Negligence: specific duty situations

2019 ◽  
pp. 153-198
Author(s):  
Sanmeet Kaur Dua ◽  
Chris Turner
Keyword(s):  
Specific Duty

scholarly journals Investigation of Regenerative Braking Performance of Brushless Direct Current Machine Drive System

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1029
Author(s):  
Omer Cihan Kivanc ◽  
Ozgur Ustun
Keyword(s):  
Direct Current ◽  
Digital Signal Processor ◽  
Internal Resistance ◽  
Drive System ◽  
Performance Estimation ◽  
Regenerative Braking ◽  
Duty Ratio ◽  
Machine Drive ◽  
Resistance Variation ◽  
Specific Duty

The brushless direct current (BLDC) machines which are preferred in light electric vehicles (LEVs) come forward as high regenerative braking capability machines due to their permanent magnet excitation and relatively simple operation. In this paper, the regenerative braking capability limits of BLDC machines and their drive circuits are examined by taking into account nonlinear circuit parameters and battery internal resistance variation. During energy recovery from mechanical port to electrical port, the inverter of BLDC machine is operated as a boost converter which enables power flow to a battery. However, the regeneration performance is also heavily dependant on the battery condition, particularly the temperature. By means of the developed detailed circuit model including the non-ideal effects of the boosting converter and the increase of the internal resistance variation which is caused by the temperature variation of the battery and ambient temperature, the specific duty cycle can be determined. The specific duty ratio is then applied in a proposed approach for various operation scenarios. The experimental tests are implemented by a 400 W BLDC machine drive system controlled via a TMS320F28335 digital signal processor. The experimental results show that the proposed comprehensive model presents a proper performance estimation of regenerative braking system under varying battery temperature.

A NEW ENERGY-EFFICIENT NEIGHBOR DISCOVERY AND LOAD BALANCING PROTOCOL FOR MOBILE SENSOR NETWORKS

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (07) ◽  
pp. 1450100 ◽  
Author(s):  
RIDHA OUNI ◽  
ABDULLAH AL-DHELAAN ◽  
RAFIK LOUATI
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Load Distribution ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Neighbor Discovery ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Save Energy ◽  
Specific Duty ◽  
Important Design

The wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are formed by a large number of sensor nodes working together to provide a specific duty. However, the low energy capacity assigned to each node prompts users to look at an important design challenge which is lifetime maximization. Especially the availability of nodes, the sensor coverage, and the connectivity have been included in discussions on network lifetime. Therefore, designing effective techniques that conserve scarce energy resources is a critical issue in WSNs. In this regard, we are interested in developing various mechanisms to save energy based on the constraints involved for energy consumption in WSNs. Three mechanisms are proposed to reduce the number of control packets responsible for path discovery, optimize diffusion area, and balance the load distribution in the network.

scholarly journals A critical look at the portfolio as a tool for teacher cognition at pre-gradual level: perceptions of students

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 71-85
Author(s):  
Zuzana Straková
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Training ◽  
Student Teachers ◽  
Teaching Practice ◽  
School Context ◽  
Teaching Experience ◽  
Lesson Plans ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Teaching Aids ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Specific Duty

