A Semiquantitative Approach for Evaluating Safety Assurance Levels for Salmonella spp. throughout a Food Production Chain

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 1146-1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. SAULI ◽  
J. DANUSER ◽  
C. WENK ◽  
K. D. C. STÄRK
Keyword(s):  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Safety Assurance ◽  
Egg Products ◽  
High Level

Various safety assurance measures are implemented in Switzerland throughout the food production chain to prevent foods of animal origin from being contaminated with Salmonella. The data that are generated from the implementation of these measures are dispersed and heterogeneous. This hinders a general overview and makes a comprehensive national evaluation of the safety assurance level difficult. A semiquantitative method that considers the quality and relevance of the various safety assurance measures for Salmonella spp. was developed. The method uses the data generated from the implementation of safety assurance measures on a national basis (gathered by interviewing stakeholders in the production step). By assembling and analyzing the data systematically, the safety assurance level for Salmonella spp. can be evaluated at every step of the food production chain. This method allows the detection of strengths and weaknesses of the safety system. The systematic evaluation procedures permit comparisons between production steps and product categories. The method was used for evaluating the safety assurance levels throughout the production chain of eggs and egg products in Switzerland. Results of the analysis showed that the overall safety assurance levels for Salmonella spp. at all production steps for eggs and egg products were good. The relatively straightforward implementation of the method made it particularly appropriate in the context of a preliminary evaluation. The method does not have the same high level of detail that is provided by microbial quantitative risk assessments, but it allows an analyst to provide meaningful results when the large amount of data required for a quantitative approach are not present while including the entire “farm to fork” continuum. It may be used as a basis for more in-depth assessments of food safety levels within various production sectors. The method could be adapted for evaluating the safety assurance for other zoonotic foodborne pathogens of interest, such as Campylobacter spp.

Evaluation of the Safety Assurance Level for Salmonella spp. throughout the Food Production Chain in Switzerland

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 1139-1145
Author(s):  
I. SAULI ◽  
J. DANUSER ◽  
C. WENK ◽  
K. D. C. STÄRK
Keyword(s):  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Pork Production ◽  
Safety Assurance ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Semiquantitative Method

In Switzerland, the safeguarding of food is the responsibility of industry, organizations, and governmental authorities. The dispersion of the tasks and the diversity of implemented safety measures among involved stakeholders do not allow a general overview of the national safety assurance level provided. A comprehensive evaluation of the level of safety assurance provided for foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella spp. is therefore lacking, and the prevalence of Salmonella spp. at various points in the food production chain is not known. The objectives of this study were to (i) collect data on safety measures implemented throughout the food production chain in Switzerland regarding Salmonella spp.; (ii) evaluate the safety assurance level for Salmonella spp. at each step of the production chain for chicken meat, pork, beef, and milk and dairy products (bovine origin); and (iii) gather data on the prevalence of the pathogen at each step. Data on implemented safety assurance measures for Salmonella spp. were gathered from the various stakeholders in the food production chain. The data were analyzed by a semiquantitative method that considered the quality and relevance of the implemented safety measures for Salmonella spp. The safety assurance level for Salmonella spp. was evaluated from “no safety assurance” to “very good safety assurance.” Available results of testing for Salmonella spp. from 1998 to 2000 were used for calculating the prevalence of the pathogen throughout the food production chain. The results showed a varying safety assurance level for Salmonella spp. throughout the food production chain. Strengths (e.g., feed production for chickens) and weaknesses (e.g., pork production) were observed. These results serve as a basis for a rational optimization of the system.

scholarly journals MICROBIOLOGICAL PURITY TESTING IN FOOD PRODUCTION AND MARKETING

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bojan GOLIĆ ◽  
Tanja ILIĆ ◽  
Vesna KALABA ◽  
Milijana GOLIĆ ◽  
Slobodanka DELIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Test Material ◽  
Food Hygiene ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Official Control ◽  
Purity Testing ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
High Level

The Rulebook on microbiological purity criteria prescribes the criteria of microbiologicalpurity and the frequency of control of equipment, devices, utensils, work surfaces, work clothes andworkers' hands in food production and marketing as well as in facilities and means of transport thatcome in contact with food in which there is a risk of occurrence and the spread of infectious diseases.Food facilities, means of transport, items, accessories and equipment that come in contact with foodmust be regularly cleaned and disinfected to avoid any risk of contamination, and food and staffmust be under regular supervision. Food handling staff must maintain a high level of personalhygiene and be trained in terms of food hygiene requirements. The aim of the study was to determinethe state of microbiological purity in food production and marketing in facilities and means oftransport that come into contact with food. As the test material we used swab samples from thesurfaces of equipment, devices, utensils, work surfaces, work clothes and workers' hands originatingfrom facilities for the production and marketing of food, restaurants and other catering facilitiesserving food, facilities in the field of education and social protection (facilities for accommodatingpersons) and means of transport that come into contact with food. A total of 3393 samples wereexamined in the course of self-control and official control during 2017. For microbiologicalexamination of swab samples, standard BAS ISO methods were used. The percent of swab samplesthat did not satisfy the Rulebook on the criteria of microbiological purity in 2017 was 5.20%. Inrelation to the total number of samples tested, 4.70% of the samples were unsatisfactory due to anincreased number of microorganisms, and 1.40% due to an increased number of enterobacteriaceae.Pathogenic microorganisms Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes are not detected in anyswab sample. The largest percent of unsatisfactory samples was in the category "hands of foodhandlers" and amounted to 7.30%

