Salmonella Prevalence and Total Microbial and Spore Populations in Spices Imported to Japan

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 2519-2523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. HARA-KUDO ◽  
K. OHTSUKA ◽  
Y. ONOUE ◽  
Y. OTOMO ◽  
I. FURUKAWA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Bacterial Spore ◽  
Microbial Load ◽  
Red Pepper ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pepper Sample

A total of 259 samples of 40 types of spices were tested for Salmonella prevalence and total microbial and spore populations. Salmonella enterica serotypes Weltevreden and Senftenberg were isolated from a black- and red-pepper sample, respectively. Because Salmonella was not detected by the most-probable-number method, it indicated that at least one cell of the microorganism was present in 25 g of sample. The mean aerobic bacterial count was greater than 5.39 log CFU/g in turmeric, garam masala, curry powder, and paprika. The mean bacterial spore counts were greater than 4.33 log CFU/g in turmeric and curry powder. The mean aerobic bacterial count in the two Salmonella-isolated samples was 6.93 log CFU/g. These results indicate that spices can be a source of contamination in the products where they are used as ingredients, and methods to reduce the microbial load in spices should be used.

Salmonella Prevalence in Seafood Imported into Japan

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 1460-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. ASAI ◽  
M. KANEKO ◽  
K. OHTSUKA ◽  
Y. MORITA ◽  
S. KANEKO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Count ◽  
White Shrimp ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Black Tiger Prawn ◽  
Tiger Prawn ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Foodborne Infections

A total of 353 samples of 29 types of seafood were tested for Salmonella prevalence and total microbial population. Salmonella enterica serotype Weltevreden was isolated from 2 of 47 black tiger prawn samples. The contamination levels of Salmonella were in a range of <30 to 40 most probable number per 100 g. In addition, one sample of black tiger prawns and two samples of white shrimp were positive for Salmonella invA gene on PCR assay. Although the mean aerobic bacterial count was greater than 4 log CFU/g in most of the sample types, those in the two Salmonella-isolated samples of black tiger prawn were 7.48 and 5.18 log CFU/g, respectively. These results indicate the possibility that shrimp and prawns contribute to foodborne infections. The improvement of seafood quality is an important issue, and the information on contamination by pathogens should be provided as feedback to the originating country, with the aim of increasing safety.

Persistence of Orally Administered Salmonella enterica Serovars Agona and Montevideo in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.)

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1336-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. NESSE ◽  
T. LØVOLD ◽  
B. BERGSJØ ◽  
K. NORDBY ◽  
C. WALLACE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Gastric Intubation

The objective of our experiments was to study the persistence and dissemination of orally administered Salmonella in smoltified Atlantic salmon. In experiment 1, salmon kept at 15°C were fed for 1 week with feed contaminated with 96 most-probable-number units of Salmonella Agona per 100 g of feed and then starved for 2 weeks. Samples were taken from the gastrointestinal tract and examined for Salmonella 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16 days after the feeding ended. In experiment 2, Salmonella Agona and Montevideo were separately mixed with feed and administered by gastric intubation. Each fish received 1.0 × 108, 1.0 × 106, or 1.0 × 104 CFU. The different groups were kept in parallel at 5 and 15°C and observed for 4 weeks. Every week, three fish in each group were sacrificed, and samples were taken from the skin, the pooled internal organs, the muscle, and the gastrointestinal tract and examined for the presence of Salmonella. The results from the two experiments showed that the persistence of Salmonella in the fish was highly dependent on the dose administered. Salmonella was not recovered from any of the fish that were fed for 1 week with the lowest concentration of Salmonella. In the fish given the highest dose of Salmonella, bacteria persisted for at least 4 weeks in the gastrointestinal tract as well as, to some extent, the internal organs. The present study shows that under practical conditions in Norway, the risk of Salmonella in fish feed being passed on to the consumer of the fish is negligible.

