Analytical Technique for Measuring Transmission of Light Through Milk Carton Materials

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
KURT H. NELSON ◽  
WILLIAM M. CATHCART
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Visible Region ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Yellow Orange

Light transmissions through milk carton paperboards, milk cartons, and blow-molded polyethylene containers were measured in the 350 to 800 nm region using a Cary 17D spectrophotometer equipped with a scattered transmission accessory. The paperboards had S-shaped transmission curves and were nearly opaque to wavelengths below 400 nm. Transmission at 800 nm averaged 5-3/4, 5-1/2, 4-1/2, 3, and 3% for the Eco Pak™, half-pint, quart, half-gallon, and gallon carton paperboards, respectively. Depending on wall thickness and wavelength of incident light, polyethylene containers had from 50 to 70% transmission. The effectiveness of different colored inks in reducing light transmission was compared using printed and unprinted areas of the paperboard cartons. Yellow, orange, gold, red, brown, and black inks opacified half-gallon cartons to wavelengths below 500 nm. Light transmission was reduced throughout the visible region by black, brown, and blue inks.

scholarly journals Localized Surface Plasmons Enhanced Light Transmission into c-Silicon Solar Cells

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Premkumar Singh ◽  
Amit Jain ◽  
Avinashi Kapoor
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Solar Spectrum ◽  
Localized Surface Plasmon ◽  
Plasmonic Nanostructures ◽  
Al Nanoparticles

The paper investigates the light incoupling into c-Si solar cells due to the excitation of localized surface plasmon resonances in periodic metallic nanoparticles by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique. A significant enhancement of AM1.5G solar radiation transmission has been demonstrated by depositing nanoparticles of various metals on the upper surface of a semi-infinite Si substrate. Plasmonic nanostructures located close to the cell surface can scatter incident light efficiently into the cell. Al nanoparticles were found to be superior to Ag, Cu, and Au nanoparticles due to the improved transmission of light over almost the entire solar spectrum and, thus, can be a potential low-cost plasmonic metal for large-scale implementation of solar cells.

RESONANT LIGHT TRANSMISSION IN METALLIC PHOTONIC CRYSTAL SLABS

2002 ◽  
Vol 01 (05n06) ◽  
pp. 657-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
XIANGANG LUO ◽  
TERUYA ISHIHARA
Keyword(s):  
Photonic Crystal ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Visible Region ◽  
Metal Structure ◽  
Light Penetration ◽  
Metallic System ◽  
Photonic Crystal Slabs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Resonant Emission ◽  
Metallic Photonic Crystal

Light transmission through an opaque nanoscale metallic photonic crystal slabs (MPCS) are investigated. The experimental results show that it is possible to get the extraordinary transmission in visible region even without the presence of holes, which is different from the perforated nanoholes or nanoslits in metallic system. The observed phenomenon can be understood in terms of surface plasmon-enhanced resonant emission of light through a metal structure with a nanoscale corrugation rather than light penetration through tiny holes. It is the periodicity of the interface corrugation that is important for the plasmon as a radiative channel rather than loss. The study suggests that a wide range of photonic applications is possible for such system.

scholarly journals The anatomy of the foveola reinvestigated

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander V. Tschulakow ◽  
Theo Oltrup ◽  
Thomas Bende ◽  
Sebastian Schmelzle ◽  
Ulrich Schraermeyer
Keyword(s):  
Light Beam ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Müller Cells ◽  
Bright Spot ◽  
Muller Cells ◽  
Outer Segments

Objective In the foveola of the eye, photoreceptors and Müller cells with a unique morphology have been described, but little is known about their 3D structure and orientation. Considering that there is an angle-dependent change in the foveolar photoreceptor response for the same light beam, known as the Stiles Crawford Effect of the first kind (SCE I), which is still not fully understood, a detailed analysis of the anatomy of the foveolar cells might help to clarify this phenomenon. Methods Serial semithin and ultrathin sections, and focused ion beam (FIB) tomography were prepared from 32 foveolae from monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) and humans. Foveolae were also analyzed under the electron microscope. Serial sections and FIB analysis were then used to construct 3D models of central Müller and photoreceptor cells. In addition, we measured the transmission of collimated light under the light microscope at different angles after it had passed through human foveae from flat mounted isolated retinae. Results In monkeys, outer segments of central foveolar cones are twice as long as those from parafoveal cones and do not run completely parallel to the incident light. Unique Müller cells are present in the central foveolae (area of 200 µm in diameter) of humans and monkeys. Light entering the fovea center, which is composed only of cones and Müller cells, at an angle of 0° causes a very bright spot after passing through this area. However, when the angle of the light beam is changed to 10°, less light is measured after transpasssing through the retina, the foveolar center becomes darker and the SCE-like phenomenon is directly visible. Measurements of the intensities of light transmission through the central foveola for the incident angles 0 and 10° resemble the relative luminance efficiency for narrow light bundles as a function of the location where the beam enters the pupil as reported by Stiles and Crawford. The effect persisted after carefully brushing away the outer segments. Conclusion We show that unique cones and Müller cells with light fibre-like properties are present in the center of the fovea. These unique Müller cells cause an angle dependent, SCE-like drop in the intensity of light guided through the foveola. Outer segments from the foveolar cones of monkeys are not straight.

