Evaluation of the Safety Assurance Level for Salmonella spp. throughout the Food Production Chain in Switzerland

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 1139-1145
Author(s):  
I. SAULI ◽  
J. DANUSER ◽  
C. WENK ◽  
K. D. C. STÄRK
Keyword(s):  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Pork Production ◽  
Safety Assurance ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Semiquantitative Method

In Switzerland, the safeguarding of food is the responsibility of industry, organizations, and governmental authorities. The dispersion of the tasks and the diversity of implemented safety measures among involved stakeholders do not allow a general overview of the national safety assurance level provided. A comprehensive evaluation of the level of safety assurance provided for foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella spp. is therefore lacking, and the prevalence of Salmonella spp. at various points in the food production chain is not known. The objectives of this study were to (i) collect data on safety measures implemented throughout the food production chain in Switzerland regarding Salmonella spp.; (ii) evaluate the safety assurance level for Salmonella spp. at each step of the production chain for chicken meat, pork, beef, and milk and dairy products (bovine origin); and (iii) gather data on the prevalence of the pathogen at each step. Data on implemented safety assurance measures for Salmonella spp. were gathered from the various stakeholders in the food production chain. The data were analyzed by a semiquantitative method that considered the quality and relevance of the implemented safety measures for Salmonella spp. The safety assurance level for Salmonella spp. was evaluated from “no safety assurance” to “very good safety assurance.” Available results of testing for Salmonella spp. from 1998 to 2000 were used for calculating the prevalence of the pathogen throughout the food production chain. The results showed a varying safety assurance level for Salmonella spp. throughout the food production chain. Strengths (e.g., feed production for chickens) and weaknesses (e.g., pork production) were observed. These results serve as a basis for a rational optimization of the system.

A Semiquantitative Approach for Evaluating Safety Assurance Levels for Salmonella spp. throughout a Food Production Chain

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 1146-1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. SAULI ◽  
J. DANUSER ◽  
C. WENK ◽  
K. D. C. STÄRK
Keyword(s):  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Safety Assurance ◽  
Egg Products ◽  
High Level

Various safety assurance measures are implemented in Switzerland throughout the food production chain to prevent foods of animal origin from being contaminated with Salmonella. The data that are generated from the implementation of these measures are dispersed and heterogeneous. This hinders a general overview and makes a comprehensive national evaluation of the safety assurance level difficult. A semiquantitative method that considers the quality and relevance of the various safety assurance measures for Salmonella spp. was developed. The method uses the data generated from the implementation of safety assurance measures on a national basis (gathered by interviewing stakeholders in the production step). By assembling and analyzing the data systematically, the safety assurance level for Salmonella spp. can be evaluated at every step of the food production chain. This method allows the detection of strengths and weaknesses of the safety system. The systematic evaluation procedures permit comparisons between production steps and product categories. The method was used for evaluating the safety assurance levels throughout the production chain of eggs and egg products in Switzerland. Results of the analysis showed that the overall safety assurance levels for Salmonella spp. at all production steps for eggs and egg products were good. The relatively straightforward implementation of the method made it particularly appropriate in the context of a preliminary evaluation. The method does not have the same high level of detail that is provided by microbial quantitative risk assessments, but it allows an analyst to provide meaningful results when the large amount of data required for a quantitative approach are not present while including the entire “farm to fork” continuum. It may be used as a basis for more in-depth assessments of food safety levels within various production sectors. The method could be adapted for evaluating the safety assurance for other zoonotic foodborne pathogens of interest, such as Campylobacter spp.

