Inactivation of Pathogens during Aerobic Composting of Fresh and Aged Dairy Manure and Different Carbon Amendments

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 1911-1918 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARILYN C. ERICKSON ◽  
JEAN LIAO ◽  
XIUPING JIANG ◽  
MICHAEL P. DOYLE
Keyword(s):  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Pathogen Inactivation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Initial Carbon ◽  
Peanut Hulls ◽  
Pathogen Reduction

Two separate studies were conducted to address the condition and the type of feedstocks used during composting of dairy manure. In each study, physical (temperature), chemical (ammonia, volatile acids, and pH), and biological (Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7) parameters were monitored during composting in bioreactors to assess the degree to which they were affected by the experimental variables and, ultimately, the ability of the chemical and physical parameters to predict the fate of pathogens during composting. Compost mixtures that contained either aged dairy manure or pine needles had reduced heat generation; therefore, pathogen reduction took longer than if fresh manure or carbon amendments of wheat straw or peanut hulls were used. Based on regression models derived from these results, ammonia concentration, in addition to heat, were the primary factors affecting the degree of pathogen inactivation in compost mixtures formulated to an initial carbon-nitrogen (C:N) ratio of 40:1, whereas, the pH of the compost mixture along with the amount of heat exposure were most influential in compost mixtures formulated to an initial C:N ratio of 30:1. Further studies are needed to validate these models so that additional criteria in addition to time and temperature can be used to evaluate the microbiological safety of composted manures.

Manure Source and Age Affect Survival of Zoonotic Pathogens during Aerobic Composting at Sublethal Temperatures

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARILYN C. ERICKSON ◽  
CHRIS SMITH ◽  
XIUPING JIANG ◽  
IAN D. FLITCROFT ◽  
MICHAEL P. DOYLE
Keyword(s):  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Pathogen Inactivation ◽  
Aerobic Composting ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Initial Carbon ◽  
Nitrogen Amendment ◽  
Chicken Litter ◽  
Different Sources

Heat is the primary mechanism by which aerobic composting inactivates zoonotic bacterial pathogens residing within animal manures, but at sublethal temperatures, the time necessary to hold the compost materials to ensure pathogen inactivation is uncertain. To determine the influence of the type of nitrogen amendment on inactivation of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in compost mixtures stored at sublethal temperatures, specific variables investigated in these studies included the animal source of the manure, the initial carbon/nitrogen (C:N) ratio of the compost mixture, and the age of the manure. Salmonella and L. monocytogenes were both inactivated more rapidly in chicken and swine compost mixtures stored at 20°C when formulated to an initial C:N ratio of 20:1 compared with 40:1, whereas a C:N ratio did not have an effect on inactivation of these pathogens in cow compost mixtures. Pathogen inactivation was related to the elevated pH of the samples that likely arises from ammonia produced by the indigenous microflora in the compost mixtures. Indigenous microbial activity was reduced when compost mixtures were stored at 30°C and drier conditions (<10% moisture level) were prevalent. Furthermore, under these drier conditions, Salmonella persisted to a greater extent than L. monocytogenes, and the desiccation resistance of Salmonella appeared to convey cross-protection to ammonia. Salmonella persisted longer in compost mixtures prepared with aged chicken litter compared with fresh chicken litter, whereas E. coli O157:H7 survived to similar extents in compost mixtures prepared with either fresh or aged cow manure. The different responses observed when different sources of manure were used in compost mixtures reveal that guidelines with times required for pathogen inactivation in compost mixtures stored at sublethal temperatures should be dependent on the source of nitrogen, i.e., type of animal manure, present.

scholarly journals Influence of Physicochemical Characteristics of Bean Crop Soil in Trichoderma spp. Development

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 274
Author(s):  
Sara Mayo-Prieto ◽  
Alejandra J. Porteous-Álvarez ◽  
Sergio Mezquita-García ◽  
Álvaro Rodríguez-González ◽  
Guzmán Carro-Huerga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Trichoderma Species