Detection of Coliform, faecal Coliform And Total Bacterial Count From Drinking Water Of Varanasi (U.P.) India

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alok Kumar Singh ◽  
Anand Prakash Singh ◽  
Sanjay Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Hand Pump

In India source of drinking water at Varanasi city for common people are tap water, well, hand pump, Ganga river and stored tank water collected from bore well. All water samples were studied to assess their bacteriological characteristics and suitability for potable purposes. A cross-sectional epidemiological method was adopted to investigate the drinking water of six different sites of Varanasi city. The bacteriological examination of water samples included the most probable number of presumptive coliforms, faecal coliforms, and total bacterial count. The results showed that the total coliform count was detected in all the site. In all the methods coliforms presence was indicated. Maximum number of coliform observed in all the seasons, were from river and well water followed by hand pump, tap water and stored tank. The most common group of indicator organisms used in water quality monitoring are coliforms. These organisms are representative of bacteria normally present in the intestinal tract of mammals including human. Contamination of water may occur through different way like sewage disposal in the river, seepage of bathing near sites, fecal excreta of human, bird and other animals. Improving and expanding the existing water treatment and sanitation systems are more likely to provide good, safe and sustainable sources of water in the long term.

Survival of Borrelia burgdorferi in Whole Milk, Low Fat Milk, and Skim Milk at 34°C and in Skim Milk at 5°C

1991 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 532-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
GERALDINE M. FARRELL ◽  
AHMED E. YOUSEF ◽  
ELMER H. MARTH
Keyword(s):  
Borrelia Burgdorferi ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
The Mean ◽  
D Values

Autoclaved whole milk, low-fat milk, protein-fortified skim milk and regular skim milk were inoculated to contain ca. 105 to 106 Borrelia burgdorferi strains 35210, 35211, or EBNI/ml and stored at 34°C for 16 d. Similarly inoculated skim milk also was held at 5°C for 46 d. Numbers of survivors were estimated by the Most Probable Number (MPN) technique. In all instances, numbers of B. burgdorferi decreased over the storage period. At 34°C, no strain of B. burgdorferi was detected after day 12. The mean D-values, at 34°C, for strains 35210, 35211, and EBNI were 2.2, 2.4, and 2.2 d, respectively. The mean D-values, at 34°C, for all strains in whole milk, low-fat milk, protein-fortified skim milk, and regular skim milk were 2.4, 2.3, 1.9, and 2.4 d, respectively. At 5°C, spirochete numbers in regular skim milk decreased, but all three strains remained at a detectable level for 46 d. The mean D-values, at 5°C, for strains 35210, 35211, and EBNI were 12, 15, and 12 d, respectively.

Survey of Postharvest-Processed Oysters in the United States for Levels of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 2110-2113 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANGELO DePAOLA ◽  
JESSICA L. JONES ◽  
KATHY E. NOE ◽  
ROBIN H. BYARS ◽  
JOHN C. BOWERS
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Selective Advantage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Mild Heat ◽  
Thermostable Direct Hemolysin ◽  
The Mean

From June through October 2004, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration collected oysters (61 samples) that had been subjected to postharvest processing (PHP) methods, including mild heat treatment, freezing, and high hydrostatic pressure, from processors and retail markets in various states to determine Vibrio vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus levels. Presence in a 25-g sample and most probable number (MPN) using standard enrichment and selective isolation procedures were utilized. Suspect colonies were isolated and identified using DNA probe colony hybridization. Neither species of vibrio was detected in 25-g portions of most samples regardless of the PHP. The lowest frequency of isolation of either pathogen (<10%) was observed with the mild heat process. Few (12 to 13%) frozen samples collected at the processor but not at retail contained >30 MPN/g of either pathogen. The mean levels of either organism in PHP oysters observed in the present study were 5 to 6 log less than in unprocessed raw Gulf Coast oysters. Of the 70 V. vulnificus isolates examined, only 5 possessed the putative virulence marker, type B 16S rRNA. Neither the thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) nor the tdh-related hemolysin (trh) virulence gene was detected in any of the 40 V. parahaemolyticus isolates examined in the present study. These data suggest that if there is any selective advantage to pathogenic strains of V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus, these differences are minimal. These results indicate that all PHP treatments greatly reduce exposure of V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus to raw-oyster consumers. Consequently, these PHP oysters pose a much lower risk of illness to consumers due to these pathogens.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Salmonella Shedding and Welfare of Hens in Free-Range Egg Production Systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaibhav C. Gole ◽  
Rebecca Woodhouse ◽  
Charles Caraguel ◽  
Talia Moyle ◽  
Jean-Loup Rault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Positive Correlations