Abstract Trainees in teacher training programmes experience a variety of courses focusing on helping them to master the basic skills as future language teachers. The most important issue in the entire training is the appropriate balance between the input they receive from the trainer and the hands-on experience in which they learn through experience. One of the best hands-on activities during teacher training is indisputably teaching practice, i.e. real experience of trainees in the school context. Teaching practice offers to trainees first experience with teaching English lessons with holding responsibility for planning, carrying out the lessons as well as learning from this experience, maintaining a good rapport with students and many other aspects. Since trainees work in the external setting without the presence of their Methodology course trainers, it is often a custom to ask trainees to keep a portfolio with lesson plans or material they used during teaching as well as some reflections on the first teaching experience, so that the trainers could create a picture of how their trainees succeeded “out there”. Such a portfolio serves as a useful tool not only for the trainee since the portfolio offers a record of how they managed to carry out specific duty at a specific time; portfolio of this type can provide the trainer with a plastic picture of how trainee managed to apply what they had learned in their Methodology courses. There are many elements which can be included in the teaching practice portfolio such as lesson plans, reflections, various case studies, textbook evaluations, sample teaching aids prepared by the trainee, etc. However, the biggest benefit that portfolio provides the trainee with is the reflection itself – thinking about how successfully something has been mastered and thinking about how things could be done better. EPOSTL (European Portfolio for Student Teachers of Languages) where trainees focus on self-evaluation of their own teaching skills is one of the tools that can help to focus the trainee on specific skill the teacher needs to master. This article tries to answer the question whether trainees are aware of the beneficial effects of such reflection, whether they perceive a tool like the EPOSTL as something that can help them to develop or they consider it rather a duty to be carried out as a part of training. Based on the experience with a group of trainees who used EPOSTL during their teaching practice this case study analyses possible strengths and weaknesses of including such a complex material as EPOSTL in pre-service teacher training.

Kilka uwag o obowiązku udzielania przez lekarza podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej świadczeń poza zakresem swojej specjalizacji

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 ◽  
pp. 375-387
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Maria Zoń
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Primary Care Doctor ◽  
Basic Rule ◽  
Specific Duty

A FEW REMARKS ON A PRIMARY CARE DOCTOR DUTY TO PROVIDE HEALTH SERVICES OUTSIDE THE SCOPE OF SPECIALIZATIONFirst it should be pointed out that a doctor has a duty to provide health services within the scope of his/her specialization. This basic rule arises from both statutory and deontological regulations.The aim of this paper is to analyze the issue of a primary care doctor duty to provide health services outside the scope of his/her specialization as an exception to the above rule. In this respect it is very significant to explain the statutory and deontological regulations related to this topic, because it is necessary for further considerations. Then the exceptions to the rule are discussed. In this context the specific duty to provide health services outside the scope of specialization, concerning a primary care doctor should be highlighted.In the end the conclusions of the analysis are presented.

scholarly journals Ethics, Law, and Pain Management as a Patient Right

2009 ◽  
Vol 3;12 (3;5) ◽  
pp. 499-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
John K. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Pain Management ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Duty Of Care ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Key Words Ethics ◽  
Ethical And Legal Considerations ◽  
Physician Relationship ◽  
The Government ◽  
Specific Duty ◽  
Ethics Law

Ethical and legal considerations in pain management typically relate to 2 issues. The first refers to pain management as a human right. The second involves the nature of the patient-physician relationship as it relates to pain management. Although pain physicians often like to think of pain management as a human right, it remains difficult to support this position as a point of law or as a matter of ethics. Medical organizations generally do not define pain management as a specific duty of the physician, apart from the provision of competent medical care. To date, neither law nor ethics creates a duty of care outside of the traditional patient-physician relationship. Absent a universal duty, no universal right exists. Pursuing pain management as a fundamental human right, although laudable, may place the power of the government in the middle of the patient-physician relationship. Despite apparent altruistic motives, attempts to define pain management as a basic human right could have unintended consequences, such as nationalization of medicine to ensure provision of pain management for all patients. Key words: Ethics, law, patient-physician relationship, human right, pain management

Are EUIPO Trade Mark Examiners and the Boards of Appeal Bound by Precedent Decisions?

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 893-901
Author(s):  
Emiliano Marchisio
Keyword(s):  
Legal Reasoning ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Trade Mark ◽  
Member States ◽  
General Duty ◽  
Administrative Procedure ◽  
Persuasive Power ◽  
Administrative Duty ◽  
Specific Duty