Spain has ranked 6th on the harvested bean area and 8th in bean production in the European Union (EU). The soils of this area have mixed silt loam and sandy loam texture, with moderate clay content, neutral or acidic pH, rich in organic matter and low carbonate levels, providing beans with high water absorption capacity and better organoleptic qualities after cooking. Similar to other crops, it is attacked by some phytopathogens. Hitherto, chemical methods have been used to control these organisms. However, with the Reform of the Community Agrarian Policy in the EU, the number of authorized plant protection products has been reduced to prevail food security, as well as to be sustainable in the long term, giving priority to the non-chemical methods that use biological agents, such as Trichoderma. This study aimed to investigate the relative importance of various crop soil parameters in the adaptation of Trichoderma spp. autoclaved soils (AS) and natural soils (NS) from the Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) “Alubia La Bañeza—León” that were inoculated with Trichoderma velutinum T029 and T. harzianum T059 and incubated in a culture chamber at 25 °C for 15 days. Their development was determined by quantitative PCR. Twelve soil samples were selected and analyzed from the productive zones of Astorga, La Bañeza, La Cabrera, Esla-Campos and Páramo. Their physicochemical characteristics were different by zone, as the texture of soils ranged between sandy loam and silt loam and the pH between strongly acid and slightly alkaline, as well as the organic matter (OM) concentration between low and remarkably high. Total C and N concentrations and their ratio were between medium and high in most of the soils and the rest of the micronutrients had an acceptable concentration except for Paramo’s soil. Both Trichoderma species developed better in AS than in NS, T. velutinum T029 grew better with high levels of OM, total C, ratio C:N, P, K, Fe, and Zn than T. harzianum T059 in clay soils, with the highest values of cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, Ca, Mg and Mn. These effects were validated by Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), texture, particularly clay concentration, OM, electrical conductivity (EC), and pH (physical parameters) and B and Cu (soil elements) are the main factors explaining the influence in the Trichoderma development. OM, EC, C:N ratio and Cu are the main soil characteristics that influence in T. velutinum T029 development and pH in the development of T. harzianum T059.

scholarly journals Pork: profile of the West of Paraná consumers and physical evaluation of chop

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 3563
Author(s):  
Rosana Aparecida da Silva-Buzanello ◽  
Daneysa Lahis Kalschne ◽  
Silmara Maisa Heinen ◽  
Claudete Pertum ◽  
Alexia Francielli Schuch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Pig Farming ◽  
Consumption Index ◽  
The One ◽  
Processing And Storage

Pork consumption in Brazil is still low despite its productive importance. Relevant issues such as swine breeding, meat quality, and evaluation of aspects and attributes considered important by pork consumers at the time of purchase allows identifying consumer market demands. Moreover, physical parameters evaluation or pork cuts are suggested to certify the meat quality. The aim of this study was to identify the current situation of pig farming and determine the main aspects considered by consumers when buying pork in the Western region of Paraná state, Brazil. Furthermore, the physical properties of five pork chop brands marketed in the region were determined. Initially, an exploratory research was conducted involving ten pig farming sector professionals. This research allowed identifying that professionals understand the factors affecting meat quality and that some municipalities in the region are beyond their absorption capacity for pig production market. A descriptive research involving one hundred pork consumers showed that, although most prefer beef, 41% reported to consume pork 2 to 3 times a week. Pork chops and ribs are the preferred cuts, either fried or roasted. Details such as expiration date and federal inspection register were considered the most important aspects at the time of purchase, while price was the least important one. The meat color was the most mentioned sensory attribute. The physical analyses of five pork chop brands showed no pH difference (p > 0.05), water holding capacity, and cooking loss results, distinctive from the one observed for color (L*, a* and b*) and shearing force, which showed differences among the brands (p ? 0.05). Comparing pH and L*, it can be suggested that two brands showed normal meat characteristics, one DFD meat (pH > 6.0 and L* < 45), and other two brands PSE (pH < 5.8 and L* > 50). The research contributed to identifying features considered important by pork consumers, suggesting strategic actions to achieve greater preference and consumption index. The evaluation of physical parameters showed there is variability involved in pork chop quality as the samples were obtained from commercially different origins and under different processing and storage conditions.

