitute an important public health problem in exposed human populations, but this deserves further studies.IMPORTANCEUntil recently, in the genusPhlebovirus, theSalehabad virusspecies consisted of two viruses: Salehabad virus, isolated from sand flies in Iran, and Arbia virus, isolated from sand flies in Italy. Here we present the isolation and complete genome characterization of the Adana virus, which we propose to be included in theSalehabad virusspecies. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation and complete genome characterization, from sand flies in Turkey, of a Salehabad virus-related phlebovirus with supporting seropositivity in the Mediterranean, Aegean, and Central Anatolia regions, where phleboviruses have been circulating and causing outbreaks. Salehabad species viruses have generally been considered to be a group of viruses with little medical or veterinary interest. This view deserves to be revisited according to our results, which indicate a high animal infection rate of Adana virus and recent evidence of human infection with Adria virus in Greece.

scholarly journals Poultry meat as a source of human salmonellosis in England and Wales

1988 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Humphrey ◽  
G. C. Mead ◽  
B. Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Laboratory Service ◽  
The Public ◽  
Human Salmonellosis ◽  
To Come

In England and Wales human salmonellosis is a major public health problem and, although mortality is low, the disease has important social and economic consequences. All surveillance indicators suggest that an epidemic of unprecedented proportions is occurring. Between 1081 and 1980 the number of strains received for serotyping by the Public Health Laboratory Service (PHLS) Division of Enteric Pathogens has increased by 60% (Table 1). This is predominantly due to strains ofSalmonella typhimuriumandS. enteritidis. Smaller but significant increases have occurred in the numbers ofS. virchowandS. Stanley. With the exception of the latter serotype, which seems to come from a bovine reservoir, the indications aro that poultry is the main source of the increase in infections.

scholarly journals A Highlight on Avian Toxoplasmosis: One Health Disease with a Special Reference to the Current Egyptian Situation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 510-520
Author(s):  
Wafaa A. Abd El-Ghany
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Avian Species ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
And Control

This review article was developed to the infection of avian species with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), diagnosis, pet bird and human infection, and control methods with a special reference to the current status of infection among the Egyptian poultry farms and population. Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by a unicellular, protozoan parasite T. gondii. Different domesticated and wild animals, as well as birds can harbor T. gondii and may be a potential source of infection to humans. Avian species could be infected with T. gondii through the ingestion of contaminated food, soil, and water with oocysts shed in the excreta of infected animals, especially cats. Poor sanitation and hygienic conditions increase the risk of infection. Consumption of food or water, as well as undercooked poultry meat or meat products containing the oocysts of the parasite, are the main sources of human infection with T. gondi. Diagnosis of T. gondii in the infected host depends on the serological detection of specific antibodies and molecular detection of the parasite. Microscopic demonstration of the oocysts and other developmental stages of the parasite in the intestine, liver, brain, and skeletal muscles tissues is another means for rapid diagnosis. Generally, a high prevalence of the disease is also reported in pet birds. Toxoplasmosis in humans is associated with abortion, congenital disorders, stillbirth, and other complications, especially in immunocompromised patients. Application of hygienic measures, as well as public awareness, are essential for the prevention and control of toxoplasmosis. In different Egyptian governorates, a high prevalence of T. gondii has been detected in animals, birds, and humans. High incidence of infection was recorded due to the contact with Toxoplasma oocysts shed mainly from infected cats or other carriers. Egyptian chicken and turkey flocks and backyard birds revealed the presence of different developmental stages of the parasite and even its antibodies. In addition, human populations showed signs of toxoplasmosis with severe complications.

scholarly journals RETROSPECTIVE EVALUATION OF SEXUAL ABUSE CASES APPLIED TO DİCLE UNIVERSITY FORENSIC MEDICINE DEPARTMENT

2021 ◽  
pp. 133-140
Author(s):  
Cem UYSAL ◽  
Zeliha YILDIRIM
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
School Level ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
High School Level ◽  
Secondary School Level ◽  
Education Status ◽  
Short And Long Term

