Fermentation Problem in Spanish North-Coast Honey

1995 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUSANA SANZ ◽  
GLORIA GRADILLAS ◽  
FUENCISLA JIMENO ◽  
CONSUELO PEREZ ◽  
TERESA JUAN
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Free Water ◽  
High Water ◽  
North Coast ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Free Water Content ◽  
Cantabrian Coast ◽  
Mold And Yeast

Twenty-one samples from the Cantabrian coast were analyzed to establish their microbiological quality and fermentation tendency. In a food with a very low free-water content like honey, microbiological growth is only possible when there is an increase in water activity. Since most of the samples studied were not extensively granulated, the risk of fermentation is mostly due to high water content. Among our samples, only two had a water content below 17.1% (no risk of fermentation), whereas the high water activity of the rest of the samples indicates the possibility of microbial growth. In fact, four of the samples analyzed showed a moisture content over the Spanish maximum legal limit, which means a high risk of fermentation. The absence of Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, and Escherichia coli in our samples indicates an appropriate cleanliness during extractions and handling of honey. No Salmonella or Shigella were found. The relationship between water activity and mold and yeast counts found for the honeys analyzed allowed us to divide our samples in two groups: honeys with a high or a low risk of fermentation. Changes observed during storage of the samples confirmed this classification.

Changes in Dry-Weight and Water Content in the Hibernating Larva of Pseudohermenias clausthaliana (Sax.) in Denmark (Lep. Tortricidae)

1973 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Mikael Münster-Swendsen
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Water ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Free Water Content ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Original Water

AbstractPseudohermenias clausthaliana overwinters in the 3rd or 4th larval instar in a hollowed needle of Norway Spruce, roughly from October ist till April Ist. Within the geographical distribution of the species the larva is exposed to temperatures as low as - 30° C during this period. After emptying of the gut in September, the length of the larva is 5.3 mm ± 0.2, but hereafter it starts diminishing until the length is just 3.2 mm ± 0.2. During the first part of hibernation total weight decreases from 0.89 mg ± 0.06 to 0.68 mg ± 0.08; this drop is due to a loss of 29.5 % of the original water content. Dry-weight increases by as much as about 27.7 %, probably due to binding of about 7 % of the original "free" water content. Dry-weight, expressed as a percentage of the total weight, is I9.6 % ± 2.8 in the autumn and 33.3 % ± 2.5 in the winter. It has been suggested that the increase in dry-weight is caused by hydrolysis of certain organic compounds. Larvae exposed to I00 % R.H. and I8° C for 8 days without food at the beginning of March did not regain the original water content, while active larvae, feeding in the field in April, had regained the original high water content. Larvae at 85 % R.H. and I8° C for 8 days in March lost a little water but survived well, and they probably achieved an equilibrium with the surrounding air. Thus the critical equilibrium humidity seems to be less than 85 % R.H.

scholarly journals Stability of cactus-pear powder during storage

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-173
Author(s):  
Plúvia O. Galdino ◽  
Rossana M. F. de Figueirêdo ◽  
Alexandre J. de M. Queiroz ◽  
Pablícia O. Galdino ◽  
Tâmila K. da S. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
High Water ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Cactus Pear ◽  
Total Titratable Acidity ◽  
The Stability

ABSTRACT The stability of cactus-pear powder, obtained by the process of spray drying for 40 days, was evaluated under controlled conditions of relative air humidity (83%) and temperature (25 and 40 °C). The whole pulp was characterized with regard to its physico-chemical parameters: pH, total titratable acidity, soluble solids, water content, total solids, ashes, reducing sugars, total sugars, non-reducing sugars, luminosity, redness, yellowness and water activity. The stored samples in powder were evaluated every 10 days for water content, water activity, total titratable acidity and color (luminosity, redness and yellowness). The whole pulp was slightly acidic and perishable, due to the high water content. During storage, the packages did not prevent water absorption, thus increasing water content and, consequently, water activity. Yellowness oscillated along the storage time, but the predominance of the yellow color was not affected.

scholarly journals ANGKA KAPANG DAN KHAMIR PADA LADA PUTIH ASAL BANGKA

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Oktavio Rosani ◽  
Devy Susanty ◽  
Ary Triyanto
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
High Water ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
White Pepper ◽  
Public Consumption ◽  
Mold And Yeast ◽  
The Relationship

