Heat balance, haematology and serum chemistry of layers under varying stocking density reared in locally fabricated metal-type cage system

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-103
Author(s):  
K. O. Bello ◽  
A. E. Adiatu ◽  
M. O. Osunlakin ◽  
O. O. Oni
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Fabricated Metal ◽  
Cage System ◽  
Chemical Measurements ◽  
Metal Type

One hundred and thirty five 18weeks old Bovans Nera Black strain pullets were used in a 10week study to determine their heat balance and blood profile under varying stocking density in locally fabricated metal-type cage system. The cages were stocked 2, 3 and 4birds/cell. Daily ambient temperature and relative humidity of the cage and rectal temperature of the birds were taken and heat balance calculated. Record of Packed cell volume (PCV), Haemoglobin concentration (Hb), Red blood cell (RBC), White blood count (WBC) and differential of the birds were taken at beginning and end of the study for the haematological indices while blood glucose, total protein, Albumin and blood urea were taken for the bio-chemical measurements. Ambient temperature, relative humidity, and heat balance showed no significant (P>0.05) difference with cage stocking density. Cage stocking density had significant (P<0.05) effect on rectal temperature of layers. Bird stocked 3/cell recorded the least (41.14oC) rectal temperature while those stocked 4/cell recorded the highest (41.27oC). All the haematological parameters of the birds were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by stocking density of the cage type. Bio-chemical measurements were not significantly (P>0.05) different among layers under varying stocking density of the cage except total protein (P<0.05). Layers stocked 4/cell recorded highest (5.22g/dl) total protein while those stocked 3/cell had the least value (4.37g/dl). However, the values were within the normal range recommended for healthy chicken. The study concluded that locally fabricated metal-type battery cage could be used to rear layers and stocking density of 3birds/cell is ideal without compromising the welfare of the birds.

scholarly journals Respon Fisiologis dan Kualitas Susu Sapi Perah Friesian Holstein pada Musim Kemarau Panjang di Dataran Tinggi

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Elmy Mariana ◽  
Didik Nurul Hadi ◽  
Nur Qoim Agustin
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRAK. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari respon fisiologi, produksi dan kualitas susu sapi perah Frisian Holstein pada akhir musim kemarau panjang di Balai Pengembangan Ternak Sapi Perah dan Hijauan Makanan Ternak (BPT-SP HMT) Cikole, Lembang, Bandung.  Penentuan sampel menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Parameter mikroklimat yang diamati antara lain adalah temperatur lingkungan, kelembaban relatif, kecepatan angin, radiasi sinar matahari dalam kandang dan Temperature-Humidity Index (THI). Respon fisiologis yang diamati meliputi suhu rektal, suhu kulit, suhu tubuh, frekuensi respirasi dan denyut jantung. Nilai rerata THI (73.93±5.51) menunjukkan sapi perah berada dalam kondisi  stress ringan. Nilai rerata dari suhu rektal, suhu kulit, suhu tubuh, frekuensi respirasi dan denyut jantung secara berurutan 37.94±0.20°C; 32.15±1.25°C; 37.13±0.32°C; 39.13 ±3.00 dan 79.74±6.19. Nilai rerata persentase bahan kering, lemak dan protein susu secara berurutan 10,19 ± 0,72, 2,14 ± 0,38 dan 2,50 ± 0,32. Temperatur lingkungan yang tinggi  mempengaruhi respon fisiologis antara lain peningkatan denyut jantung yang lebih tinggi dari normal dan kualitas susu yang lebih rendah.   (Physiological responses and milk qualities of holstein friesian during long dry season at high altitude)ABSTRACT. The objectives of this study were to evaluate physiological responses and milk qualities of dairy cows in Balai Pengembangan Ternak Sapi Perah dan Hijauan Makanan Ternak (BPT-SP HMT) Cikole West Bandung at the end of long dry season. Samples were determined by using purposive sampling method. Microclimate parameters  were included  ambient temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, solar radiation and temperature-humidity index (THI). Physiological responses consisted of rectal temperature, skin temperature, body temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate. The mean value of THI (73.93±5.51) showed that dairy cows suffered by heat stress. The mean value of rectal temperature, skin temperature, body temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate were 37.94±0.20°C; 32.15±1.25°C; 37.13±0.32°C; 39.13±3.00 and 79.74±6.19 consecutively. The average percentage value of dry matter, fat and protein content in milk were 10.19±0.72, 2.14±0.38 and 2.50±0.32. High ambient temperature and low relative humidity affected physiological responses such as pulse rate that higher than normal,  and  lower milk yield.