Sexual abuse is a global public health problem that causes many medical, legal, social and economic problems in the short and long term. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the sociodemographic characteristics and variables of our sexual abuse cases with the literature data. We retrospectively analyzed 175 cases who applied to our department for sexual abuse between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2018. It was determined that 143 of 175 cases were found under the age of 18. 91,4% of the cases in our study were female and 8,6% were male. It has been observed that victims are frequently abused by people they know. It was found that 17 of the cases were abused by their family members. It was observed that most of those who denied the incident were victims of incest. When the education status of the victims during the incident is examined; 60 (34.3%) cases were found to be at primary school level, 19 (10.9%) cases were found to be at secondary school level, 11 (6.3%) cases were found to be at high school level; It was determined that 78 of all cases (44.6%) still continue their education and 22 cases (12.6%) quit their education. Lesions were detected in the sexual examination of 45(25,7%) of 175 cases; 39 (22,3%) of these cases had acute lesions and 6 (3,4%) of these cases had chronic lesions. Pregnancy occurred in 4 of the victims. Suicide attempts of 8 (4,6%) cases were determined. As a result, sexual abuse is a problem that requires a multi-faceted approach. Common centers should be established to raise the awareness of the society, to prevent sexual abuse, and to support the victims psychologically and socially. Procedural challenges should be reduced, media support should be obtained, and primary protection activities should be organized.

scholarly journals Overview of Delivery of Cancer Care in Nepal: Current Status and Future Priorities

2020 ◽  
pp. 1211-1217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bishal Gyawali ◽  
Shubham Sharma ◽  
Ramila Shilpakar ◽  
Soniya Dulal ◽  
Jitendra Pariyar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Cancer Control ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Health Care Delivery System ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Systematic Assessment ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
Systematic Plan

Nepal is a small, low-income country between India and China with a unique health care delivery system. Cancer is becoming an important public health problem in the country, but a systematic plan to cancer control is lacking. In this article, we aim to provide a systematic assessment of the burden of disease and available resources and suggest prioritization approaches for the future to assist with any such future cancer control plans for the country.

scholarly journals Comparison of Genotypes and Serotypes of Campylobacter jejuni Isolated from Danish Wild Mammals and Birds and from Broiler Flocks and Humans

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 3115-3121 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Petersen ◽  
E. M. Nielsen ◽  
J. Engberg ◽  
S. L. W. On ◽  
H. H. Dietz
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Serotype O ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Strain Collection ◽  
Clonal Lines

ABSTRACT The incidence of human infection with Campylobacter jejuni is increasing in most developed countries and the reason for this is largely unknown. Although poultry meat is considered to be a major source, it is evident that other reservoirs exist, possibly common to humans and poultry. Environmental sources are believed to be important reservoirs of Campylobacter infection in broiler chicken flocks. We investigated the potential importance of wildlife as a source of infection in commercial poultry flocks and in humans by comparing the serotype distributions, fla types, and macrorestriction profiles (MRPs) of C. jejuni isolates from different sources. The serotype distribution in wildlife was significantly different from the known distributions in broilers and humans. Considerable sero- and genotype diversity was found within the wildlife collection, although two major groups of isolates within serotype O:12 and the O:4 complex were found. Common clonal lines among wildlife, chicken, and/or human isolates were identified within serotype O:2 and the O:4 complex. However, MRPs of O:12 and O:38 strains isolated from wildlife and other sources indicated that some clonal lines propagated in a wide selection of animal species but were not detected in humans or broilers in this study. The applied typing methods successfully identified different clonal groups within a strain collection showing large genomic diversity. However, the relatively low number of wildlife strains with an inferred clonal relationship to human and chicken strains suggests that the importance of wildlife as a reservoir of infection is limited.

scholarly journals Challenges in Chagas Disease Drug Development

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda F. Francisco ◽  
Shiromani Jayawardhana ◽  
Francisco Olmo ◽  
Michael D. Lewis ◽  
Shane R. Wilkinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Development ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Compound Libraries

The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease, an important public health problem throughout Latin America. Current therapeutic options are characterised by limited efficacy, long treatment regimens and frequent toxic side-effects. Advances in this area have been compromised by gaps in our knowledge of disease pathogenesis, parasite biology and drug activity. Nevertheless, several factors have come together to create a more optimistic scenario. Drug-based research has become more systematic, with increased collaborations between the academic and commercial sectors, often within the framework of not-for-profit consortia. High-throughput screening of compound libraries is being widely applied, and new technical advances are helping to streamline the drug development pipeline. In addition, drug repurposing and optimisation of current treatment regimens, informed by laboratory research, are providing a basis for new clinical trials. Here, we will provide an overview of the current status of Chagas disease drug development, highlight those areas where progress can be expected, and describe how fundamental research is helping to underpin the process.

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