scholarly journals Human food consumption patterns concerning COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazli Saeedi ◽  
Seyed Abbas Rafat
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Methods ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Principal Mode ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Human Contact ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIn recent months, despite being aware of the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries faced increasing epidemic of this disease. Nearly all countries tried to decrease human-to-human contact as the principal mode of transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Other modes of transmission also need to be clarified in more depth, especially, the foodborne transmission (FBT). We assessed the effect of animal origin foods (AOF) consumption on the pandemic of COVID-19. For this purpose, we studied the relationship among 20 food supply as independent variables, and the parameter of Total Cases (TC) as dependent variable. The statistical analyses included parametric, non-parametric, frequentist, and Bayesian methods. Results showed a relationship between a group of AOF and TC. So, the role of FBT of COVID-19 should be more significant than previously thought. The possibility of Animal Origin Foodborne Transmission should be taken into more consideration. The perspective is to expand the surveillance of SARS-Cov-2 during the food production chain.

scholarly journals The Sustainability of Urban Food Systems: The Case of Mozzarella Production in the City of Milan

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Castrica ◽  
Vera Ventura ◽  
Sara Panseri ◽  
Giovanni Ferrazzi ◽  
Doriana Tedesco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Chain ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Economic Dimension ◽  
Global Sustainability ◽  
Urban Food Production ◽  
Developed World ◽  
The City

Background: Urban food production in the developed world has recently been facing the challenge of feeding the world’s cities adequately and on a sustainable basis, and innovative models of food production can help this transition. Nevertheless, this field of research largely focuses on primary food production—so-called urban farming—while the subsequent steps of the food chain have scarcely been investigated. In this context, this study aimed to provide a preliminary evaluation of urban food processing, taking mozzarella cheese production in the city of Milan as a case study. Methods: Five urban farmers participated in a direct survey aiming at identifying how sustainable this specific production chain can be considered. Results: Results demonstrated that the concept of urban food production is really valorized through measures able to enhance the global sustainability of the food production process only in some of the dairy micro- enterprises and that the economic dimension must be considered the variable most critically involved in hampering the global sustainability of this specific food chain. Conclusions: This research suggests the need to disseminate a global governance of urban supply chains and to support local activities, which represent a sensitive and strategic sector.

Transcriptomics: A powerful tool to evaluate the behavior of foodborne pathogens in the food production chain

2019 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 108543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Lamas ◽  
Patricia Regal ◽  
Beatriz Vázquez ◽  
José Manuel Miranda ◽  
Carlos Manuel Franco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Production Chain

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes strains from biofilms in cattle and poultry slaughterhouses located in the federal District and State of Goiás, Brazil

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259687
Author(s):  
Emilia Fernanda Agostinho Davanzo ◽  
Rebecca Lavarini dos Santos ◽  
Virgilio Hipólito de Lemos Castro ◽  
Joana Marchesini Palma ◽  
Bruno Rocha Pribul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Salmonella Spp

Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. are considered important foodborne pathogens that are commonly associated with foods of animal origin. The aim of this study was to perform molecular characterization of L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. isolated from biofilms of cattle and poultry slaughterhouses located in the Federal District and State of Goiás, Brazil. Fourteen L. monocytogenes isolates and one Salmonella sp. were detected in poultry slaughterhouses. No isolates were detected in cattle slaughterhouses. All L. monocytogenes isolates belonged to lineage II, and 11 different pulsotypes were detected. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis revealed the dissemination of two strains within one plant, in addition to the regional dissemination of one of them. The Salmonella isolate was identified via whole genome sequencing as Salmonella enterica serovar Minnesota ST548. In the sequence analysis, no premature stop codons were detected in the inlA gene of Listeria. All isolates demonstrated the ability to adhere to Caco-2 cells, while 50% were capable of invading them. Antimicrobial resistance was detected in 57.1% of the L. monocytogenes isolates, and resistance to sulfonamide was the most common feature. The tetC, ermB, and tetM genes were detected, and four isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant. Salmonella sp. was resistant to nine antimicrobials and was classified as multidrug-resistant. Resistance genes qnrB19, blaCMY-2, aac(6’)-Iaa, sul2, and tetA, and a mutation in the parC gene were detected. The majority (78.5%) of the L. monocytogenes isolates were capable of forming biofilms after incubation at 37°C for 24 h, and 64.3% were capable of forming biofilms after incubation at 12°C for 168 h. There was no statistical difference in the biofilm-forming capacity under the different evaluated conditions. Salmonella sp. was capable of forming biofilms at both tested temperatures. Biofilm characterization was confirmed by collecting the samples consistently, at the same sampling points, and by assessing biofilm formation in vitro. These results highlight the potential risk of cross-contamination in poultry slaughterhouses and the importance of surveillance and pathogen control maintenance programs within the meat production industry.