scholarly journals Horse Transport to Three South American Horse Slaughterhouses: A Descriptive Study

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Béke Nivelle ◽  
Liesbeth Vermeulen ◽  
Sanne Van Beirendonck ◽  
Jos Van Thielen ◽  
Bert Driessen
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
South American ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Humidity Index

Between November 2016 and October 2017, 23 horse transports from 18 collection points to two slaughterhouses in Argentina and one in Uruguay were monitored. The goal of this study was to characterize the current practices in commercial horse transports and to detect potential threats to horse welfare. A total of 596 horses were transported over an average distance of 295 ± 250 km. Average transport duration was 294 ± 153 min. The infrastructure did not always promote smooth loading, but the amount of horses that refused to enter the trailers was limited. In each loading space, a camera was mounted to observe horse behaviour during the journey. Ambient temperature and relative humidity (RH) were recorded every five minutes in each loading space. In 14 of the 23 transports, the maximum temperature rose above 25 °C and the average temperature was over 25 °C during six transports. The average temperature humidity index (THI) exceeded 72 during six transports. The average stocking density was 1.40 ± 0.33 m2 per horse, or 308 ± 53 kg/m2. The degree of aggression differed between the front and rear loading space. Stocking density, environmental parameters, trailer characteristics, and transport duration and distance did not influence aggressiveness.

Shorn and unshorn Awassi sheep III. Respiration rate

1963 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Eyal
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Awassi Sheep ◽  
Critical Ambient Temperature

1. Respiration rate of shorn and unshorn sheep was compared; animals were maintained in the shade and in direct sunlight during various seasons of the year, and at different hours of the day. The average respiration rate, for all seasons when sheep were maintained in the shade, was 55 and 32 respirations per minute, for the unshorn and shorn sheep, respectively.The diurnal trend of the respiration rate of shorn sheep resembled that of the ambient temperature. There was a delay in the lowering of respiration rate of the unshorn sheep during the evening hours.2. The critical temperature for the increase in respiration of animals maintained in the shade was 22° C. and 26–30° C. for the unshorn and shorn sheep, respectively.When the animals were exposed to the direct sunlight the critical ambient temperature for the increase in respiration rate was 15–18° C. and 18–22° C. for the unshorn and shorn sheep, respectively. The respiration rate of the shorn sheep exceeded that of the unshorn but decreased very steeply when the animals returned to the shade.3. The effect of humidity was noted particularly with ambient temperatures exceeding 27° C. The respiration rate of the unshorn sheep increased and that of the shorn decreased with the rise in the relative humidity. In the sun there was a rise in the respiration rate of both groups with increase in humidity. The rise was steeper in the shorn animals.4. The effect of the wind in reducing respiration rate was particularly noted on shorn sheep and at elevated ambient temperatures.5. With equal rectal temperature, the respiration rate of shorn sheep was lower than that of the unshorn ones. Assumed critical rectal temperature for the rise in respiration rate was lower in the unshorn sheep.6. The differences between the respiration responses of the unshorn and shorn sheep stemmed from the variation in their thermal balance. The latter resulted from the differences in the insulating characteristics of body surface and the differences between the macroclimate and the microclimate existing in the fleece.

scholarly journals Impact of stocking density on the rearing environment and growth performance of broiler chicken

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 65-81
Author(s):  
E. K. Asaniyan ◽  
V. O. Akinduro
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Measured Temperature ◽  
Weather Modification ◽  
Rearing Environment ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Humidité Relative

