Production of Aflatoxin in Cocoa Beans

1979 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1076-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence M Lenovich ◽  
W Jeffrey Hurst
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Ivory Coast ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Substrate Variation

Abstract Aflatoxin was produced in both non-autoclaved and autoclaved Ivory Coast cocoa beans inoculated with Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 under optimum laboratory growth conditions. Total aflatoxin levels ranged from 213 to 5597 ng/g substrate. Aflatoxin was quantitated by using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Raw, non-autoclaved cocoa beans, also inoculated with aspergilli, produced 6359 ng aflatoxin/g substrate. Variation in aflatoxin production between bean varieties was observed. Total aflatoxin levels of 10,446 and 23,076 ng/g substrate were obtained on Ivory Coast beans inoculated with A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 and NRRL 3240, respectively. Aflatoxin production on Trinidad and Malaysian beans was 28 and 65 ng aflatoxin/g substrate. These data support previously reported low level natural aflatoxin contamination in cocoa.

Extracts of Agave americana inhibit aflatoxin production in Aspergillus parasiticus

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rosas-Taraco ◽  
E. Sanchez ◽  
S. García ◽  
N. Heredia ◽  
D. Bhatnagar
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Agave Americana ◽  
Acid Accumulation ◽  
Norsolorinic Acid

Toxigenic fungi invade crops prior to harvest as well as during storage and produce harmful, even carcinogenic toxins such as aflatoxins. Since consumers demand safe commodities, and due to enhanced public awareness of the dangers of many synthetic fungicides, the importance of investigating alternative, natural products to control these toxigenic fungi is clear. This study investigated the effect of aqueous extracts of Agave americana on growth, conidia and aflatoxin production. Aspergillus parasiticus strains SRRC 148, SRRC 143 (Su-1), and A. parasiticus SRRC 162, a mutant (nor-) that accumulates norsolorinic acid (NOR, an orange-coloured intermediate of the aflatoxin pathway), were first inoculated into Adye and Mateles liquid medium, then plant extracts were added, and incubated at 28 °C for 7 days. Aflatoxin and norsolorinic acid were assayed by HPLC and spectrophotometry, respectively. While the extract of A. americana stimulated growth of the studied fungi, conidiogenesis, norsolorinic acid accumulation (in the nor- mutant), and aflatoxin production were significantly affected. The reduction was produced by the extracts at concentrations higher than 5-10 mg/ml, where all types of total aflatoxin analysed (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2) were reduced from 64% to >99% in the whole culture, and a reduction of 75% of norsolorinic acid. The results of the present work indicate that extracts of A. americana may be promising safe alternatives to harmful fungicides for controlling aflatoxin contamination.

Bioactive compounds in Diospyros mafiensis roots inhibit growth, sporulation and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-248
Author(s):  
J.A. Mmongoyo ◽  
M.G. Nair ◽  
J.E. Linz ◽  
F. Wu ◽  
J.K. Mugula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Food And Feed

Diospyros mafiensis F. White is a medicinal shrub or small tree (6 m tall) widely distributed in the Zanzibar-Inhambane regional mosaic and traditionally used to treat leprosy, diarrhoea, and skin fungal infections in Tanzania and Mozambique. Our objective was to determine the anti-aflatoxigenic properties of compounds from D. mafiensis root bark against vegetative growth, sporulation and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Bioassay-guided extraction, fractionation, and isolation of bioactive compounds using A. parasiticus B62 were employed. The bioactive compounds were elucidated using 1H and 13CNMR and LC-MS. Growth inhibition was determined by measuring the colony diameter of A. flavus AF3357 and A. parasiticus SU-1 ATCC56775. Inhibitory effects on sporulation were estimated using a haemocytometer. Total aflatoxin was quantified by direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Bioactive compounds diosquinone (DQ) and 3-hydroxydiosquinone (3HDQ) were identified. DQ weakly inhibited A. flavus and A. parasiticus vegetative growth (MIC50 > 100 µg/ml) and 3HDQ strongly inhibited A. flavus (MIC50 = 14.9 µg/ml) and A. parasiticus (MIC50 = 39.1 µg/ml). DQ strongly reduced total aflatoxin production by A. flavus from 157 to 36 ng/plate, and by A. parasiticus from 1,145 ng/plate to 45 ng/plate at 100 µg/ml. 3HDQ reduced total aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus from 1,145 to 32 ng/plate; stimulated production by A. flavus from 157 to 872 ng/plate at 12.5 µg/ml but reduced to 45 ng/plate at 100 µg/ml. In summary, DQ and 3HDQ could be used as natural antifungal compounds to prevent mould growth and aflatoxin accumulation in food and feed.