Prevalence and associated risk factors of Salmonella spp. On the pork production chain in Córdoba, Argentina

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Vico ◽  
G. Aleu ◽  
A. Zogbi ◽  
I. Sánchez ◽  
A. M. Lorenzutti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Pork Production ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

scholarly journals Genotypic characterization and antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella isolated from chicken, pork and the environment at abattoirs and supermarkets in Chongqing, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Chen ◽  
Jiali Jiang ◽  
Chao Ye ◽  
Jianhua Xie ◽  
Xia Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Isolation Rate ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Pork Production ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Profile ◽  
Human Salmonellosis ◽  
Sequence Types

Abstract Background Salmonella is one of the most important foodborne pathogens, causing outbreaks of human salmonellosis worldwide. Owing to large scales of consumption markets, pork and poultry that contaminated by Salmonella could pose a tremendous threat to public health. The aim of this study was to investigate the contamination of Salmonella from chicken, pork and the environment in slaughtering and retail processes in Chongqing, China. Results A total of 115 Salmonella isolates were recovered from 1112 samples collected from pork, chicken and the environment. Compared with the isolation rate of samples from chicken (9.50%) and the environment (6.23%), samples from pork had a significant higher isolation rate (44.00%). The isolation rates in slaughterhouses (10.76%) and in supermarkets (10.07%) showed no statistical difference. Thirty different serotypes were identified among all the isolates. S. Derby (n = 26), S. London (n = 16) and S. Rissen (n = 12) were the dominant serotypes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that 73.04% isolates were resistant to tetracycline, followed by 66.96% to ampicillin and 59.13% to doxycycline. More than half (50.43%) of the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR), and most of the MDR isolates were from supermarkets. Multilocus sequence typing results showed 24 out of 115 isolates were ST40, which was the most prevalent. Furthermore, isolates from supermarkets had 20 different sequence types while isolates from slaughterhouses only had 8 different sequence types. Conclusion Our study highlighted that Salmonella was more frequently isolated in pork production chain than that in chicken. Compared with isolates from slaughterhouses, isolates from supermarkets had more MDR profiles and represented a wider range of serotypes and sequence types, indicating that the retail process had more diverse sources of Salmonella contamination than that of slaughtering process.

Role of Slaughtering in Salmonella Spreading and Control in Pork Production

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 899-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
HECTOR ARGUELLO ◽  
AVELINO ÁLVAREZ-ORDOÑEZ ◽  
ANA CARVAJAL ◽  
PEDRO RUBIO ◽  
MIGUEL PRIETO
Keyword(s):  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Pork Production ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Pork Products ◽  
Critical Control Points ◽  
And Control ◽  
Carcass Contamination

Salmonella is one of the major foodborne pathogens worldwide. Pork products are among the main sources of Salmonella infection in humans, and several countries have established Salmonella surveillance and control programs. The role of slaughtering in carcass contamination has been indicated by studies focused on the slaughterhouse environment. In this review, we examine and discuss the information available regarding the influence that farm status, pig transport, and lairage have on the carriage of Salmonella by pigs entering the slaughter line. The evolution of carcass contamination throughout the slaughtering process, the main sources of contamination in the dirty and clean zones of the slaughter line, and previously reported prevalence of Salmonella on carcasses and factors affecting this prevalence also are discussed. The importance of implementing interventions at the slaughter level is discussed briefly. Consistent with the information available, pigs from infected farms and newly acquired or recrudescent infections in pigs at the subsequent stages of transport and lairage are important sources of Salmonella at the slaughtering plant. The continuous introduction of Salmonella into the slaughterhouse and the potential for resident flora constitute a risk for carcass contamination. At the slaughterhouse, some dressing activities can reduce carcass contamination, but others are critical control points that jeopardize carcass hygiene. This information indicates the importance of considering slaughter and previous stages in the pork production chain for controlling Salmonella in swine production.

scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology and Resistance Profile of Salmonella Isolated from Chicken, Pork and the Environment at Abattoirs and Supermarkets in Chongqing, China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Chen ◽  
Jiali Jiang ◽  
Chao Ye ◽  
Jianhua Xie ◽  
Xia Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Isolation Rate ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Pork Production ◽  
Human Salmonellosis ◽  
Sequence Types

