scholarly journals Brain weights in adult africans

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (04) ◽  
pp. 223-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Salami ◽  
M. Ajani ◽  
I. Orhorho ◽  
G. Ogun ◽  
A. Adeoye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Autopsy Specimens ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Introduction: The average brain weight of adult humans, using Caucasian figures, is said to be between 1300g to 1400g. Few studies have however been done to make actual evaluations of brain weights in adult Africans. This study seeks to examine the weight of brains from people of African descent with respect to variations in sex and age in decades using autopsy specimens. Materials and Methods: Analysis of the weight of brains removed from both male and female adult patients during fresh autopsy of their bodies in our center over a ten year period was done. The study criteria required non-involvement of the central nervous system in the cause of death. The brains were grouped based on age in decades and further grouped into early, middle and late age groups. Descriptive statistical analysis was done using SPSS 20 statistics software. Results: A total of one hundred and sixteen brains were included in the study and the mean brain weight was 1280g with a range between 1015g to 1590g. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean brain weight of the different age groups. The average male brain was heavier than those of females and the difference was statistically signiicant. Conclusion: The brain weight of adult Africans in our study is similar to that seen in Caucasians. There is no statistically significant difference in the brain weight of adults from early adulthood to the elderly adults. Male adults have statistically heavier brains than the females.

scholarly journals Quantitative electroencephalography as a tool for objective neurophysiological seizure diagnosis: A retrospective study

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
Tribhuwan Kumar ◽  
Kamlesh Jha ◽  
Yogesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Quantitative Electroencephalography ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Electrical Activities

Objectives: Seizure is the fourth most common neurological disorder in the world; it affects all age groups with equal possibility of occurrence in both males and females. Many antiepileptic drugs are available today, but its diagnosis is challenging. The present study attempted to see if seizure activities could be predicted by analyzing the pre-seizure electrical activities. The prediction may help in taking preventive measures appropriately beforehand in the individuals with seizure proneness. Material and Methods: We selected 11 generalized seizure patients and 19 control patients out of total 115 patients referred for electro-diagnostics for various reasons. EEG of the subjects recorded, segmented as per protocol, and analyzed using MATLAB and EEGLAB tools. Results: The mean energy level in alpha and beta band of the study subject was significantly lower (P = 0.04 and 0.004, respectively) as compared to the age matched control subjects. Theta and delta bands did not show any significant difference between the groups. The difference between the pre- and post-electrical seizure energy and entropy was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The study shows that the energy level remains low in the seizure patients in the alpha and beta bands. This further goes down when electrophysiological seizure activities starts. The randomness or entropy does not alter significantly among the seizure subjects in comparison to non-seizure subjects.

scholarly journals Assessment of functional capacity in elderly residents of an outlying area in the hinterland of Bahia/Northeast Brazil

2010 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilson de Vasconcelos Torres ◽  
Luciana Araújo dos Reis ◽  
Luana Araújo dos Reis
Keyword(s):  
Activities Of Daily Living ◽  
Functional Capacity ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Instrumental Activities ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Outlying Area

OBJECTIVE: To assess the functional capacity and to determine the difference between the means of functional capacity (basic and instrumental activities of daily living) and the age groups of elderly residents in an outlying area in the hinterland of Bahia/Northeast of Brazil. METHOD: Analytical study with cross-sectional design and a sample of 150 elderly individuals enrolled in four Health Units in the municipality of Jequié, Bahia, Brazil. The instrument consisted of sociodemographic and health data, the Barthel Index and the Lawton scale. RESULTS: In all, 78.00% of the elderly were classified as dependent in the basic activities and 65.33% in the instrumental activities of daily living. Using the Kruskal-Wallis test, we found a statistically significant difference between the means of instrumental activities and the age groups (p=0.011). CONCLUSION: An elevated number of elderly were classified as dependent in terms of functional capacity and increased age is related to greater impairment in the execution of instrumental activities of daily living.

scholarly journals Analysis of incapacitation during +Gz induced loss of consciousness