Numbers of Mold and Yeast on White Pepper from BangkaWhite pepper is one of Indonesia's spices that are needed for both public consumption and exports. Post-harvest processing of white pepper by farmers is often done with unclean. Each source of white pepper has different water content and will affect the quality of white pepper. In this study, seven samples (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7) were from Bangka. All samples tested had higher water content than SNI quality standard (13%), but still below the quality standard 2 (18%). Sample S2 has the highest water content compared to other samples. Sample S1 and S2 have high Numbers of Mold and Yeast (AKK) and do not suitable with quality standart of BPOM. Of all samples, S2  had the highest AKK (5,51 x 104 colony / g) and sample S5 had the smallest AKK (8,8 x 102 colony / g). This shows the relationship between water content in white pepper with AKK. White pepper that has a high water content has a high AKK, whereas white pepper that has low moisture content has low AKK.Keywords: white pepper, Numbers of Mold and Yeast, moisture contentABSTRAKLada putih adalah salah satu rempah Indonesia  yang  banyak dibutuhkan baik untuk konsumsi masyarakat ataupun ekspor. Proses pengolahan pasca panen lada putih oleh petani sering dilakukan dengan tidak bersih. Setiap sumber lada putih memiliki kadar air yang berbeda dan akan mempengaruhi kualitas lada putih. Pada penelitian ini,tujuh sampel (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7)  berasal dari Bangka. Semua sampel yang di uji memiliki kadar air yang lebih tinggi dari standar mutu 1 SNI (13%), namun masih berada di bawah standar mutu 2 (18 %). Sampel S2 memiliki kadar air yang paling tinggi dibandingkan dengan sampel lainnya. Sampel S1 dan S2 memiliki  (Angka Kapang Khamir) AKK yang tinggi dan tidak memenuhi syarat mutu. BPOM. Dari semua sampel, sampel S2 memiliki AKK paling tinggi (5,51 x 104 koloni/g) dan sampel S5 memiliki AKK paling kecil (8,8 x 102 koloni/g). Hal ini menunjukan hubungan antara kadar air pada lada putih dengan AKK. Lada putih yang memiliki kadar air tinggi memiliki AKK yang juga tinggi, sedangkan lada putih yang memiliki kadar air rendah memiki AKK yang  rendah.Kata Kunci: Lada putih, Angka kapang khamir, Kadar Air

scholarly journals Soil-Water Separation Property of Bauxite Mine Slime

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiqiang Wu ◽  
Kai Xu ◽  
Zhihuan Wang ◽  
Shuaiheng Li ◽  
Baoying Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Free Water ◽  
High Water ◽  
Load Application ◽  
Separation Property ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Application Process ◽  
Water Separation ◽  
Bauxite Mine

Traditional disposal of the high-water content slime from the beneficiating and washing of the bauxite mine requires lots of land and a long time to consolidate, which has attracted a wide range of environmental and social concerns. High-speed centrifugal test was carried out to investigate the water property and composition of high-water content bauxite washing mud. Test results indicated that the bound water content ranged from 29.7% to 31.4%, free water content ranged from 250.6% to 252.3%. The bound water accounted for only 11%, while the free water accounted for about 89% of total water content. A series of model tests were conducted to study the slurry-water separation property of high-water content bauxite mine slime. Experiments showed that controlling the vacuum load application process can effectively inhibit the formation of low-permeability stratum around the drainage body. The final settlement increased by 31.5% and the amount of water discharge increased by 39.52% compared with the conventional vacuum preloading method. Moreover, the water content may decrease from 281.9% to 53.6% within 60 hours with the increase of density of drainage body under the controlled vacuum load application process.