Abstract Background: Salmonella is one of the most important foodborne pathogens, causing outbreaks of human salmonellosis worldwide. Owing to large scales of consumption markets, pork and poultry that contaminated by Salmonella could pose a tremendous threat to public health. The aim of this study was to investigate the contamination of Salmonella from chicken, pork and the environment in slaughtering and retail processes in Chongqing, China. Results: A total of 115 Salmonella isolates were recovered from 1112 samples collected from pork, chicken and the environment. Compared with the isolation rate of samples from chicken (9.50%) and the environment (6.23%), samples from pork had a significant higher isolation rate (44.00%). The isolation rates in slaughterhouses (10.76%) and in supermarkets (10.07%) showed no statistical different. 30 different serotypes were identified among all the isolates. S. Derby (n=26), S. London (n=16) and S. Rissen (n=12) were the dominant serotypes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that 73.04% isolates were resistant to tetracycline, followed by 66.96% to ampicillin and 59.13% to doxycycline. More than half (50.43%) of the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR), and most of the MDR isolates were from supermarkets. Multilocus sequence typing results showed 24 out of 115 isolates were ST40, which was the most prevalent. Furthermore, isolates from supermarkets had 20 different sequence types while isolates from slaughterhouses only had 8 different sequence types. Conclusion: Our study highlighted that Salmonella was more frequently isolated in pork production chain than that of chicken. Compared with isolates from slaughterhouses, isolates from supermarkets had more MDR profiles and represented a wider range of serotypes and sequence types, indicating that the retail process had more diverse sources of Salmonella contamination than that of slaughtering process.

Transcriptomics: A powerful tool to evaluate the behavior of foodborne pathogens in the food production chain

2019 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 108543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Lamas ◽  
Patricia Regal ◽  
Beatriz Vázquez ◽  
José Manuel Miranda ◽  
Carlos Manuel Franco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Production Chain

scholarly journals Salmonella spp. in poultry: a constant challenge and new insights

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 899 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. VELHNER ◽  
D. MILANOV ◽  
G. KOZODEROVIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Poultry Industry ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Plant Hosts ◽  
Hostile Environments

The knowledge about virulence mechanisms, resistance to antimicrobial agents and the biofilm formation ability of Salmonella spp. in poultry industry has been expanded over the years. However, in spite of the research efforts and significant investments to improve management systems in poultry industry, it has become evident that none of the methods applied in all stages of food production chain are 100% effective in eliminating Salmonella spp. Different serovars are manifesting different mechanisms of invasiveness which depend on their ability to invade lower zones of the lamina propria, their ability to gain accesses to parenchymatous organs and survive in macrophages. The ubiquitous nature of Salmonella spp. due to their adaptation to animal and plant hosts, as well as their survival in hostile environments and their enhanced capacity to produce biofilms, contribute to a long lasting contamination of the environment, feed and animals. The emergency and spread of antimicrobial resistances in Salmonella spp. raise additional concerns.

scholarly journals Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Relatedness of Salmonella Isolated from Chicken, Pork and the Environment at Abattoirs and Supermarkets in Chongqing, China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Chen ◽  
Jiali Jiang ◽  
Chao Ye ◽  
Jianhua Xie ◽  
Xia Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Pork Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Human Salmonellosis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sequence Types