Growth, Sporulation and Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus parasiticus on Strained Baby Foods

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 428-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. LLEWELLYN ◽  
N. E. DUCKHARDT ◽  
M. F. FISHER ◽  
T. EADIE ◽  
C. E. O'REAR
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Green Beans ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Sporulation Rate

The potential for aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus on strained baby food was evaluated. Four puréed foods were inoculated with the mold and cultured at 15 and 26 C in two series of experiments. The aflatoxigenic mold produced mycelia and sporulated at both temperatures. The foods ranked in mean total yield of aflatoxin (μg/g of substrate) in the following order: peas > squash > green beans > pears. The ranking held consistent for both temperatures. Aflatoxins B1 and G1 were produced in higher percentages than B2 and G2 in each food at both temperatures. At 26 C, total aflatoxin produced ranged from 8 to 71 μg/g of substrate, and at 15 C, the mean for the four foods was from 3 to 50 μg/g of substrate. Temperature and substrate were the primary variables which contributed to sporulation rate, toxin production and toxin ratios. Peas and squash should be considered primary and highly supportive substrates for aflatoxin production if conditions should arise for spores to contaminate the products either during or after processing. Absolute prevention of aflatoxigenic spore contamination in these foods studied is essential. An occasional testing of these foods for aflatoxin seems warranted. A lower temperature during aflatoxin formation decreased the total toxin formed, but did not prohibit aflatoxin occurrence. A lower temperature also tended to divert the type of toxin produced from B1 to the less dangerous G1 and G2. Aflatoxin would appear to be a problem in these foods only under rare and unusual circumstances in relation to processing and consumer usage. If such aflatoxigenic spore contamination should occur, the levels produced would be significant.

Growth of and Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus parasiticus in a Medium Containing Potassium Chloride or a Mixture of Potassium Chloride and Sodium Chloride

1986 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 880-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
GULAM RUSUL ◽  
FATHY E. EL-GAZZAR ◽  
ELMER H. MARTH
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Reverse Phase

Twenty-five milliliters of glucose-yeast-salts medium containing 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% KCl or a mixture of NaCl (%) and KCl (%) (0:0, 1.5:0.5, 3.25:0.75, 4.75:1.25, 6.5:1.5, and 8:2) was inoculated with 1 ml of a spore suspension containing 106 conidia of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 and incubated at 28°C for 10 d. The pH, dry weight of mycelium and aflatoxin production were determined after 3, 7 and 10 d of incubation. Amounts of aflatoxin produced were determined using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mold growing in the presence of 0, 2 and 4% KCl produced maximum amounts of aflatoxin after 3 d, whereas in the presence of 6, 8 and 10% KCl it did so after 7 d. This trend was also true when the mold grew in the presence of mixtures of NaCl and KC1. Amounts of aflatoxin produced decreased with increasing concentrations of KCl or of the mixture of NaCl and KCl. The mycelial dry weight increased with increasing concentrations of KCl or the mixture of NaCl and KCl, although there was an extended lag phase at higher concentrations of both treatments.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Estimation of Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) by Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) in Corn Samples

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-526
Author(s):  
O. Sailaja ◽  
M. Manoranjani ◽  
G. Krishnaveni
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Instrumental Analysis ◽  
Simultaneous Estimation ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Working Standard ◽  
Aflatoxin Content ◽  
Ms Analysis

Aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavins and Aspergillus pasasiticus have been investigated in the corn (maize) collected in different locations in Andhra Pradesh state, India. In the present study, 24 corn samples collected from different harvest, storage and dumping areas were analyzed for detection of aflatoxin contamination by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Mixed aflatoxin working standard solutions with a concentration of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 ng/mL were prepared and followed by instrumental analysis and the retention times of the sample chromatograms were compared with the standard aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 retention times in order to determine the contamination. The findings revealed that among 24 collected samples, only 10 samples have been found positive for aflatoxins contamination when subjected to LC-MS analysis. Co-occurrence of aflatoxin was identified in the most of the samples. Even though 10 samples were tested positive total aflatoxin content in the most positive are found within the acceptable limits (30 μg/kg) and samples collected at dumping areas (S4, S8 and S10) show the presence of exceeding quantity than the limits described by FSSAI. Total aflatoxin content in the most positive were found within the acceptable limits (30 μg/kg) and the samples collected at dumping areas S4 (40.9 μg/kg), S8 (53.2 μg/kg) and S10 (71.86 μg/kg) had shown exceeding limits. The sample S7 collected from the storage was also found positive of presence of aflatoxin G2- 13.49 μg/kg and B2-21.14 μg/kg with total aflatoxin of 34.65 μg/kg. High contamination of these dumping areas may lead to contamination of storage points nearer to these areas. Present results showed that the corn samples at dumping areas were found to be contaminated with the Aspergillus flavins and Aspergillus pasasiticus.