Water content influences the selectivity of CALB-catalyzed kinetic resolution of phenoxymethyl-substituted secondary alcohols

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 577-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Egholm Jacobsen ◽  
Thorleif Anthonsen
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Kinetic Resolution ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
High Water ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Acyl Donor ◽  
Acyl Donors ◽  
Reaction Media ◽  
Derivatives Of

Derivatives of 1-phenoxy-2-alkanols were kinetically resolved by esterification with irreversible and reversible acyl donors using lipase B from Candida antarctica (Novozyme 435) as a catalyst. To optimize the relative rate of reaction (the E-value), esterifications in eight different solvents with different water activities were performed. For 3-bromo-1-phenoxy-2-propanol (1), the E-values in all the solvents were higher when the water activity was increased, while the E-values for 1-phenoxy-2-pentanol (2) and 3-chloro-1-phenoxy-2-propanol (3) decreased by increasing water activity. The water content of the various reaction media with the same water activity was determined. Solvents such as 1,4-dioxane, acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran contained much more water than hexane, carbon tetrachloride, cyclohexane, toluene, and benzene. At high-water activity, the high-water content of the former group of solvents resulted in termination of the reaction at low conversion. The reason seemed to be that the acyl donor and possibly also the produced esters were hydrolyzed. This was not the case when the esterification was performed in water-immiscible solvents with the same water activity.Key words: kinetic resolution, E-value, solvents, water activity, water content.

Hydrogels as Antibacterial Biomaterials

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 843-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiguo Xu ◽  
Shujun Dong ◽  
Yuping Han ◽  
Shuqiang Li ◽  
Yang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Oxygen Permeability ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
High Water ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Biomedical Field

Hydrogels, as a class of materials for tissue engineering and drug delivery, have high water content and solid-like mechanical properties. Currently, hydrogels with an antibacterial function are a research hotspot in biomedical field. Many advanced antibacterial hydrogels have been developed, each possessing unique qualities, namely high water swellability, high oxygen permeability, improved biocompatibility, ease of loading and releasing drugs and structural diversity. In this article, an overview is provided on the preparation and applications of various antibacterial hydrogels. Furthermore, the prospects in biomedical researches and clinical applications are predicted.

Microwave-Induced Thermoacoustic Imaging for Embedded Explosives Detection in High-Water Content Medium

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 4803-4810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiong Wang ◽  
Tao Qin ◽  
Yexian Qin ◽  
Ahmed H. Abdelrahman ◽  
Russell S. Witte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
High Water ◽  
Explosives Detection ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Thermoacoustic Imaging

scholarly journals Deep mantle melting, global water circulation and its implications for the stability of the ocean mass

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shun-ichiro Karato ◽  
Bijaya Karki ◽  
Jeffrey Park
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Circulation ◽  
Mantle Melting ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Mineral Physics ◽  
Deep Mantle ◽  
Global Water

AbstractOceans on Earth are present as a result of dynamic equilibrium between degassing and regassing through the interaction with Earth’s interior. We review mineral physics, geophysical, and geochemical studies related to the global water circulation and conclude that the water content has a peak in the mantle transition zone (MTZ) with a value of 0.1–1 wt% (with large regional variations). When water-rich MTZ materials are transported out of the MTZ, partial melting occurs. Vertical direction of melt migration is determined by the density contrast between the melts and coexisting minerals. Because a density change associated with a phase transformation occurs sharply for a solid but more gradually for a melt, melts formed above the phase transformation depth are generally heavier than solids, whereas melts formed below the transformation depth are lighter than solids. Consequently, hydrous melts formed either above or below the MTZ return to the MTZ, maintaining its high water content. However, the MTZ water content cannot increase without limit. The melt-solid density contrast above the 410 km depends on the temperature. In cooler regions, melting will occur only in the presence of very water-rich materials. Melts produced in these regions have high water content and hence can be buoyant above the 410 km, removing water from the MTZ. Consequently, cooler regions of melting act as a water valve to maintain the water content of the MTZ near its threshold level (~ 0.1–1.0 wt%). Mass-balance considerations explain the observed near-constant sea-level despite large fluctuations over Earth history. Observations suggesting deep-mantle melting are reviewed including the presence of low-velocity anomalies just above and below the MTZ and geochemical evidence for hydrous melts formed in the MTZ. However, the interpretation of long-term sea-level change and the role of deep mantle melting in the global water circulation are non-unique and alternative models are reviewed. Possible future directions of studies on the global water circulation are proposed including geodynamic modeling, mineral physics and observational studies, and studies integrating results from different disciplines.

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