Abstract Are EUIPO examiners and appeal bodies bound by previous decisions of the office they belong to? Before the decision in Puma was issued, there was a succession of frequently referred to ECJ precedents which were apparently disregarded. EUIPO offices had been considered bound to the sole law (and, where precedents are concerned, only to ECJ case-law). However, after Puma, pursuant to the administrative duty to act consistently and to state the grounds on which decisions are based, it is concluded that relevance of EUIPO precedents (and of the ‘Trade mark guidelines’, as far as they are based on them) should not be set aside simply because they are not formal sources of law. Instead, they should be appreciated as rules of administrative procedure. In this sense, precedent EUIPO decisions should be recognised as more than just a persuasive power (which they share with all other relevant ‘precedents’ such as Member States case-law or offices’ decisions). In fact, it should be acknowledged that they also have a role within the duty of motivation of administrative decisions. So if EUIPO decides to depart from a precedent or from its ‘Trade mark guidelines’, explicit and detailed motivation of such departure is required. Even if the EUIPO is under a general duty to take into account the decisions already taken in respect of similar applications, a specific duty to take into consideration a given precedent requires that such precedents are duly reported with all relevant elements to be taken into consideration (factual context and legal reasoning) within the decision to be issued.

Effect of Surface Ellipticity on Dynamically Loaded Cylindrical Bearings

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Goenka ◽  
J. F. Booker
Keyword(s):  
Film Thickness ◽  
Angular Displacement ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Absolute Maximum ◽  
Element Formulation ◽  
Absolute Minimum ◽  
Minimum Film Thickness ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Specific Duty

The finite element formulation for regular cylindrical bearings is extended to include irregular (noncylindrical) bearing surfaces. The optimum bearing shape is sought for a specific duty cycle with a constant load and sinusoidal angular displacement. The optimization is done with a view to maximizing the minimum film thickness. For the purpose of optimization a one-dimensional cylindrical bearing is considered. The optimum among all elliptical shapes is found to combine a specifically elliptical sleeve and a perfectly circular journal. For this optimum noncylindrical bearing the absolute minimum film thickness is about a factor of 36 higher than that for the corresponding regular bearing. The absolute maximum pressure for the optimum bearing is about a factor of 5 lower than that for the regular bearing.

Jurisdiction and Justification

2020 ◽  
pp. 74-101
Author(s):  
Lea Raible
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Success Criteria ◽  
Specific Duty

This chapter argues, first, that existing accounts of jurisdiction are concerned precisely with capturing this necessary relationship between state and individual for a human rights obligation to be identified. It asks, second, what the desiderata for an account of jurisdiction are. I argue that the criteria are plausible guidance, a connection to an account of the nature of human rights, the ability to justify the allocation of obligations to a specific duty bearer, and non-arbitrariness in the sense of internal consistency. Third, the chapter analyses three sophisticated and influential accounts of jurisdiction. I ask, fourth, whether these accounts meet the desiderata and argue that they do not. The chapter concludes that there is a need to develop an account of jurisdiction that meets the success criteria.

Improving the Capacity and Performance of Air-Conditioning Screw Compressors

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Broglia ◽  
Matteo Iobbi ◽  
Nikola Stosic
Keyword(s):  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Screw Compressor ◽  
Standard Pattern ◽  
Collaborative Project ◽  
Compressor Design ◽  
Modelling Procedure ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Specific Duty ◽  
Optimisation Procedure ◽  
Better Than

Traditional compressor design methods make it very difficult to make significant improvements to screw compressors required for refrigeration and air conditioning applications. The principles which determine the optimum design of such machines are reviewed and, in some cases, redefined. These include rotor profiling, configuration and proportions, clearance distribution and bearing clearances and it is shown that there are conflicting requirements for them when attempting to obtain optimum performance. The best result can thus only be obtained by consideration of all the relevant parameters in an optimisation procedure, which leads to rotor designs that vary according to the specific duty of a machine, rather than follow a standard pattern An outline description is given of a process modelling procedure which has been developed to optimise the design of a compressor by the use of multi variable minimisation methods that take simultaneous account of all these parameters As a result of a collaborative project between industry and an academic institution, this procedure was applied to the design of a new refrigeration screw compressor, which was then built and tested. Its performance was then compared with that of the machine it was intended to replace. It is shown that the optimised design was up to 9% better than the original machine.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document