Obtaining Subwavelength Optical Spots Using Nanoscale Ridge Apertures

2006 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. X. Jin ◽  
X. Xu
Keyword(s):  
Light Transmission ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Optical Resolution ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Materials Processing ◽  
Enhanced Transmission ◽  
Field Radiation ◽  
Scanning Optical Microscopy ◽  
Near Field Scanning

Concentrating light into a nanometer domain is needed for optically based materials processing at the nanoscale. Conventional nanometer-sized apertures suffer from low light transmission, therefore poor near-field radiation. It has been suggested that ridge apertures in various shapes can provide enhanced transmission while maintaining the subwavelength optical resolution. In this work, the near-field radiation from an H-shaped ridge nanoaperture fabricated in an aluminum thin film is experimentally characterized using near-field scanning optical microscopy. With the incident light polarized along the direction across the gap in the H aperture, the H aperture is capable of providing an optical spot of about 106nm by 80nm in full-width half-maximum size, which is comparable to its gap size and substantially smaller than those obtained from the square and rectangular apertures of the same opening area. Finite different time domain simulations are used to explain the experimental results. Variations between the spot sizes obtained from a 3×3 array of H apertures are about 4–6%. The consistency and reliability of the near-field radiation from the H apertures show their potential as an efficient near-field light source for materials processing at the nanoscale.

The Optical Response of Trapezoidal Comb-Like Nanostructures

2013 ◽  
Vol 284-287 ◽  
pp. 2816-2820
Author(s):  
Yun Dong Zhang ◽  
Jin Li ◽  
Han Yang Li ◽  
Ping Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Power Spectrum ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Light Wave ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Resonance Effect ◽  
Optical Filter ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Metal Nanostructures ◽  
Wave Oscillation ◽  
Oscillation Modes

Metal nanostructures can be used to control light transmission on the nanometer scale. In this paper, we propose a ladder-type comb-like metal nano-grating structure, based on optical filtering properties of the comb-like nanostructures and surface plasmon resonance effect of the metal nano-structures. The comb part of the structure is the silver nano-grating with the width of 20nm and a depth difference of 5nm between the adjacent gratings. We use the 532nm CW laser as the incident light source to study the reflective properties of the P polarized light and calculate the reflected power spectrum of the structure in three different parameters, which are the silver nano-grating, the silver-air nano-grating (silver grating are separated by air) and silver-SiO2 nano-grating. The experimental results show that the light wave oscillation modes are closely related to the comb-like structure parameters (including the depth and width) on the power spectrum. Meanwhile, we also draw conclusions that different intervention media does not change the position of the light wave oscillation modes, but only a significant effect on the reflection intensity of the different modes. Furthermore, we also noted that the depth of silver nano-gratings can affect the position of the resonance peak. As the waveguide depth of the silver nano-gratings increasing, the spacing of different modes’ oscillation peak is becoming larger. Based on the finding, we can modulate the light wave oscillation modes in a very wide spectral range. The results of this paper will promote the development of the optical filter, light wave mode selection and random laser excitation.

scholarly journals Switchable Metasurface with VO2 Thin Film at Visible Light by Changing Temperature

Photonics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Kyu Yang ◽  
Hyeon-Seok Jeong
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Beam Steering ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Visible Region ◽  
Polarization Conversion ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Beamforming Antennas ◽  
Change Material

We numerically demonstrated switchable metasurfaces using a phase change material, VO2 by temperature change. The Pancharatnam–Berry metasurface was realized by using an array of Au nanorods on top of a thin VO2 film above an Au film, where the optical property of the VO2 film is switched from the insulator phase at low temperature to the metal phase at high temperature. At the optimal structure, polarization conversion efficiency of the normal incident light is about 75% at low temperature while that is less than 0.5% at high temperature in the visible region (λ∼ 700 nm). Various functionalities of switchable metasurfaces were demonstrated such as polarization conversion, beam steering, Fourier hologram, and Fresnel hologram. The thin-VO2-film-based switchable metasurface can be a good candidate for various switchable metasurface devices, for example, temperature dependent optical sensors, beamforming antennas, and display.

scholarly journals The Characteristics of Material DSSC (Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell) Solar Cell from Extraction of Teak Leaves

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Hamdan Hadi Kusuma
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Solar Cell ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Visible Region ◽  
Dye Sensitized Solar Cell ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Dye Sensitized ◽  
Yellow Orange