Hazelnuts as Possible Substrate for Aflatoxin Production1

1988 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. SANCHIS ◽  
Mª L. QUILEZ ◽  
R. VILADRICH ◽  
I. VIÑAS ◽  
R. CANELA
Keyword(s):  
Water Activity ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Activity Temperature ◽  
High Production

A study was carried out on the fungal contamination of commercially available hazelnuts, and the effect of different factors (water activity, temperature and presence of potassium sorbate) on fungal growth and aflatoxin production in hazelnuts. All samples (100%) of raw hazelnuts showed fungal contamination. None of the samples showed aflatoxin contamination, but when hazelnuts were inoculated with Aspergillus parasiticus, and water activity and temperature were optimal formold growth, high production of aflatoxin was found. Potassium sorbate at subinhibitory levels seemed to inhibit fungal growth, but enhanced aflatoxin production.

Role of Hydrogen Peroxide in the Prevention of Growth and Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus parasiticus

1988 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
FATHY E. EL-GAZZAR ◽  
ELMER H. MARTH
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
And Control

Hydrogen peroxide, 0.0, 0.03, 0.05, 0.3 and 0.5% was added to 25 ml of a glucose-yeast-salts medium which was inoculated with 1 ml of a spore suspension containing 106 conidia of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 and then was incubated at 14 or 28°C. Cultures held at 28°C were analyzed after 3, 7 and 10 d for mycelial dry weight, pH and accumulation of aflatoxin B1 and G1. Incubation of some cultures at 28°C was continued for 90 d. Cultures held at 14°C were analyzed after 1, 2 and 3 months for mycelial dry weight, pH and aflatoxin production. Amounts of aflatoxin produced were determined using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The percentage of inhibition or stimulation by the additive was used to make comparisons between treatments and control. Overall, increasing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide to 0.3 or 0.5% completely prevented growth and aflatoxin production for up to 90 d of incubation at 14 or 28°C.

Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus on deoiled ground nyjer seeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-220
Author(s):  
D. Gizachew ◽  
C.-H. Chang ◽  
B. Szonyi ◽  
W.E. Ting
Keyword(s):  
Water Activity ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
Similar Growth

Nyjer seeds are oil rich (35-40% oil content) seeds of the plant Guizotia abyssinica, which is closely related to sunflower. They are pressed mechanically for cooking oil in Ethiopia and elsewhere. The remaining deoiled cake, which contains approximately 10% oil is commonly used as animal feed. This study investigated the effect of water activity and temperature on the growth and aflatoxin production of the four main forms of aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1 and G2) by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus on ground nyjer seed with 10% oil. The ground nyjer seeds were adjusted to different water activity aw levels (0.82, 0.86, 0.90, 0.94 and 0.98 aw) and incubated at 20, 27 and 35 °C, up to 30 days. Our results show that A. flavus and A. parasiticus had similar growth patterns in which the slowest fungal growth occurred on ground seeds with 0.86 aw at 20 °C. There was no fungal growth for either A. flavus or A. parasiticus at 0.82 aw. The most rapid growth conditions for A. flavus and A. parasiticus were 0.94 aw at 35 °C, and 0.94 aw at 20 °C, respectively. Aspergillus flavus produced aflatoxins (13 μg/kg aflatoxin B1) only on seeds with 0.94 aw at 27 °C, while A. parasiticus produced high levels of aflatoxins under several conditions; the highest concentrations of aflatoxin B1 (175 μg/kg) and AFG1 (153 μg/kg) were produced on deoiled ground seeds with 0.94 aw at 27 °C. It is likely that storing ground deoiled nyjer seeds with a water activity up to 0.82 aw at 20 °C will reduce fungal growth aflatoxin production.

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