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 91-96
Author(s):  
MD Sharma ◽  
P Biswal ◽  
N Taneja ◽  
A Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Loss Of Consciousness ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Operational Capabilities ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Introduction: Occurrence of G induced loss of consciousness (G-LOC) during centrifuge training is a known entity. The Indian Air Force is currently undertaking high G training of its fighter pilots in High Performance Human Centrifuge (HPHC) which has significantly higher operational capabilities. The study aimed to analyse the incapacitation periods and myoclonic jerks associated with G-LOC occurring during HPHC training. Material and Methods: Records of episodes of 161 G-LOC during closed loop Rapid Onset Rates (ROR) runs over a period of 7 years from 2011 to 2017 were analyzed. The video recordings of these G-LOC episodes were assessed in terms of the participant demographics, +Gz onset rates, incapacitation periods, and presence or absence of myoclonic jerks during the G-LOC episodes. Descriptive statistics was applied to analyze the incapacitation periods and the duration of the myoclonic flail movements. Single tailed t-test was used to analyze the difference between the incapacitation periods of the aircrew who suffered myoclonic flail movements and those who did not. One-way ANOVA was carried out to assess the differences in incapacitation periods, if any, between aircrew of different age groups. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: Of these 161 episodes of G-LOC, 43.5% were seen in trainee aircrew. The mean Absolute Incapacitation Period (AIP), Relative Incapacitation Period (RIP) and Total Incapacitation Period (TIP) was 6.9 ± 2.3 s, 12.2 ± 4.7 s, and 19.1 ± 5.5 respectively. Age and flying experience did not show any significant effect with any of the incapacitation periods (p>0.05). The TIP correlated better with the RIP than with the AIP (Pearson’s correlation values of 0.9 and 0.52 respectively). Myoclonic flail movements were witnessed in 25.5% of G-LOC episodes with an average duration of 5.3 s and more than 50% occurring at ≥8Gz. The mean duration of RIP was significantly higher (P=0.03) when G-LOC was associated with myoclonic flail movements, whereas, the duration of AIP did not show any significant difference. Conclusion: The shorter incapacitation periods observed in the study compared to that reported in most of the previous studies could be attributed to the faster Gz offset rates of the present HPHC. Episodes of G-LOC having myoclonic movements were found to have higher relative incapacitation periods. Even though these movements were associated with G-LOC occurring at higher Gz levels, the durations were independent of the Gz levels.

β-Thromboglobulin in Antecubital Vein Blood - The Influence of Age, Sex and Blood Group

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (04) ◽  
pp. 1159-1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
H A Dewar ◽  
T Marshall ◽  
D Weightman ◽  
V Prakash ◽  
P J Boon
Keyword(s):  
Blood Group ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Abo Blood Groups ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Satisfactory Method ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

SummarySamples of blood for estimation of beta-thromboglobulin (B. T. G.) in normal subjects have been obtained both from blood donors at the end of their donation and from other volunteers by standard venepuncture. The former was a satisfactory method in males only.By standard venepuncture females have on average lower values than males and in the pre-menopausal age groups the difference is statistically significant.Mean values vary little up to 59 years after which they rise slowly but steadily. There is no significant difference in the mean B. T. G. values between the ABO blood groups.

scholarly journals The Older, the More Forgiving? Characteristics of Forgiveness of Chinese Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linjin Tao ◽  
Tingting Zhu ◽  
Yanglu Min ◽  
Mingxia Ji
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Chinese Older Adults ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Single Category ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Age Groups

This study explores the characteristics of forgiveness in the aging cohorts, which is regarded to be associated with healthy outcomes. Data were drawn from a sample of 308 older adults (aged from 60 to 98 years) who completed the forgiveness questionnaire: forgiving others of The Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS) to examine explicit forgiveness, and among the participants, 44 older adults were administrated on the variant single category of implicit association test (SC-IAT) to examine the implicit forgiveness. The results revealed that (1) there is no correlation between explicit forgiveness and implicit forgiveness of older adults. (2) The result of explicit forgiveness is relatively high while that of implicit forgiveness is relatively low. (3) There was no significant correlation between explicit forgiveness and age, but there was significant difference between age groups, as forgiveness tendency of the elderly had a trough in the age group of 70–79 and then rebounded. (4) Implicit forgiveness was significantly correlated with age, and the difference between age groups was marginal. The forgiveness tendency of the elderly over 80 years old was significantly higher than that of the other two age groups. (5) Gender differences are found in both explicit and implicit forgiveness. The findings indicated that (1) explicit and implicit measures in this study have assessed independent and complementary aspects of forgiveness tendency in older adults. (2) Implicit forgiveness falls behind explicit forgiveness, and true internal forgiveness is difficult and rare in older adults according to data analysis. (3) The trend of explicit forgiveness with age is not obvious, because explicit forgiveness in the middle old age group presents an inflection point. However, implicit forgiveness increases slowly with age. (4) Women excel men in scores obtained with both explicit and implicit measures for forgiveness.

scholarly journals Comparison of the maximum hand-generated torque by professors and postgraduate dental students for tightening the abutment screws of dental implants