Abstract Background: Salmonella is one of the most important foodborne pathogens, causing outbreaks of human salmonellosis worldwide. Owing to large scales of consumption markets, pork and poultry that contaminated by Salmonella could pose a tremendous threat to public health. The aim of this study was to investigate the contamination of Salmonella from chicken, pork and the environment in slaughtering and retailing segments in Chongqing, China. Results: A total of 115 Salmonella isolates were recovered from 1122 samples, with 10.76% (47/437) in slaughterhouses and 10.07% (68/675) in supermarkets. 30 different serotypes were identified, in which S. Derby, S. London and S. Rissen were mostly detected. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and resistance genes verification were carried out to investigate the relationship between phenotypes and genotypes. Altogether, 75.65% isolates showed resistance to tetracycline, followed by 60.87% to doxycycline and 69.5% to ampicillin. More than half (50.43%) of the isolates were multidrug resistant, which were mostly from supermarkets (P<0.05). According to antibiotic resistance genes detection results, a high correlation between antibiotic phenotypes and genotypes was presented by lactam-, tetracycline-, and sulfonamide-resistant isolates. Multilocus sequence typing results showed 24 out of 115 isolates were ST40, which was the most prevalent. Furthermore, isolates from supermarkets (n=15) had more sequence types than that in slaughterhouses (n=3). Conclusion: Our study highlighted the fact that Salmonella contamination were more severe in pork production chain than that of chicken. Isolation rates were similar in slaughterhouses and supermarkets for both pork and chicken, but isolates from supermarkets had more MDR profiles and represented a wide range of serotypes and sequence types, indicating that more diverse sources of contamination in retailing.

scholarly journals Potential Use of Indoor Living Walls in Canadian Dwellings

J ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-130
Author(s):  
Daria Smolova ◽  
Avi Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Air Purification ◽  
Traditional Food ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Fresh Food ◽  
Living Wall ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Potential Integration

Current social and environmental challenges have led to the rethinking of residential designs. Global warming, food insecurity, and, as a result, costly fresh produce are some of the causes of the reconsideration. Moreover, with obligatory isolation following the global COVID-19 pandemic, some are realizing the importance of nature and air quality in homes. This paper explores the potential integration of indoor living walls (ILWs) in Canadian homes for agricultural and air purification purposes. By reviewing a number of case studies, this paper investigates how the development of such walls can alter the traditional food production chain, while reducing environmental threats. The findings show that current indoor living wall practices can be transformed into a useful source of fresh food, and, to some degree, alter traditional food supply. They can also help in creating inexpensive methods of air purification.

27 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and a Partial Life Cycle Assessment When Growing Pigs Are Fed High Wheat Millrun Diets

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 24-25
Author(s):  
Agbee L Kpogo ◽  
Jismol Jose ◽  
Josiane Panisson ◽  
Bernardo Predicala ◽  
Alvin Alvarado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Pork Production ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Farm Model ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The impact of feeding growing pigs with high wheat millrun diets on the global warming potential (GWP) of pork production was investigated. In study 1, a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of wheat millrun (0 or 30%) and multi-carbohydrase enzyme (0 or 1 mg kg-1) as main effects was utilized. For each of 16 reps, 6 pigs (60.2±2.2 kg BW) were housed in environmental chambers for 14d. Air samples were collected and analyzed for carbon dioxide (CO2); nitrous oxide (N2O); and methane (CH4). In study 2, data from study 1 and performance data obtained from a previous feeding trial were utilized in a life cycle assessment (LCA) framework that included feed production. The Holos farm model (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge. AB) was used to estimate emissions from feed production. In study 1, total manure output from pigs fed 30% wheat millrun diets was 30% greater than pigs on the 0% wheat millrun diets (P &lt; 0.05), however, Feeding diets with 30% millrun did not affect greenhouse gas (GHG) output (CH4, 4.7, 4.9; N2O, 0.45, 0.42; CO2, 1610, 1711; mg s-1 without or with millrun inclusion, respectively; P &gt; 0.78). Enzyme supplementation had no effect on GHG production (CH4, 4.5, 5.1; N2O, 0.46, 0.42; CO2, 1808, 1513; mg s-1 without or with enzymes, respectively; P &gt; 0.51). In study 2, the LCA indicated that the inclusion of 30% wheat millrun in diets for growing pigs resulted in approximately a 25% reduction in GWP when compared to the no wheat millrun diets. Our results demonstrate that 30% wheat millrun did not increase GHG output from the pigs, and thus the inclusion of wheat millrun in diets of growing pigs can reduce the GWP of pork production.

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