scholarly journals Salmonella spp. in poultry: a constant challenge and new insights

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 899 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. VELHNER ◽  
D. MILANOV ◽  
G. KOZODEROVIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Poultry Industry ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Plant Hosts ◽  
Hostile Environments

The knowledge about virulence mechanisms, resistance to antimicrobial agents and the biofilm formation ability of Salmonella spp. in poultry industry has been expanded over the years. However, in spite of the research efforts and significant investments to improve management systems in poultry industry, it has become evident that none of the methods applied in all stages of food production chain are 100% effective in eliminating Salmonella spp. Different serovars are manifesting different mechanisms of invasiveness which depend on their ability to invade lower zones of the lamina propria, their ability to gain accesses to parenchymatous organs and survive in macrophages. The ubiquitous nature of Salmonella spp. due to their adaptation to animal and plant hosts, as well as their survival in hostile environments and their enhanced capacity to produce biofilms, contribute to a long lasting contamination of the environment, feed and animals. The emergency and spread of antimicrobial resistances in Salmonella spp. raise additional concerns.

scholarly journals Potential Use of Indoor Living Walls in Canadian Dwellings

J ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-130
Author(s):  
Daria Smolova ◽  
Avi Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Air Purification ◽  
Traditional Food ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Fresh Food ◽  
Living Wall ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Potential Integration

Current social and environmental challenges have led to the rethinking of residential designs. Global warming, food insecurity, and, as a result, costly fresh produce are some of the causes of the reconsideration. Moreover, with obligatory isolation following the global COVID-19 pandemic, some are realizing the importance of nature and air quality in homes. This paper explores the potential integration of indoor living walls (ILWs) in Canadian homes for agricultural and air purification purposes. By reviewing a number of case studies, this paper investigates how the development of such walls can alter the traditional food production chain, while reducing environmental threats. The findings show that current indoor living wall practices can be transformed into a useful source of fresh food, and, to some degree, alter traditional food supply. They can also help in creating inexpensive methods of air purification.

scholarly journals Vegan Diet Health Benefits in Metabolic Syndrome

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 817
Author(s):  
Giulia Marrone ◽  
Cristina Guerriero ◽  
Daniela Palazzetti ◽  
Paolo Lido ◽  
Alessandro Marolla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Vegan Diet ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Degenerative Diseases ◽  
Fortified Foods ◽  
Food Pattern ◽  
The World

Plant-based diets (PBDs) are increasingly consumed by the Italian population and around the world. In particular, among PBDs, the vegan diet is a food pattern characterized by the exclusion of all animal-origin foods. What drives people to adopt this model are mainly ethical, health and environmental reasons. A vegan diet, if well-balanced and varied, can help in achieving and maintaining an optimal state of health. However, this nutritional approach, if not well-balanced, can cause deficiencies in proteins, ω-3 fatty acids, iron, vitamin D and calcium, zinc, iodine and, above all, vitamin B12. Oral food supplements especially fortified foods are recommended in these cases to restore the nutritional deficiencies. A vegan diet generally reduces the risk of developing chronic non-communicable degenerative diseases, such as metabolic syndrome (MetS) and, in addition, requires fewer natural resources for food production than an omnivorous diet. The aim of this review is to analyze the possible impact of the vegan diet on MetS onset and its treatment.

Behavioural Economic Influences on Primary Market Disclosure – The Case of the EU Regulation on European Crowdfunding Service Providers

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-463
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Serdaris
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Full Disclosure ◽  
Content Quality ◽  
Platform Governance ◽  
Capital Markets Union ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
High Level ◽  
Start Ups ◽  
The Eu

Abstract On 5 October 2020, as part of the Capital Markets Union (CMU) project, the European Parliament adopted, in second reading, Regulation (EU) 2020/1503 on European crowdfunding service providers for business (‘ECSP Regulation’). This Regulation, which shall apply as of 10 November 2021, consists of rules which aim at improving access to crowdfunding for EU businesses in need of capital, particularly start-ups, while, at the same time, providing a high level of protection to investors. To attain that it builds on three sets of measures: clear rules on information disclosures for project owners and crowdfunding platforms; rules on platform governance and risk management; and a coherent approach to supervision and enforcement. The focus of this article is on the disclosure-related set of provisions. Its aim is to demonstrate how the new rules embrace a more behavioural approach to primary market disclosure which, in contrast to the paradigm of full disclosure, focuses on the content, quality and framing of disclosure as an alternative means of enabling informed and, thus, allocatively efficient investment decisions. In a second step, it seeks to provide a preliminary evaluation of these measures both from a practical and a normative perspective.

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