Thermal and Nonthermal Factors Affecting Survival of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes in Animal Manure–Based Compost Mixtures

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (9) ◽  
pp. 1512-1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. ERICKSON ◽  
J. LIAO ◽  
L. MA ◽  
X. JIANG ◽  
M. P. DOYLE
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Pathogen Inactivation ◽  
Aerobic Composting ◽  
Pathogen Populations

Reduction of enteric pathogens in animal manures before field application is essential for mitigating the risk of foodborne illness associated with produce. Aerobic composting of manures has been advocated as an effective treatment for reducing pathogen populations, and heat is a major factor contributing to pathogen inactivation. This study was initiated to determine the potential contribution of both thermal and nonthermal (pH, volatile acids, and ammonia) factors to pathogen inactivation during aerobic composting in bioreactors for mixtures containing manure from various sources (dairy, chicken, and swine). The test mixtures were formulated with an initial moisture content of 60% and a C:N ratio of 20:1, using straw and cottonseed meal as amendments. Mixtures were then inoculated with Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes labeled with green fluorescent protein at initial populations of ca. 107 CFU/g. Three replicate trials of each treatment were conducted. Temperatures within the bioreactors were recorded at 30-min intervals, and duplicate samples were withdrawn daily from two sampling locations within the bioreactor. Significant regression models were derived relating decreases in pathogen populations to the degree of heat generated in the mixture (cumulative heat) and the pH of the mixture on the day before the pathogen losses were calculated (P &lt; 0.0002). Although pathogens in swine manure compost mixtures were inactivated by the third day of composting, very little heat was generated in these mixtures, which were characterized by significantly higher levels of volatile acids compared with the other two compost mixtures. Therefore, volatile acids could help achieve pathogen inactivation when temperatures are too low such as when heat is lost too quickly at the surface of static compost piles or during winter composting.

On-Farm Testing of a Zeolite Filter to Capture Ammonia and Odors from a Dairy Manure Flushing System

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-607
Author(s):  
Mario Emanuel de Haro Martí ◽  
William Howard Neibling ◽  
Lide Chen ◽  
Mireille Chahine
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
List Type ◽  
Air Filtration ◽  
Odor Concentration ◽  
On Farm

Highlights A zeolite filter achieved 92% reduction in ammonia emissions from a dairy flushed manure pit. The reduction in odor concentration was 45% at a minimum filter residence time of 0.9 seconds. The on-farm filter and air collection structure over a manure pit demonstrated the applicability of the project. Abstract. The concentration of large numbers of animals in relatively small areas, high production output per animal unit, and concentration of animal excretions and air emissions are some of the characteristics of modern animal agriculture. Ammonia (NH3) and odors are among the most noticeable as well as locally and regionally problematic emissions generated by concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO) dairy production systems. Zeolites are defined as aluminosilicates with open three-dimensional framework structures composed of corner-sharing TO4 tetrahedra, where T is Al or Si. Zeolites are able to lose or gain water reversibly and to exchange and retain cations, including NH3 and ammonium. This study demonstrated the design and performance of a zeolite filter treating the airstream from a flushed manure pit installed on-farm at a commercial dairy. Clinoptilolite zeolite mined in Idaho was used as the filter medium. The capacity of the filter to reduce NH3 emissions was tested at three, six, and 59 days of filter operation. Reduction of odor emissions was tested at six days of operation. NH3 emissions were reduced by 92% (p &lt; 0.001) at three days of operation and by 42% (p = 0.13) at 59 days of operation. The ammonia concentration in the pre-treatment airstream from a dairy manure collection pit was relatively high at 5.287 ±0.04 mg NH3-N m-3 (p &lt; 0.001). The odor concentration reduction was 45% (p = 0.001) at six days of operation with the minimum empty bed residence time of 0.9 s. Total trial running time was 59 days. The roof-like pit cover structure used for air collection and the zeolite filter were proven to be capable of operating in the harsh on-farm environment and to be adaptable to changing operating conditions within the dairy. Keywords: Air filtration, Ammonia, Clinoptilolite, Dairy, Manure, Odor, Zeolite

scholarly journals Optimization of ligninolytic enzymes production from Aspergillus terreus SG-777 by solid state fermentation

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahar Ghazi Imran
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Solid State Fermentation ◽  
Aspergillus Terreus ◽  
Production Condition ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Ligninolytic Enzymes ◽  
Inoculum Size ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Fungal Culture ◽  
Lignocellulosic Substrate