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-195
Author(s):  
Feridoun Parnia ◽  
Javad Yazdani ◽  
Parisa Fakour ◽  
Farhang Mahboub ◽  
Seyyed Mahdi Vahid Pakdel
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Maximum Torque ◽  
University Professors ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Male Subjects

Background.Dental implants are utilized with an ever-increasing rate. One of the causes of abutment screw loosening has been identified as inadequate preload. The objective behind this study was to compare the maximum hand-generated torque for tightening abutment screws by professors and postgraduate dental students using a digital torquemeter with 0.1 N/cm precision. Methods.In a laboratory study conducted in Dental Implant Department of Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, the maximum hand-generated torque for tightening abutment screws by professors and postgraduate dental students was investigated, using a digital torquemeter with 0.1 N/cm precision. Results.The participants consisted of 36 (41.9%) females and 50 (58.1%) males, totaling 86 participants, of whom 45 (46.87%) and 41 (53.13%) were university professors and postgraduate dental students, respectively. The mean age of the participants was 33.4±10.2 years with an age range of 25‒60 years; 50 (58.1%) participants were in the 25‒34-year, 23 (26.7%) in the 35‒47-year, and 13 (15.1%) in the 48‒60-year age range. The mean age of professors and postgraduate dental students was 41±8.3 and 25.1±3.3 years, respectively. The means of maximum torques generated by female and male professors were 14.3±3 and 20.8±4.2, respectively. The means of maximum torques generated by female and male postgraduate dental students were 14.7±3.4 and 18.7±4.3, respectively. Statistical analyses showed no significant differences between the mean maximum torques generated by professors and postgraduate dental students (P=0.051). Conclusion. In the present study, the mean maximum torque generated by professors was higher than that generated by postgraduate dental students. However, the difference was not statistically significant. The mean maximum torque generated by male subjects was significantly higher. No interaction was seen between the studied groups and sex. However, there was a statistically significant difference between the mean maximum torques generated in different age ranges; i.e., the maximum torque generated in the 25‒34-year age range was lower than that in the other two age groups. Finally, the effect of age range on the mean maximum torque was similar in both groups.

scholarly journals TL 18141 - Isolated gastrocnemius tightness

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (Supl 1) ◽  
pp. 90S
Author(s):  
Kelly Cristina Stéfani ◽  
Leonardo Vinicius De Matos Moraes ◽  
Vinícius Quadros Borges ◽  
Gabriel Ferraz Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Plantar Fasciitis ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Calcaneal Tendon ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Introduction: The objective of this study was to evaluate the difference in muscle strength between flexion and ankle extension to test the hypothesis that this predisposes to a dynamic equine and, thus, to evaluate this correlation with pain in the forefoot (metatarsalgias) and hindfoot (plantar fasciitis, tendinopathy of the tendon insertional and non-insertional calcaneus). Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 50 patients were consecutively diagnosed with forefoot pain (metatarsalgias) or pain in the hindfoot (plantar fasciitis, tendonopathy of the insertional and non-insertional calcaneal tendon), and 50 patients had no foot diseases. The body mass index (BMI) was evaluated, and IGT was evaluated through the Silfverskiöld test. The parameter of gastrocnemius contracture was considered in cases of limitation of ankle extension <10. The intervention was to measure flexion strength and ankle extension with a manual dynamometer, evaluating isometric contraction based on the method suggested by Kahn et al. Results: One hundred patients participated in the study, with 50 patients in the study group and 50 in the control group. The mean age was 63.42 years, and the mean BMI was 28.53 in the study group and 62.26 and 28.84 in the control group, with no difference in distribution between age groups (p = 0.634) and for BMI (p = 0.709). The difference was significant between the groups in relation to the Silfverskiöld test (p = 0.019), the ankle force variation in dynamometry (p <0.001) and normalized variation (p <0.001). In addition, a significant difference between groups was observed in the dynamometry of plantar flexion (p <0.001). Conclusion: The hypothesis of causes for sural triceps shortening considered as idiopathic are as follows. The difference in strength between the dorsiflexion musculature and the one that performs the plantar flexion, the delay in neuromuscular activation of the dorsiflexors, or even a combination of these two factors. We demonstrated the possibility of the evaluation of the force through a manual dynamometer that can be used in routine outpatient visits, which proved to be effective and reproducible.