The consequence of high stocking density in commercial production of broiler chickens under the changing climate could predispose the chickens to adverse conditions. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the influence of stocking density on the rearing environment and performance of broiler chicken. Ninety (90) one day-old chicks of Arbor acre breed were used as experimental units in the trial that lasted eight (8) weeks. The bird were randomly assigned to three treatments of stocking densities 5, 10 and 15 birds/m2 with three replicates per treatment. The birds were raised in deep litter system bedded with woodshaving at 1 m2 per replicate. They were fed ad libitum with commercial broiler diets with drinking water supplied without restrictions. The meteorological data (Temperature and Relative Humidity) within the pen were obtained using the Maxims thermocron i-button Temperature and Humidity sensors and a stand-alone automated weather station was deployed outside the pen house which measured Temperature and Relative humidity parameters within the premises (Figure 1c), which were programmed to measure at 10 minutes sampling interval. Data collected were on daily ambient temperature and relative humidity, feed intake, water intake, weight gain and computed feed conversion ratio. The temperature of the broiler pens was found inversely related to its relative humidity across the treatments with relative fluctuations as the birds grow. Temperature within the pens (ambient temperature) increased with the stocking densities; stocking density 15 birds/m2 (25.94±0.125oC -31.79±0.360oC) being the hottest while 5 birds/m2 (25.47±0.136oC - 31.43±0.353oC ) was the least. Birds at stocking density of 5 birds/m2 (90.00g/bird/week – 2197.78g/bird/week) performed better in terms of growth and followed by those of 10 birds/m2 (95.00g/bird/week – 2018.52g/bird/week). Stocking densities of 15 birds/m2 (84.19g/bird/week – 1907.44g/bird/week) recorded the lowest weight gain. The combine influence of weather parameters (temperature and relative humidity) in bringing about growth of the birds diminishes as the stocking density increases. There was virtually no significant influence of the stocking densities on weekly mean temperature and relative humidity in the broiler chicken pens throughout the period of the study. Therefore, for eight weeks rearing period under any of the stocking density levels, fatality of weather modification could be prevented within the rearing environment through provision of adequate ventilation.   La conséquence de la forte densité d'élevage dans la production commerciale de poulets de chair dans le climat changeant pourrait prédisposer les poulets à des conditions défavorables. Par conséquent, cette étude a été menée pour étudier l'influence de la densité d'élevage sur l'environnement d'élevage et les performances des poulets de chair. Quatrevingt-dix (90) poussins d'un jour de race 'Arbor acre' ont été utilisés comme unités expérimentales dans l'essai qui a duré huit (8) semaines. Les oiseaux ont été assignés auhasard à trois traitements de densités de peuplement de 5, 10 et 15 oiseaux / m2 avec trois répétitions par traitement. Les oiseaux ont été élevés dans un système de litière profonde recouvert d'un rasage de bois à 1 m2 par répétition. Ils ont été nourris ad libitum avec des régimes commerciaux pour poulets de chair avec de l'eau potable fournie sans restrictions. Les données météorologiques (température et humidité relative) à l'intérieur du stylo ont été obtenues à l'aide des capteurs de température et d'humidité 'Maximsthermocron i-button' et une station météorologique automatisée autonome a été déployée à l'extérieur de l'enclos qui mesurait les paramètres de température et d'humidité relative dans les locaux (Figure 1c), et ils ont été programmés pour mesurer à 10 minutes d'intervalle d'échantillonnage. Les données recueillies concernaient la température ambiante quotidienne et l'humidité relative, la consommation alimentaire, la consommation d'eau, le gain de poids et le taux de conversion alimentaire calculé. La température des enclos a été trouvée inversement proportionnelle à son humidité relative pendant les traitements avec des fluctuations relatives à mesure que les oiseaux grandissent. La température à l'intérieur des enclos (température ambiante) augmentait avec les densités de stockage ; densité de peuplement 15 oiseaux / m2 (25,94 ± 0,125 ° C -31,79 ± 0,360 ° C) étant le plus chaud tandis que 5 oiseaux / m2 (25,47 ± 0,136 ° C -31,43 ± 0,353 ° C) était le moins. Les oiseaux ayant une densité de peuplement de 5 oiseaux / m2 (90,00 g / oiseau / semaine - 2197,78 g / oiseau / semaine) ont obtenu de meilleurs résultats en termes de croissance et suivis par ceux de 10 oiseaux / m2 (95,00 g / oiseau / semaine - 2018,52 g / oiseau / semaine). Des densités de peuplement de 15 oiseaux / m2 (84,19 g / oiseau / semaine - 1907,44 g / oiseau / semaine) ont enregistré le gain de poids le plus faible. L'influence combinée des paramètres météorologiques (température et humidité relative) dans la croissance des oiseaux diminue au fur et à mesure que la densité d'élevage augmente. Il n'y avait pratiquement aucune influence significative des densités de peuplement sur la température moyenne hebdomadaire et l'humidité relative dans les enclos de poulets de chair pendant toute la période de l'étude. Par conséquent, pendant une période d'élevage de huit semaines, quel que soit le niveau de densité de peuplement, la mortalité due aux modifications climatiques pourrait être évitée dans l'environnement d'élevage grâce à une ventilation adéquate.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Ketinggian Tempat Terhadap Respon Termoregulasi Kambing Peranakan Etawah (PE)