        The present study aimed at producing the ligninolytic enzymes extracts by growing single and co-cultures of an indigenous Aspergillus terreus SG-777 utilizing solid state fermentation (SSF) using lignocellulosic substrates. A further goal was to optimize the production condition of ligninolytic enzymes by selected fungal culture and lignocellulosic substrate. The production process was further improved by optimizing a number of physical parameters such as (substrate, incubation time, moisture level, inoculum size, pH, and temperature). By optimization of different parameters, the maximum specific activities of enzymes synthesized by Aspergillus terreus SG-777 were observed as 0.83 U/mg for manganese peroxidase (MnP), 18.03 U/mg for lignin peroxidase (LiP) and 0.91 U/mg for laccase,  when using the banana stalks as substrate after 8 days incubation at рH 5.5 and 35°C temperature with 1×105 spore/ml ml inoculum size, 1:5 w/v moisture content, 20:1 C:N ratio (glucose and ammonium tartarate as carbon and nitrogen supplements), 1ml of 1mM MnSO4 as mediator, and 1ml of 1mM MgSO4.7H2O2.

scholarly journals Sensitivity analysis of crude oil’s physical properties to total freezing time

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (6 Part A) ◽  
pp. 3735-3747
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Ying Xu ◽  
Xiaoyan Liu ◽  
Qinglin Cheng ◽  
Xin Nie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Solution Method ◽  
Convection Heat Transfer ◽  
Orthogonal Test ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Freezing Time ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Main Factors

The physical parameters of crude oil are one of the main factors affecting the heat transfer of phase change. A mathematical model for a hot oil overhead pipeline was established, taking latent heat impact, the non-Newtonian properties of crude oil, and nature convection heat transfer into account. Compared with the experimental data, the model and the solution method were correct. A criterion was made to estimate the crude oil total freezing in a pipeline by tracking the change trajectory of the maximum temperature point. The effects of the crude oil with average properties on the total freezing time in a pipeline were analyzed, and the sensitivity of the different influencing factors was investigated by orthogonal test.

Plate Electroporation: A Numerical Study of Factors Affecting Thermal Damage

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Becker ◽  
A. V. Kuznetsov
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Thermal Damage ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Damage Potential ◽  
Plate Electrode ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Electric Pulses

Electroporation is an approach used to enhance the transport of large molecules to cell cytosol in which a targeted tissue region is exposed to a series of electric pulses. The cell membrane, which normally acts as a barrier to large molecule transport into the cell interior, is temporarily destabilized due to the development of pores in the cell membrane. Consequently agents that are ordinarily unable enter the cell are able to pass through the cell membrane. Of possible concern when exposing biological tissue to an electric field is thermal tissue damage associated with joule heating. This paper explores the thermal effects of various geometric, biological, and electroporation pulse parameters including the blood vessel presence and size, plate electrode configuration, and pulse duration and frequency. A three-dimensional transient finite volume model of in vivo parallel plate electroporation of liver tissue is used to develop a better understanding of the underlying relationships between the physical parameters involved with tissue electroporation and resulting thermal damage potential.

scholarly journals Effect of different initial C/N ratio of cow manure and straw on microbial quality of compost

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (S1) ◽  
pp. 357-365
Author(s):  
M. A. Macias-Corral ◽  
J. A. Cueto-Wong ◽  
J. Morán-Martínez ◽  
L. Reynoso-Cuevas
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Microbial Reduction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Microbial Quality ◽  
Northern Mexico ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Helminth Eggs ◽  
Initial Carbon

Abstract Purpose The effect of different initial carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratios on the prevalence of Salmonella spp., fecal coliforms and helminth eggs over composts produced from several mixtures of maize straw (S) and dairy manure (M) was investigated. Methods Four C/N ratios (21, 22, 27, and 38) were evaluated, including one with manure only (C/N 21). The composting process was performed under field conditions in northern Mexico. Results The process lasted 51 days; Salmonella spp. was reduced 1–2 log (> 94%) in most treatments, except for the C/N ratio of 27 which achieved < 1 log reduction (about 35%). Fecal coliforms elimination was 3–4 log (> 99%) in all treatments while helminth eggs achieved < 1 log (72–87%, depending on treatment). In this study, the mixture with initial C/N ratio of 22 (25% S + 75% M), which had the lowest amount of straw, resulted in the highest elimination of Salmonella spp., fecal coliforms, and helminth eggs. This mix complied with current Mexican sanitary regulations for compost use. The composts produced from the other C/N ratios complied only with the limits for one or two of the microorganisms that were analyzed. Conclusions The initial C/N ratios in compost from straw and manure influences microbial reduction. The final C/N of the mixes ranged from 14 to 16, indicative of stable compost. Compared to fecal coliforms, Salmonella spp. and helminth eggs were more resilient.

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