<p style="text-align: justify;">The research of solar cell with using dye from natural materials as a sensitizer in a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) continues to grow. One advantage of the DSSC is does not require a material with high purity so that the production cost is relatively low. This research aims to analyze the characteristics of the absorption band of teak leaf extract. Extraction of teak leaves dissolved in a mixture of ethanol and acetic acid with a variation ratio of 1: 0, 1: 1 and 5.66: 1, resulting in a solution of each color reddish yellow, reddish brown and dark red. Absropsi test results with UV-Vis spectrometer showed that there are peaks in the absorbance in the visible region, ie at wavelengths between 500 nm to 560 nm. This shows that the dye material of teak leaf extract may work or absorb the green color. While absobption other peaks are also found in pektrum wavelength of 580 nm, 600 nm and 660 nm, each of which can absorb the green color yellow, orange and red. ©2016 JNSMR UIN Walisongo. All rights reserved.</p>

scholarly journals Formulation and Characterization of Poly Sulfoxyamine Grafted Chitosan Coated Contact Lens

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Rahul Laxman Jadhav ◽  
Sonali Gulab Sonwalkar ◽  
Manisha Vyankatrao Patil ◽  
Siraj N. Shaikh ◽  
Santosh N. Belhekar
Keyword(s):  
Contact Lens ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Visible Region ◽  
Modified Chitosan ◽  
Light Interference ◽  
Antimicrobial Evaluation ◽  
Micro Organisms

Aim: The aim this research work is to formulate and characterize Poly Sulfoxyamine Grafted Chitosan Coated contact Lens. Methodology: Poly Sulfoxyamine Grafted Chitosan was used for coating the Lens & converting it in to Antimicrobial Lenses. Poly Sulfoxyamine Grafted Chitosan was performed in the presence of pyridine and further treatment with ammonia during reaction of Thionyl chloride & chitosan. The UV light interference, visible light transmission and antimicrobial evaluation were studied. Results: The results indicate that Contact lenses prepared with Modified Poly Sulfoxyamine Grafted Chitosan absorbed some UV radiation & does not interfere with visible region. Due to the antimicrobial activity of modified Chitosan, the growth and transmission of micro organisms are reduces in coated Lens as compared to uncoated Lens. Conclusion: On basis of the results we concluded that Modified Poly Sulfoxyamine Grafted Chitosan might be used as coating material or material for making contact Lenses which will be less susceptible for microbial contamination.

Seasonal patterns of light transmission through boreal mixedwood canopies

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1008-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Constabel ◽  
V.J. Lieffers
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
High Light ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Solar Elevation ◽  
Annual Carbon

Measurements of light transmission were made at three heights (ground, 0.5 m, and 1.3 m) in six stands in each of three overstory types: pure young aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.); pure old aspen; and mixed old aspen–white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss). Light transmission was measured in the spring, summer, and autumn. In the summer, the amount of light that reached the forest floor was very low in all overstory types (5.9% of incident light). In the mixed stands, the overstory intercepted 87% of above-canopy light, and the understory intercepted 52% of its above-canopy light. In the old aspen stands, there was more light transmission through the overstory, which led to increased understory cover and light interception at that level. In the autumn, 26% of light reached the forest floor in the pure aspen stands because of the loss of deciduous over- and understory foliage. In the mixed stands only 8% of above-overstory light reached the forest floor in the autumn. The deciduous leaf-off period in the spring with relatively high solar elevation angles showed the greatest light transmission through the overstory, ranging from 22% in the old mixedwood to 59% in the young aspen stand. Findings suggest that white spruce seedlings less than 0.5 m in height may be at or below the photosynthetic light compensation point for much of the summer. High light during the deciduous leaf-off periods in the spring and autumn may account for a large portion of their annual carbon gain.

scholarly journals Hybrid Perovskite Photoconductivity Visible Region Detector with High Speed and Stability

NANO ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1750150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baoliang Mi ◽  
Huan Li ◽  
Zihang Song ◽  
Guiqing Zhao ◽  
Guoqing Tong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Visible Region ◽  
Solution Process ◽  
Light Illumination ◽  
Solid Reaction ◽  
Perovskite Materials ◽  
Hybrid Perovskite ◽  
Gas Solid Reaction

Hybird perovskite materials have been regarded as an outstanding candidate in the optoelectronic devices. In this work, a high speed perovskite photodetector (PD) based on the gas–solid reaction process was proposed and a high responsivity and detectivity of 5.87[Formula: see text]A W[Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] Jones were obtained after annealing at 120[Formula: see text]C for 30[Formula: see text]min. Compared to traditional solution process, the gas–solid reaction provided a full coverage film with high crystallization, which is beneficial to the electrons transportation and the capture of the incident light. The response time of device is up to 248[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]s/207[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]s under 700[Formula: see text]Hz. More importantly, the device exhibits a good stability after storing in the air for two months. The perovskite PD shows a high performance upon the light illumination, revealing that the hybrid perovskite is a promising candidate for optoelectronic applications.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document