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-62
Author(s):  
Diana ◽  
Bagus Priyo Purwanto ◽  
Afton Atabany
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
T Test ◽  
Thermoregulatory Response ◽  
Air Velocity

Etawah grade does were kept in different environment. Current research was conducted to compare the thermoregulatory response of Etawah grade goat which were kept at 200, 400 and 600 m asl. Measured environmental factors were temperature (Ta), relative humidity (Rh), and air velocity (Va) were measured for 12 hours from 06.00 am to 06.00 pm. Thermoregulatory response included rectal temperature (Tr), respiration rate (Rr) and heart rate (Hr) were measured every day at 6 am, 12 am and 6 pm. Data obtained were analyzed statistically using independent two-sample T-Test and regression analysis. The results showed different altitude 200, 400 and 600 m asl significantly affected (P<0.05) ambient temperature, which were average 30,16±2,88; 27,73±2,45 and 26,63±2,91; respectively. Otherwise, different altitude did not affect humidity and air velocity. Altitude significantly affected (P<0.05) rectal temperature and heart rate, but did not affect respiration rate. Etawah grade goat were comfortable to kept in 400 m asl.

CATFISH DRYING (Clarias Batraclus) USING ‘TEKO BERSAYAP’ SOLAR DRYER

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Yuwana Yuwana
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Drying Rate ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Ambient Relative Humidity ◽  
Solar Dryer

Experiment on catfish drying employing ‘Teko Bersayap’ solar dryer was conducted. The result of the experiment indicated that the dryer was able to increase ambient temperature up to 44% and decrease ambient relative humidity up to 103%. Fish drying process followed equations : KAu = 74,94 e-0,03t for unsplitted fish and KAb = 79,25 e-0,09t for splitted fish, where KAu = moisture content of unsplitted fish (%), KAb = moisture content of splitted fish (%), t = drying time. Drying of unsplitted fish finished in 43.995 hours while drying of split fish completed in 15.29 hours. Splitting the fish increased 2,877 times drying rate.

scholarly journals A novel mouse model of heatstroke accounting for ambient temperature and relative humidity

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuyuki Miyamoto ◽  
Keisuke Suzuki ◽  
Hirokazu Ohtaki ◽  
Motoyasu Nakamura ◽  
Hiroki Yamaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Core Body ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Treatment Water