ABSTRACT The current study investigated the effect of environmental stressors (i.e., weather changes) on Salmonella shedding in free-range production systems and the correlations with behavioral and physiological measures (i.e., fecal glucocorticoid metabolites). This involved longitudinal and point-in-time surveys of Salmonella shedding and environmental contamination on four commercial free-range layer farms. The shedding of Salmonella was variable across free-range farms and in different seasons. There was no significant effect of season on the Salmonella prevalence during this investigation. In this study, the combined Salmonella most probable number (MPN) counts in environmental (including feces, egg belt, dust, nest box, and ramp) samples were highest in samples collected during the summer season (4th sampling, performed in February). The predominant serovars isolated during this study were Salmonella enterica serovar Mbandaka and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium phage types 135 and 135a. These two phage types were involved in several egg product-related Salmonella outbreaks in humans. Multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) results indicated that MLVA types detected from human food poisoning cases exhibited MLVA patterns similar to the strains isolated during this study. All Salmonella isolates (n = 209) were tested for 15 different genes involved in adhesion, invasion, and survival of Salmonella spp. We also observed variations for sopA, ironA, and misL. There were no positive correlations between fecal corticosterone metabolite (FCM) and Salmonella prevalence and/or shedding in feces. Also, there were no positive correlations between Salmonella prevalence and Salmonella count (log MPN) and any of the other welfare parameters. IMPORTANCE In this study, the welfare of laying hens and Salmonella shedding were compared over a prolonged period of time in field conditions. This study investigated the long-term shedding of Salmonella serovars in a free-range egg production system. Given that there is increasing demand for free-range eggs, it is essential to understand the risks associated with such a production system.

Effects of Tomato Variety, Temperature Differential, and Post–Stem Removal Time on Internalization of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Thompson in Tomatoes†

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
XIAODONG XIA ◽  
YAGUANG LUO ◽  
YANG YANG ◽  
BRYAN VINYARD ◽  
KEITH SCHNEIDER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Temperature Differential ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Tomato Variety ◽  
Removal Time ◽  
Tomato Pulp

Tomatoes have been implicated in salmonellosis outbreaks due to possible contamination through bacterial internalization during postharvest handling. This study was conducted to determine the effects of tomato variety, temperature differential between tomato pulp and bacterial suspension, and the time delay between stem removal and immersion in bacterial suspension on internalization of Salmonella enterica serovar Thompson in tomato fruit. Mature green tomatoes at 32.2°C were immersed in water containing approximately 106 CFU/ml S. enterica bacteria. Different tomato varieties (Mountain Spring, Applause, and BHN961), temperature differentials (−10, 0, and 10°F, or −5.6, 0, and 5.6°C, respectively), and post–stem removal times (0, 2, and 16 h) were evaluated for their effects on S. enterica internalization. The incidence and density of internalized cells were determined by culture enrichment and most-probable-number methods, respectively. Overall, variety and post–stem removal time by variety interaction significantly affected the incidence of S. enterica internalization (P < 0.0001), while temperature differential had no significant effect (P = 0.36). Mountain Spring tomatoes were less susceptible to S. enterica internalization than were Applause and BHN961. Increasing the time interval between stem removal and immersion greatly reduced pathogen internalization in BHN961 and Applause, while it had no effect in Mountain Spring tomatoes. The variety and interactions between varieties and post–stem removal times (P = 0.0363) and between temperature differentials and post–stem removal times (P = 0.0257) had significant effects on the populations of internalized S. enterica. Furthermore, all internalized S. enterica cells were found within the core tissue segments immediately underneath the stem scars.

scholarly journals Distribution and Characterization of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Irrigation Ponds in the Southeastern United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (13) ◽  
pp. 4376-4387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyao Luo ◽  
Ganyu Gu ◽  
Amber Ginn ◽  
Mihai C. Giurcanu ◽  
Paige Adams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Produce Contamination ◽  
Southern Georgia