Age-related changes of the corneal endothelium in a Hispanic elderly population.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Valdez-Garcia ◽  
Gustavo Ortiz-Morales ◽  
Nallely Morales-Mancillas ◽  
Jorge Luis Domene-Hickman ◽  
Julio Hernandez-Camarena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corneal Endothelium ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Specular Microscopy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Purpose: To assess the corneal endothelial morphometry in healthy elderly Hispanic eyes.Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional, observational, descriptive, and analytical study was designed to assess by specular microscopy the central region of the corneal endothelium. In a 4-year period, a total of 75 eyes from 42 patients were studied. All eyes included were from patients 65 or older (mean: 73.87±6.86), without ocular disease or surgeries.Results: The mean cell density (MCD) was 2268±597.0 cells/mm2. 44% of patients had polymegethism, with an average coefficient of variation (CV) of 42.04 ± 10.1%. 76% of patients had low pleomorphism, with an average of 42.3 ± 8.9% hexagonal cells. The mean corneal thickness was 537±38.2 μm. There was no statistically significant difference between age groups for MCD, CV, hexagonality and pachymetry (p=>.05). 27% of patients had corneal guttata.Conclusion: This study suggests that the elderly Hispanic population has a high prevalence of polymegethism, pleomorphism and guttata. Surprisingly, the oldest age group (>85) had an above average MCD, low polymegethism and good pleomorphism.

scholarly journals The impact of COVID-19 infection on hip fracture 30-day mortality

Trauma ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 146040862094972
Author(s):  
Ahmed Fadulelmola ◽  
Rob Gregory ◽  
Gavin Gordon ◽  
Fiona Smith ◽  
Andrew Jennings
Keyword(s):  
Hip Fracture ◽  
Hip Fractures ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Primary Outcome Measure ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mean Time

Introduction: A novel virus, SARS-CoV-2, has caused a fatal global pandemic which particularly affects the elderly and those with comorbidities. Hip fractures affect elderly populations, necessitate hospital admissions and place this group at particular risk from COVID-19 infection. This study investigates the effect of COVID-19 infection on 30-day hip fracture mortality. Method: Data related to 75 adult hip fractures admitted to two units during March and April 2020 were reviewed. The mean age was 83.5 years (range 65–98 years), and most (53, 70.7%) were women. The primary outcome measure was 30-day mortality associated with COVID-19 infection. Results: The COVID-19 infection rate was 26.7% (20 patients), with a significant difference in the 30-day mortality rate in the COVID-19-positive group (10/20, 50%) compared to the COVID-19-negative group (4/55, 7.3%), with mean time to death of 19.8 days (95% confidence interval: 17.0–22.5). The mean time from admission to surgery was 43.1 h and 38.3 h, in COVID-19-positive and COVID-19-negative groups, respectively. All COVID-19-positive patients had shown symptoms of fever and cough, and all 10 cases who died were hypoxic. Seven (35%) cases had radiological lung findings consistent of viral pneumonitis which resulted in mortality (70% of mortality). 30% ( n = 6) contracted the COVID-19 infection in the community, and 70% ( n = 14) developed symptoms after hospital admission. Conclusion: Hip fractures associated with COVID-19 infection have a high 30-day mortality. COVID-19 testing and chest X-ray for patients presenting with hip fractures help in early planning of high-risk surgeries and allow counselling of the patients and family using realistic prognosis.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Different Local Anesthetic Solutions Available in Market: An In Vitro and Clinical Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eisha Imran ◽  
Faisal Moeen ◽  
Beenish Abbas ◽  
Bakhtawar Yaqoob ◽  
Mehreen Wajahat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Local Anesthetic ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Bacterial Activity ◽  
Similar Composition ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Objectives The study aimed to evaluate and compare various commercially available local anesthetic solutions. Materials and Methods A total of 150 commercially available local anesthetic cartridges of similar composition (2% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:100,000) were randomly collected and divided into 3 groups. The designations of groups were selected from their product names such that each group consisted of 60 cartridges. Group S (Septodont, France) Group M (Medicaine, Korea) and Group H (HD-Caine, Pakistan). The samples were divided into five sub-groups, each consisting of 10 cartridges from each group to investigate each parameter. Results The acquired data was statistically analyzed and compared (using SPSS version 12). Compositional analysis revealed a non-significant (P>0.05) difference when the three Groups were compared with standard lidocaine and epinephrine solutions. The mean pH values of samples from group S, M and H respectively fell within the range of pH values of commercially available solutions. Non-significant difference in EPT values of Group S and H was found when efficacy was compared (p = 0.3), however a significant difference (p < 0.01) was observed in contrast to Group M. Anti-bacterial activity was observed in all the group and a non-significant difference in cell viability values of Group S and M was found (p = 0.6), while the difference was significant in comparison to Group H. Conclusion Within the limitations of these investigations, it appears that the properties of different manufacturers fall within the recommended ranges as mentioned in literature and do not appear to be statistically different in the variables we have tested.

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