Abstract Background Heatstroke is associated with exposure to high ambient temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH), and an increased risk of organ damage or death. Previously proposed animal models of heatstroke disregard the impact of RH. Therefore, we aimed to establish and validate an animal model of heatstroke considering RH. To validate our model, we also examined the effect of hydration and investigated gene expression of cotransporter proteins in the intestinal membranes after heat exposure. Methods Mildly dehydrated adult male C57/BL6J mice were subjected to three AT conditions (37 °C, 41 °C, or 43 °C) at RH > 99% and monitored with WetBulb globe temperature (WBGT) for 1 h. The survival rate, body weight, core body temperature, blood parameters, and histologically confirmed tissue damage were evaluated to establish a mouse heatstroke model. Then, the mice received no treatment, water, or oral rehydration solution (ORS) before and after heat exposure; subsequent organ damage was compared using our model. Thereafter, we investigated cotransporter protein gene expressions in the intestinal membranes of mice that received no treatment, water, or ORS. Results The survival rates of mice exposed to ATs of 37 °C, 41 °C, and 43 °C were 100%, 83.3%, and 0%, respectively. From this result, we excluded AT43. Mice in the AT 41 °C group appeared to be more dehydrated than those in the AT 37 °C group. WBGT in the AT 41 °C group was > 44 °C; core body temperature in this group reached 41.3 ± 0.08 °C during heat exposure and decreased to 34.0 ± 0.18 °C, returning to baseline after 8 h which showed a biphasic thermal dysregulation response. The AT 41 °C group presented with greater hepatic, renal, and musculoskeletal damage than did the other groups. The impact of ORS on recovery was greater than that of water or no treatment. The administration of ORS with heat exposure increased cotransporter gene expression in the intestines and reduced heatstroke-related damage. Conclusions We developed a novel mouse heatstroke model that considered AT and RH. We found that ORS administration improved inadequate circulation and reduced tissue injury by increasing cotransporter gene expression in the intestines.

Respiration in exercising fowl. II. Respiratory water loss and heat balance

1981 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 327-332
Author(s):  
J. H. Brackenbury ◽  
M. Gleeson ◽  
P. Avery
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Respiratory Heat Loss ◽  
All Speeds ◽  
Body Heat ◽  
Respiratory Evaporation

1. Respiratory water loss and rectal temperature were measured in domestic fowl running for 10 min on a treadmill at speeds of 1.24-4.3 km h-1 in air temperatures of 20 +/− 2 degrees C or 32 +/− 2 degrees C. 2. At given speeds the water loss at 32 +/− 2 degrees C was approximately twice that at 20 +/− 2 degrees C and the end-exercise rectal temperature was 0.5-0.8 degrees C higher. 3. At 20 +/− 2 degrees C, respiratory evaporation accounted for 10–12% of the total metabolic energy used at all speeds. At 32 +/− 2 degrees C, the fractional respiratory heat loss fell from 26.5% at 1.24 km h-1 to 17% at 3.6 km h-1. The fraction of the total metabolic energy stored as body heat rose progressively with air temperature.

Growth performance of Acheta domesticus and Gryllus bimaculatus production reared under improvised cage system for increased returns and food security

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
C.A. Ngonga ◽  
C.O. Gor ◽  
E.A. Okuto ◽  
M.A. Ayieko
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Acheta Domesticus ◽  
Cotton Wool ◽  
Conventional System ◽  
Gryllus Bimaculatus ◽  
Generalised Additive Model ◽  
Cage System ◽  
Significant Difference

Cricket farming is emerging as a new venture in Kenya poised to help alleviate protein deficiency and improve household living standards. However, competing, limited and unaffordable rearing systems constrain productivity and optimisation of this new enterprise. This study sought to evaluate the growth performance of Acheta domesticus and Gryllus bimaculatus reared in improvised cage system to assess its technical effectiveness. Twenty-day old of both species of crickets were separately reared in improvised and conventional cage systems for comparison purposes. Whereas an improvised cage system is a set of structure devised using locally available materials especially where the standard materials are limited, a conventional cage system is a set of structure made of standard and ordinary materials. The improvised system comprised of bamboo hideouts, clean scrap blankets for drinking and laying, cut bamboo stem as drinking platter and the plywood-based cages while conventional system comprised of egg carton hideouts, cotton-wool for drinking and laying, plastic petri-dishes, and plastic buckets. Each group of crickets (100 live crickets) was daily provided with equal amount of feed and water. Average weekly temperature and relative humidity profiles were recorded using HOBO data loggers. Further, 49 live crickets per treatment were randomly sampled and weighed weekly. Generalised additive model and analysis of variance were adopted to model the data therefrom using R. The cage system had a significant effect on the growth performance of the crickets. The mean weight of the cricket species differed, but not the interaction with the cage system. Similarly, species, temperature and relative humidity also influenced the growth performance. Compared to the conventional system, improvised cage system showed better results in realising high cricket productivity though there was no significant difference in growth performance between the two systems. The focus therefore should be to evaluate the egg productivity in scrap blanket in relation to cotton wool and cost effectiveness in improvised system to inform future farm decisions.

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