ABSTRACTIrrigation water has been implicated as a likely source of produce contamination bySalmonella enterica. Therefore, the distribution ofS. entericawas surveyed monthly in irrigation ponds (n= 10) located within a prime agricultural region in southern Georgia and northern Florida. All ponds and 28.2% of all samples (n= 635) were positive forSalmonella, with an overall geometric mean concentration (0.26 most probable number [MPN]/liter) that was relatively low compared to prior reports for rivers in this region.Salmonellapeaks were seasonal; the levels correlated with increased temperature and rainfall (P< 0.05). The numbers and occurrence were significantly higher in water (0.32 MPN/liter and 37% of samples) than in sediment (0.22 MPN/liter and 17% of samples) but did not vary with depth. Representative isolates (n= 185) from different ponds, sample types, and seasons were examined for resistance to 15 different antibiotics; most strains were resistant to streptomycin (98.9%), while 20% were multidrug resistant (MDR) for 2 to 6 antibiotics. DiversiLab repetitive extragenic palindromic-element sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) revealed genetic diversity and showed 43 genotypes among 191 isolates, as defined by >95% similarity. The genotypes did not partition by pond, season, or sample type. Genetic similarity to known serotypes indicated Hadar, Montevideo, and Newport as the most prevalent. All ponds achieved the current safety standards for genericEscherichia coliin agricultural water, and regression modeling showed that theE. colilevel was a significant predictor for the probability ofSalmonellaoccurrence. However, persistent populations ofSalmonellawere widely distributed in irrigation ponds, and the associated risks for produce contamination and subsequent human exposure are unknown, supporting continued surveillance of this pathogen in agricultural settings.

Dry Rehydratable Film for Enumeration of Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli in Foods: Collaborative Study

1991 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 635-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S Curiale ◽  
Therese Sons ◽  
Dawn Mclver ◽  
J Sue McAllister ◽  
Barbara Halsey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Repeatability And Reproducibility ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Dry Film

Abstract Rehydratable dry-film plating methods for total coliforms and Escherichia coll In foods have been compared to the AOAC most probable number methods. Fourteen laboratories participated In the collaborative study. Three coliform and £. coll levels In 6 samples of 4 product types (flour, nuts, cheese, and beef with gravy) and in 3 samples of 2 product types (mushrooms and raw turkey) were tested In duplicate by the participants. The mean log counts for the 3 methods were comparable. In general, the repeatability and reproducibility variances of the plating methods were as good as or better than that of the MPN method. The method has been adopted official first action by AOAC.

scholarly journals Arcobacter cryaerophilusand thermophilic campylobacters in a sewage treatment plant in Italy: two secondary treatments compared

1993 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Stampi ◽  
O Varoli ◽  
F Zanetti ◽  
G De Luca
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Tertiary Treatment ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Urban Sewage ◽  
Thermophilic Campylobacter ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYMicroaerophilic organisms were monitored in sewage effluent undergoing two secondary treatments: air and oxygen-activated sludge. The mean numbers ofArcobacter cryaerophilusand thermophilic campylobacters detected in incoming sewage were 5639/100 ml and 1720/100 ml respectively.Secondary treatment in air tanks reduced the population ofA. cryaerophilusby 97.1% and of thermophilic campylobacters by 99.08%, whereas treatment in oxygen tanks reduced the bacteria 97.8% and 99.63% respectively, showing that oxygen-activated sludge treatment was more effective. Subsequent tertiary treatment with 2 p.p.m. chlorine dioxide evidenced the removal ofA. cryaerophilusto 99.9% and eliminated thermophilic campylobacters.Campylobacter jejuniandC. coliconstituted 54.1% and 45.9% of 74 thermophilic campylobacter strains isolated. In air-activated sludge effluentC. jejuniwas found more often, thus appearing more sensitive to oxygen.The most probable number assay used for detection of campylobacters, blood medium for enrichment and blood-free medium for plating, also appeared to be fit forA. cryaerophilus, the high density of which in urban sewage may be due to inflows from slaughterhouses.

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